Ulmus × Hollandica 'Vegeta'

''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' 'Vegeta', sometimes known as the Huntingdon Elm, is an old English hybrid cultivar raised at Brampton, near Huntingdon, by nurserymen Wood & Ingram in 1746, allegedly from seed collected at nearby Hinchingbrooke Park. In Augustine Henry's day, in the later 19th century, the elms in Hinchingbrooke Park were ''U. nitens''. Richens, noting that wych elm is rare in Huntingdonshire, normally flowering four to six weeks later than field elm, pointed out that unusually favourable circumstances would have had to coincide to produce such seed: "It is possible that, some time in the eighteenth century, the threefold requirements of synchronous flowering of the two species, a south-west wind" (wych does occur in quantity in Bedfordshire), "and a mild spring permitting the ripening of the samaras, were met."

The tree was given the epithet 'Vegeta' by Loudon, a name previously accorded the Chichester Elm by Donn, as Loudon considered the two trees identical. The latter is indeed a similar cultivar, but raised much earlier in the 18th century from a tree growing at Chichester Hall, Rawreth in Essex.

Description

In areas unaffected by Dutch elm disease, Huntingdon Elms commonly grow to over 35 m, bearing long, straight branches ascending from a short bole < 4 m in height; the bole of mature trees has distinctive lattice-patterned bark-ridgesWhite, J. & More, D. (2002). ''Trees of Britain and northern Europe''. Cassell, London.Rackham, Oliver (1976). ''Trees and Woodland in the British Landscape''. J. M. Dent, London. which distinguish the tree from another popular ''U.'' × ''hollandica'' cultivar 'Major', known as 'Dutch Elm', whose bark breaks into small shallow flakes. The glossy, oval leaves, borne on smooth branchlets that never feature corky wings, have petioles >10 mm long, which distinguish the tree from the Wych Elm, and are very distinctly asymmetric at the base, < 12 cm long by < 7.5 cm broad contracting to an acuminate apex. The tightly clustered apetalous flowers are bright red, and appear in early spring. The samarae are obovate, < 25 mm long.

A distinguishing feature of 'Vegeta', according to Schneider (1906) and Mitchell (1974), is that the leaf margins to right and left of the petiole start from a vein, not from the midrib. 'Vegeta'-type leaves from Hinchingbrooke Park collected by Heybroek in 1960 do not share this feature, nor do some old 'Vegeta' cultivars in Oxford and Edinburgh (see ' 'Vegeta'-like cultivars', below). This unusual feature, however, clearly appears in the older cultivar, Chichester Elm, and is frequently present in 'Vegeta' elsewhere (see gallery). If indeed the feature distinguishes Chichester from Huntingdon, the former may be more common in cultivation than currently believed, having over time been mis-called "Huntingdon". A 2013 DNA test of old Chichester elms (see under 'Cicestria') did not include a younger nursery-sourced "Huntington" as a "control".

Elwes & Henry and BeanBean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, England. attested that 'Vegeta' suckers freely, but other writers have stated that it does not sucker at all.Gurney, R. (1958). ''Trees of Britain''. Faber & Faber, London. This contradiction is almost certainly owing to methods of propagation: higher class nurseries grafted cuttings onto Wych Elm stock, which would not produce suckers, whilst others simply rooted the cuttings, which would. A comparatively high percentage of the seed is usually viable, but produces variable offspring.

