The
Siberian elm
''Ulmus pumila'', the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes miscalled the 'Chinese Elm' (''Ulmus parvifolia''). ''U. pumila'' has been widely cultivated throughout Asia, Nor ...
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
''Ulmus pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa' was raised by
Georg Dieck, as ''Ulmus pinnato-ramosa'', at the National Arboretum,
Zöschen
Zöschen is a village and a former municipality in the district Saalekreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 31 December 2009, it is part of the town Leuna.
Former municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt
Leuna
{{Saalekreis-geo-stub ...
, Germany, from seed collected for him circa 1890 in the
Ili valley
The Ili ( ug, ئىلى دەرياسى, Ili deryasi, Ili dəryasi, 6=Или Дәряси; kk, Ile, ; russian: Или; zh, c=伊犁河, p=Yīlí Hé, dng, Йили хә, Xiao'erjing: اِلِ حْ; mn, Ил, literally "Bareness") is a river sit ...
,
Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan ( fa, ترکستان, Torkestân, lit=Land of the Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and Xinjiang.
Overview
Known as Turan to the Persians, western Turke ...
(then a region of the Russian Empire, now part of Kazakhstan) by the lawyer and amateur naturalist
Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki while in exile there.
[Dieck, G. (1894). ''Neuheiten-Offerten des National-Arboretums zu Zöschen bei Merseburg, 1894/95.''][Hansen, N. How to produce that $1000 premium apple, in Minnesota State Hort. Soc. (1900). ''Trees, fruits & flowers of Minnesota''. Vol. 28. 470–1. Forgotten Books, London, 2013. ] Litvinov (1908) treated it as a variety of Siberian elm, ''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea''
[U. pumila L. var. arborea Litwinow, in ''Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae'' No. 1992, &: 460 (1908)] but this taxon was ultimately rejected by
Green
Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 Nanometre, nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by ...
, who sank the tree as a cultivar: "in modern terms, it does not warrant recognition at this rank but is a variant of ''
U. pumila'' maintained and known only in cultivation, and therefore best treated as a cultivar".
Herbarium specimens confirm that trees in cultivation in the 20th century as ''U. pumila''
L. var. ''arborea''
Litv. were no different from 'Pinnato-ramosa' (see 'External links').
'Pinnato-ramosa' is one of a number of elms that have at various times been called 'Turkestan Elm'.
[Trinajstić, I. (2001). Turkestan elm - Ulmus pinnato-ramosa in 'The Dendroflora of Croatia', ''Šumarski list'' (:''Journal of Forestry'') 9–10, CXXV, 2001; 533–537.] That name has also been applied to dense-branched Central Asian elms like
''U. densa'' and
'Androssowii', to
''U. turkestanica'' Regel[ (which Elwes and ]Henry
Henry may refer to:
People
*Henry (given name)
* Henry (surname)
* Henry Lau, Canadian singer and musician who performs under the mononym Henry
Royalty
* Portuguese royalty
** King-Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal
** Henry, Count of Portugal, ...
confused with 'Pinnato-ramosa' in their Synonymy list but which Regel
Eduard August von Regel (sometimes Edward von Regel or Edward de Regel or Édouard von Regel), Russian: Эдуард Август Фон Регель; (born 13 August 1815 in Gotha; died 15 April 1892 in St. Petersburg) was a German horticultural ...
himself had regarded as a form of field elm
''Ulmus minor'' Mill., the field elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its northern ...
), and to ''U. minor'' 'Umbraculifera' (which Green
Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 Nanometre, nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by ...
considered synonymous with ''Ulmus turkestanica'' Regel, naming it ''U.'' 'Turkestanica'[). The ]Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
of Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
, Kew Gardens
Kew Gardens is a botanical garden, botanic garden in southwest London that houses the "largest and most diverse botany, botanical and mycology, mycological collections in the world". Founded in 1840, from the exotic garden at Kew Park, its li ...
, and the Arboretum national des Barres
The Arboretum national des Barres (35 hectares) is a national arboretum located in Nogent-sur-Vernisson, Loiret, Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged. Closure is planned for the end of ye ...
treated ''U. turkestanica'' Regel as a cultivar distinct from ''U. pinnato-ramosa'' and 'Umbraculifera'.