Image:Huntingdon Elm leaves.jpg, 'Vegeta' leaves; note long petioles. Southsea Common
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta' (scanned on A4 sheet). Osney churchyard, Botley Road, Oxford (1).jpg, 'Vegeta' leaves, Osney churchyard, Botley Road, Oxford
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta' (scanned on A4 sheet). Osney churchyard, Botley Road, Oxford (2).jpg, Underside
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta'. North Merchiston Cemetery, Edinburgh.jpg, 'Vegeta' foliage, North Merchiston Cemetery, Edinburgh
Image:Hunt. Elm bark 1.jpg, 'Vegeta' bark; note lattice pattern
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta'. Bark of old tree. Inverleith Park.jpg, Bark of 'Vegeta', Inverleith Park, Edinburgh
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta'. Samarae of true North Merchiston Cemetery (1).jpg, 'Vegeta' samarae, showing seed close to notch
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta'. North entrance to Meadows.jpg, 'Vegeta' fruiting, The Meadows, Edinburgh

Pests and diseases

The tree was one of four European cultivars found by researchers in The Netherlands to be resistant to the initial strain of Dutch elm disease, ''Ophiostoma ulmi'', prevalent in the 1920s and '30s, the others being 'Monumentalis' Rinz, 'Berardii' and 'Exoniensis'. The four were rated less resistant than ''U. foliacea'' clone 23, from Spain, later cultivated as 'Christine Buisman'. 'Vegeta' has, however, only a marginal resistance to the later, three times more lethal strain, ''Ophiostoma novo-ulmi''.

Cultivation

The tree was widely planted in England, particularly between the end of the nineteenth century and the 1930s, owing to its very rapid growth (< 3 m per annum) and attractive wide-spreading form, but its habit of forking sometimes led to splitting of the trunk and premature death. On the continent it was marketed in the late 19th century by the Späth nursery of Berlin as ''U. vegeta'' Loud., 'Huntingdon elm', and by the Ulrich nursery of Warsaw as ''U. montana vegeta'',Ulrich, C. (1894), ''Katalog Drzew i Krezewow, C. Ulrich'', Rok 1893-94, Warszawa whence it was introduced to Eastern Europe, surviving there in several arboreta. Introduced to the US, it appeared in the catalogues of Hovey's nursery of Boston, Massachusetts, from the 1850s, as ''Ulmus glabra vegeta'', 'Huntingdon Elm', as ''U. vegeta'' in the 1902 catalogue of the Bobbink and Atkins nursery, Rutherford, New Jersey, and as ''U. Huntingdoni'' in the catalogues of Kelsey's, New York, and of the Plumfield Nursery of Fremont, Nebraska, where it was described as 'one of the finest of this family'.Welch, G. L. & Co. ''Plumfield Nurseries, catalog 1913''. Plumfield Nurseries, Fremont, Nebraska. It was planted at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, in 1893 as ''U. montana Huntingdoni'', Also introduced to Australasia (to Victoria in 1865Brookes, Margaret, & Barley, Richard, ''Plants listed in nursery catalogues in Victoria, 1855-1889'' (Ornamental Plant Collection Association, South Yarra, Victoria, 1992), p.303–304
/ref>), the tree was marketed by several Australian nurseries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Owing to its resistance to the original strain of Dutch elm disease, 'Vegeta' was planted in large numbers across Amsterdam after the Second World War as a replacement for 'Belgica' (Belgian Elm), but was itself eventually replaced by the Dutch cultivar 'Dodoens' following the arrival of the more lethal strain of DED in the early 1970s.

File:EDIN-BG-1989-01.A.jpg, 'Vegeta' in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (1989)
Image:Huntingdon elm.jpg, 'Vegeta' in Hove Park, East Sussex
Image:Huntingdon Elm Southsea Common 2.jpg, Wind-pruned 'Vegeta', Southsea Common, 2007
File:Ulmus x hollandica 'Vegeta'. Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.jpg, 'Vegeta', autumn colours, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh
File:Healesville Hotel.JPG, 'Vegeta', Healesville, Victoria, 2010
File:Ulmus × hollandica 'Vegeta', Yarborough Crescent, Lincoln.jpg, 'Vegeta' in Lincoln, 2016