Description
'Pinnato-ramosa' grows very vigorously, and can ultimately make a large tree, however it also has a straggling, untidy habit, producing long shoots 0.60–0.95 m in length.[ Dieck also described the unusual arrangement of the branch and shoots: 'The branches are organized in a way that each offshoot lies in the same plane as the main branch or stem, like the quill and filaments of a bird feather'.][ The cultivar name derives from this pinnate-branched appearance. The tree is chiefly distinguished from ''U. pumila'' by its greater height and more slender leaves.] The leaves, which have pinnate
Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in ...
venation, are 4–7 cm in length, ovate
Ovate may refer to:
* Ovate (egg-shaped) leaves, tepals, or other botanical parts
*Ovate, a type of prehistoric stone hand axe
*Ovates, one of three ranks of membership in the Welsh Gorsedd
*Vates
In modern English, the nouns vates () and ova ...
-lanceolate
The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...
, with double-toothed margins, and finely pointed.
File:U. pumila var. arborea.jpg, ''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea''
File:Ulmus pumila 'Turkestan', ex-Spath 1902. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (2).jpg, Bole of RBGE
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
tree
Image:Ulmus pinnato - ramosa (5).JPG, Bark of specimen in University of Belgrade Botanical Garden
File:Leaves of Ulmus pumila 'Turkestan'.jpg, Dried leaves from 'Pinnato-ramosa', Edinburgh
File:Ulmus pumila 'Turkestan', ex-Spath 1902. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (1).jpg, Long shoots of 'Pinnato-ramosa'
Pests and diseases
Though resistant to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into Americas, America ...
(DED),[Clinton, G. P., McCormick, Florence A., ''Dutch elm disease, Graphium ulmi'' (New Haven, 1936), p.737, p.710](_blank)
/ref> 'Pinnato-ramosa' has not been scientifically tested for resistance to the later. Several old specimens have survived unscathed by the disease (see 'Notable trees').
Cultivation
Dieck gave several specimens to the Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
, which exported the tree across Europe, and to the USA. A specimen from Späth, incorrectly listed as ''Ulmus pinnato-racemosa'', was planted at the Dominion Arboretum
The Dominion Arboretum (french: Arboretum du Dominion) is an arboretum part of the Central Experimental Farm of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Originally begun in 1889, the Arboretum covers about of rolling land ...
, Ottawa
Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core ...
, Canada, in 1898. Some of these trees still survive, notably in the UK, and North America. Clibrans' nursery of Altrincham
Altrincham ( , locally ) is a market town in Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, south of the River Mersey. It is southwest of Manchester city centre, southwest of Sale and east of Warrington. At the 2011 Census, it had a population o ...
, Cheshire, supplied the tree in the UK in the early 20th century; the tree was later propagated and marketed by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire
Winchester is a cathedral city in Hampshire, England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, at the western end of the South Downs National Park, on the River Itchen. It is south-west of Londo ...
from 1949, with 48 sold in the period 1962 to 1977, when production ceased.[Hillier & Sons (1977). ''Catalogue of Trees & Shrubs''. Hillier, Ampfield, UK.][Hillier & Sons ''Sales inventory 1962 to 1977'' (unpublished).]
Landowners in Italy in the 1930s were advised to plant 'Pinnato-ramosa' to replace native elms lost to the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease. Introduced to Croatia from Italy, 'Pinnato-ramosa' can now be found in many places along the Croatian littoral, where it is known as 'Turkestan Elm'. An ''Ulmus turkestanica'' (listed separately from 'Umbraculifera'), "a compact grower with smallish leaves", appeared in early 20th-century catalogues of the Gembrook
Gembrook is a town in Victoria, Australia, south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Cardinia local government area. Gembrook recorded a population of 2,559 at the 2021 census.
Gembrook is a popular ...
or Nobelius Nursery near Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
, Australia. 'Pinnato-ramosa' is a rather loosely-branched tree, so the Nobelius introduction may have been ''Ulmus turkestanica '' Regel rather than the Siberian elm cultivar.
By the 1930s, when 'Pinnato-ramosa' was being recommended as resistant to early-strain DED, the "Turkestan elm" in nursery lists, as descriptions show, was usually this cultivar, not ''U. turkestanica'' Regel. The Hesse Nursery of Weener
Weener () is a town in the district of Leer, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Ems. The towns population is at 15,654, making it the largest town of the region Rheiderland. It has a railw ...
, Germany, sold an "''Ulmus turkestanica'' Reg." in this decade, but gave ''U. pumila arborea'' Litv. as a synonym.
The tree was included in the early stages of the Dutch elm breeding programme, but was dropped owing to the susceptibility of its flowers, which emerge in early February, to frost.[Went, J. (1954). The Dutch Elm Disease – Summary of fifteen years' hybridization and selection work (1937–1952). ''European Journal of Plant Pathology''. 02(1954); 60(2): 109–1276.]
File:Khiva9.jpg, Pruned ''Ulmus pumila'' var. ''arborea'', Khiva, Uzbekistan (2016)
Notable trees
In the UK, one of three trees labelled ''Ulmus pinnato-ramosa'' obtained from Späth Spaeth, Spæth, or Späth is a surname, and may refer to:
Spaeth
*Barbette Spaeth (born ?), American professor and Roman mythology expert
*Diana Palmer (author) (born Susan Spaeth, 1946), American romance novelist
*George Spaeth (born 1932), Amer ...
in 1902 by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
survives (2020), measuring 15 m height × 82 cm d.b.h.
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements.
Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, ...
in 2004. Though its ''U. pumila'' identity is not in doubt,RBGE Living Collections ''Ulmus pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa'
/ref> the tree itself bears the non-specific label ''Ulmus'' 'Pinnato-ramosa' (2020). A specimen at Mote Park
Mote Park is a multi-use public park in Maidstone, Kent. Previously a country estate it was converted to landscaped park land at the end of the 18th century before becoming a municipal park. It includes the former stately home Mote House toget ...
in Kent measured 20 m × 80 cm in 2009.[Johnson, O. (ed.). (2011). ''Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland''. 300 pages. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. ] Across the Atlantic, a probable 'Pinnato-ramosa' grows in the grounds of the Gillett-Beer Farm, Chicago Road, Warren
A warren is a network of wild rodent or lagomorph, typically rabbit burrows. Domestic warrens are artificial, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur. The term evolved from the medieval A ...
, a suburb within the Detroit Metropolitan Area
The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. State of Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its Southeast Michigan, surrounding area. There are varied definitions of the a ...
; the tree was 45 m tall, with a d.b.h. of 155 cm in 2012
File:Edinburgh Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland-5Dec2010.jpg, Winter silhouette of RBGE 'Pinnato-ramosa'
File:Edinburgh (24420468044).jpg, 'Pinnato-ramosa' in flower, RBGE
File:Royal-Botanical-Gardens-Edinburgh.jpg, Emerging leaves of 'Pinnato-ramosa', RBGE
File:Burrfields pumila 1 general view from east.jpg, 'Pinnato-ramosa', Portsmouth, UK. 20m height, bole 3.33m girth
Synonymy
*''U. pumila'' var. ''pinnato-ramosa''[
*''U. pumila'' var. ''arborea''][
]
Accessions
;North America
*Arnold Arboretum
The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University is a botanical research institution and free public park, located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts. Established in 1872, it is the oldest public arboretum in N ...
, US. Acc. nos. 925–83, 698–87.
*Holden Arboretum
The Holden Arboretum, in Kirtland, Ohio, is one of the largest arboreta and botanical gardens in the United States, with more than , including devoted to collections and gardens. Diverse natural areas and ecologically sensitive habitats make up t ...
, US. Acc. no. 60–317
*New York Botanical Garden
The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City. Established in 1891, it is located on a site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, ...
, US. Acc. no. 1032/60
;Europe
*Brighton & Hove
Brighton and Hove () is a city and unitary authority in East Sussex, England. It consists primarily of the settlements of Brighton and Hove, alongside neighbouring villages.
Often referred to synonymously as Brighton, the City of Brighton and ...