Notable trees

The UK TROBI Champion grew at Higham Ferrers in Northamptonshire, measuring 28 m high by 167 cm d.b.h. in 1999 but was felled in 2014; another at Courteenhall in the same county measured 166 cm d.b.h. In London, many examples still survive, notably around the Millfields Recreation Ground, the largest measuring 31 m high by 88 cm d.b.h.;Johnson, O. (2011). ''Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland'', p. 169. Kew Publishing, Kew, London; . others can be found at Hackney, two in Gibson Square, Islington, and one in Westminster known as The Marylebone Elm. Several dozen planted in the 1920s survive on Southsea Common in Portsmouth, isolated from disease by the sea and urban sprawl. Lincoln has five examples on Yarborough Crescent and in Hull there are four on Brunswick Avenue. One tree survives at the foot of Ladies Mile, Bristol. Another elm is located in Sheffield, as a street tree on the corner of Chelsea Road, and known locally as the Chelsea Elm.

In Wales, one very large tree (NT number 771, last recorded in 1995) stood in the grounds of Powis Castle, near Welshpool; others have been reported from Abergavenny and Caernarfon. Edinburgh has several of note, in The Meadows and Bruntsfield Links, in Inverleith Park, Fettes College, and Abercromby Place. In Éire, 'Vegeta' is represented by a tree at the Kildangan Stud, Kildangan.

Notable plantings in Australia include the Avenue of Honour in Ballarat, and Brisbane Avenue, Canberra.Spencer, R., Hawker, J. and Lumley, P. (1991). ''Elms in Australia''. Australia: Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. Mature specimens line the main street in Healesville, Victoria. Some very large specimens survive in New Zealand, notably in Auckland where it is considered "the finest of all the elms" in that city. The 16 trees planted in 1922 around the rotunda at Auckland Zoo were described as "magnificent... with stately crowns and spreading, drooping branches".''Auckland Botanical Society Journal'' (2003). Vol. 58 (1), June 2003.

'Vegeta'-like cultivars

F1 hybrids between Wych and Field Elm (e.g. Huntingdon Elm) are fully fertile, but produce widely variant progeny.Richens, R. H. (1983). ''Elm''. Cambridge University Press. An elm at Magdalen College, Oxford, long believed to be a wych elm, then identified by Elwes as a 'Vegeta'-type hybrid, was for a time the largest elm known in Britain before it was blown down in 1911 (see under ''U.'' × ''hollandica''). An old 'Vegeta'-type hybrid (girth 4.5 m) stands (2017) at the University College sports ground, Abingdon Road, Oxford. Bean noted that hybrids similar to Huntingdon occur naturally in parts of east-central England and may have been raised by nurseries and distributed, and that the raising and distributing of cultivars from the seed of Huntingdon will have produced elms similar to, but not the true Huntingdon clone.

File:AZ0116. Unknown Ulmus. University College elm, Oxford. from S.jpg, Old 'Vegeta'-type hybrid, University College sports ground, Abingdon Road, Oxford (2017)
File:AZ0116. Unknown Ulmus. University College elm, Oxford. bark.jpg, Bark of University College elm, Oxford
File:AZ0116. Unknown Ulmus. University College elm, Oxford. leaves undersides.jpg, Autumn leaves of University College elm
File:Ulmus x hollandica - Gayfield Square, Edinburgh.jpg, ''U.'' × ''hollandica'', Gayfield Square, Edinburgh
File:Leaves & bark of Ulmus x hollandica, Gayfield Square, Edinburgh.jpg, Bole of Gayfield Square elm
File:Leaves of Ulmus x hollandica - Gayfield Square, Edinburgh.jpg, Leaves of Gayfield Square elm

A mature weeping elm survives (2010) near Actons Farm in the vicinity of the Rivers Nursery, Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, which closed in the 1980s. The tree has leaves of similar size to those of the Huntingdon Elm, but slightly oblong in shape, and often either revolute or convolute. The proximity of the Actons tree to the Rivers Nursery would seem more than coincidence, as the nursery was known to have sold seedlings, rather than clones, of the Huntingdon Elm, a practice which resulted in a lawsuit brought by a disgruntled nurseryman at the Oxford Assizes in 1847.Ingram, J. (1847). The Huntingdon Elm - Bates v. Rivers. ''Gardeners' Chronicle'', 526. Elwes noted that in Hertfordshire and along the western borders of Essex "the most graceful form of this tree eeping elmmay be seen in perfection", but he identified it as ''Ulmus nitens'' (''Ulmus minor'').

The weeping elm once grown at Kew as 'Wentworthii Pendula' was identified by Melville as ''U.'' × ''vegeta'', though its leaf and form differ from those of Huntingdon Elm.

Synonymy

*''Ulmus huntingdonensis'': Dieck (Zöschen, Germany) ''Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg'' supplement 1, 1887, p. 28.
*''Ulmus huntingdonii'' Hort.: Rehder, in Bailey, ''The standard cyclopedia of horticulture'' 6: 3411, 1917, in synonymy.

Hybrid cultivars

* 'Commelin'. ''U.260' (''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' × ''Ulmus pumila'') raised at Wageningen but never commercially released; a few specimens survive as part of the Brighton & Hove CC NCCPG Elm Collection at Happy Valley Park, Woodingdean, and at the Wijdemeren City Council Elm collection in The Netherlands, five were planted on the Overmeerseweg and Dammerweg in Nederhorst den Berg in 2015.

Accessions

North America

*Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 70–128
*Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 593–30, 71–70
*New York Botanical Garden, US. Acc. no. 529/89
*United States National Arboretum, Washington D.C., US. Acc. no. PI38492

Europe

*Bodnant Garden, Conwy, UK. No accession details.
*Brighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG Elm Collectio

*Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. One tree, planted 1998, acc. no. 18127.
*Rainis Park, Liepāja, Latvia. Two trees, planted before 1994.
*Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. no. 19699364
*Westonbirt Arboretumbr>
Tetbury, Glos., UK. Two trees, one without planting date or acc. no., the other planted 2001, acc. no. 1999/118.
* Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm Arboretum. 2 trees planted around 1970 Spiegelweg and 7 planted 2019 Randweg, Nederhorst den Berg.

Australasia

* Avenue of Honour, Ballarat, Australia. Details not known.
* Box Hill, (central plantation), Victoria, Australia. Details not known.
*Colac Botanic Gardens, Australia. Details not known.
*Eastwoodhill Arboretumbr>
Gisborne, New Zealand. 3 trees, details not known.
* Fawkner Park, South Yarra, Australia. Details not known.
*Kyneton Botanic Gardens, Kyneton, Australia. Details not known.
*Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbournebr>
Australia
* Waite Arboretumbr>
University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Acc. no. 336

Nurseries

Australasia

*Established Tree Transplanters Pty. Ltd., Wandin, Victoria, Australia.

Europe

*Noordplan

Glimmen, Netherlands.

References

External links

Jobling & Mitchell, 'Field Recognition of British Elms', Forestry Commission Booklet
* Labelled ''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' 'Vegeta', 1968
* Cultivated as ''U. vegeta'' (RBGE specimen)
* Cultivated as ''U. vegeta'' (RBGE specimen)

"Herbarium specimen 308706 herbariaunited.org"
Sheet labelled ''Ulmus montana'' var. ''vegeta'', Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, 1910, A. Ley

"Herbarium specimen 308705 herbariaunited.org"
Sheet labelled ''Ulmus montana'' var. ''vegeta'', Kew Gardens specimen, c.1910, A. Ley

"Herbarium specimen 309311 herbariaunited.org"
Sheet labelled ''Ulmus montana'' var. ''vegeta'', "Huntingdon Elm", Kew Gardens specimen, 1908, A. Ley
* Samarae and new leaves; labelled ''Ulmus hollandica'' 'Vegeta', Arnold Arboretum, 1930
* Samarae and new leaves; labelled ''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' 'Vegeta', Baarn, 1962

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