City Council, UK. National Elm Collectio
Full accession details unknown.
*Darmstadt University of Technology
Darmstadt () is a city in the state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest city in the state of Hesse a ...
Botanic Garden, Darmstadt
Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it th ...
, Germany. Some accession details availabl
*Grange Farm Arboretum
The Grange Farm Arboretum is a small private arboretum comprising 3 hectares accommodating over 800 trees, mostly native and ornamental species or cultivars, notably oaks, ashes, walnuts and elms, growing on a calcareous loam.Ostler, J. (2009) ...
, Sutton St James
Sutton St James is a village and civil parish in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England, about south-west of Long Sutton.
Lying in the Lincolnshire Fens, Sutton St James did not exist at the time of the 1086 ''Domesday Book''. Su ...
, Spalding, Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershire ...
, UK. As ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. Acc. no. 1088.
* Hergest Croft Gardensbr>
Kington, Herefordshire, Kington, Herefordshire
Herefordshire () is a county in the West Midlands of England, governed by Herefordshire Council. It is bordered by Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh counties of Monmouthshire ...
, UK. One tree, as ''U. pinnato-ramosa''; no accession details available.
*Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
, UK. As ''U. pinnato-ramosa''. Acc. no. 19021006. (2021 cloned sapling as ''U. pumila'' 'Pinnato-ramosa'; same acc. no.)
*Sir Harold Hillier Gardens
The Sir Harold Hillier Gardens is an arboretum comprising 72 hectares (180 acres) accommodating over 42,000 trees and shrubs in about 12,000 taxa, notably a collection of oaks, camellia, magnolia and rhododendron.
The Gardens are located nor ...
, Ampfield
Ampfield is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Test Valley in Hampshire, England, between Romsey, Eastleigh, and Winchester. It had a population at the 2001 census of 1,474, increasing to 1,583 at the 2011 Census.
Geography
Ampfield ...
, UK. Acc. no. 1977.4795 (LM200), Acc. no. 1986.2511 (LM600)
* Späth-Arboretum, Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
, Germany. Acc. no 02-009.
*Strona Arboretum
Strona is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,217 and an area of .All demographi ...
br>
University of Life Sciences, Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
, Poland. Acc. details not known
*University of Copenhagen
The University of Copenhagen ( da, Københavns Universitet, KU) is a prestigious public university, public research university in Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is the second-oldest university in ...
Botanic Garden, Denmark. No details available.
*University of Ulm
Ulm University (german: Universität Ulm) is a public university in Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The university was founded in 1967 and focuses on natural sciences, medicine, engineering sciences, mathematics, economics and computer sci ...
Botanic Garden, Ulm
Ulm () is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Danube on the border with Bavaria. The city, which has an estimated population of more than 126,000 (2018), forms an urban district of its own (german: link=no, ...
, Germany. Some accession details availabl
References
External links
'Turkestan elm - ''Ulmus pinnato-ramosa'' - in the dendroflora of Croatia' ''Šumarski list'', 2001
* RBGE leaves specimen from Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
, 1902 (2004)
* RBGE flowers specimen from Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
, 1902 (2004)
* RBGE specimen from Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
, 1902
* Sheet labelled ''U. pumila'' L. ''arborea'' Litv., Arnold Arboretum specimen, 1930
* Sheet labelled ''U. pumila'' L. ''arborea'' Litv.; samara specimen
* Sheet labelled ''U. pumila'' L. ''arborea'' Litv.; 1938 specimen, Romania
* Sheet labelled ''U. pumila'' L. ''arborea'' Litv.; formerly called ''U. pinnato-ramosa'', specimen from Hesse nursery, Weener
Weener () is a town in the district of Leer, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Ems. The towns population is at 15,654, making it the largest town of the region Rheiderland. It has a railw ...
, 1954
* Sheet labelled ''U. pumila'' L. ''arborea'' Litv.; formerly called ''U. pinnato-ramosa'', specimen from Zuiderpark, The Hague, 1962
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7879639
Ulmus
Flora of Siberia
Trees of Asia
Flora of Russia
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of Croatia
Ulmus articles with images
Siberian elm cultivar