The ukulele ( ; from haw, ukulele ,
approximately ), also called Uke, is a member of the
lute
A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either fretted or unfretted.
More specifically, the term "lute" can ref ...
family of instruments of Portuguese origin and popularized in Hawaii. It generally employs four
nylon strings.
The
tone and volume of the instrument vary with size and construction. Ukuleles commonly come in four sizes: soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone.
History
Developed in the 1880s, the ukulele is based on several small, guitar-like instruments of Portuguese origin, the
''machete'',
''
cavaquinho
The cavaquinho (pronounced in Portuguese) is a small Portuguese string instrument in the European guitar family, with four wires or gut strings.
More broadly, ''cavaquinho'' is the name of a four-stringed subdivision of the lute family of instr ...
'', ''
timple
The timple is a traditional five-string plucked string instrument of the Canary Islands. It started being manufactured in the 19th century.
In La Palma island and in the north of the island of Tenerife, many timple players omit the fifth (D) ...
'', and ''
rajão
The rajão ( pt, machete de rajão) is a 5-stringed instrument from Madeira, Portugal. The instrument traces back to the country's regional folk music, where it is used in folklore dances of Portugal in addition to other stringed instruments fr ...
'', introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by
Portuguese immigrants from
Madeira
)
, anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira")
, song_type = Regional anthem
, image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg
, map_alt=Location of Madeira
, map_caption=Location of Madeira
, subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
, the
Azores and
Cape Verde
, national_anthem = ()
, official_languages = Portuguese
, national_languages = Cape Verdean Creole
, capital = Praia
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, demonym ...
. Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, are generally credited as the first ukulele makers. Two weeks after they disembarked from the
SS ''Ravenscrag'' in late August 1879, the ''
Hawaiian Gazette'' reported that "Madeira Islanders recently arrived here, have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts."
One of the most important factors in establishing the ukulele in
Hawaiian music and
culture was the ardent support and promotion of the instrument by
King Kalākaua. A patron of the arts, he incorporated it into performances at royal gatherings.
In the
Hawaiian language
Hawaiian (', ) is a Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Hawaii, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language o ...
the word ukulele roughly translates as "jumping flea", perhaps because of the movement of the player's fingers. Legend attributes it to the nickname of Englishman
Edward William Purvis
Colonel Edward William Purvis (July 4, 1857 – August 16, 1888) was a British army officer and settler of the Kingdom of Hawaii who served as Vice-Chamberlain during the reign of King Kalākaua. After resigning from the royal household, Purvis ...
, one of King Kalākaua's officers, because of his small size, fidgety manner, and playing expertise. One of the earliest appearances of the word ''ukulele'' in print (in the sense of a stringed instrument) is in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art's ''Catalogue of the Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments of All Nations'' published in 1907. The catalog describes two ukuleles from Hawaii - one that is similar in size to a modern soprano ukulele, and one that is similar to a tenor (see ).
Canada
In the 1960s, educator
J. Chalmers Doane
J. Chalmers Doane (born 1938) is a Canadian educator and musician who spearheaded the use of the ukulele for music instruction in the Canadian school systems.
Educator
John Chalmers Doane was born in Truro, Nova Scotia in 1938. Doane earned h ...
dramatically changed school music programs across
Canada, using the ukulele as an inexpensive and practical teaching instrument to foster
musical literacy in the classroom. 50,000 schoolchildren and adults learned ukulele through the Doane program at its peak. "Ukulele in the Classroom", a revised program created by
James Hill and Doane in 2008 is a staple of music education in Canada.
Japan
The ukulele arrived in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
in 1929 after Hawaiian-born
Yukihiko Haida
was a composer, ukulele player and steel guitarist. He and his brother Katsuhiko Haida founded the Nihon Ukulele Association.
Early life and education
Haida was born in Honolulu on 24 April 1909, to parents who were Japanese immigrants to Haw ...
returned to the country upon his father's death, and introduced the instrument. Haida and his brother
Katsuhiko formed the Moana Glee Club, enjoying rapid success in an environment of growing enthusiasm for
Western popular music, particularly Hawaiian and
jazz. During
World War II, authorities banned most music from the West, but fans and players kept it alive in secret, and it resumed popularity after the war. In 1959, Haida founded the
Nihon Ukulele Association
The Nihon Ukulele Association ( ja, 日本ウクレレ協会) is a Japanese association for ukulele players. It was founded in 1959 by Yukihiko Haida, a Hawaiian-born ''nisei'' who moved to Japan at a young age.
With his brother, Katsuhiko Haida ...
. Today, Japan is considered a second home for Hawaiian musicians and ukulele virtuosos.
United Kingdom
British singer and comedian
George Formby was a ukulele player, though he often played a
banjolele, a hybrid instrument consisting of an extended ukulele neck with a
banjo
The banjo is a stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity to form a resonator. The membrane is typically circular, and usually made of plastic, or occasionally animal skin. Early forms of the instrument were fashi ...
resonator body. Demand surged in the new century because of its relative simplicity and portability. Another British ukulele player was
Tony Award-winner
Tessie O'Shea, who appeared in numerous movies and stage shows, and was twice on ''
The Ed Sullivan Show'', including the night
The Beatles debuted in 1964.
The
Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain tours globally, and the
George Formby Society
The George Formby Society was created after the death of British vaudeville entertainer George Formby in 1961. A small group of his fans, brought together by an ad in ''The Stage'' placed by Londoner George Wilson,The George Formby Society met toge ...
, established in 1961, continues to hold regular conventions.
United States mainland
Pre-World War II
The ukulele was popularized for a stateside audience during the
Panama–Pacific International Exposition, held from spring to autumn of 1915 in
San Francisco. The Hawaiian Pavilion featured a guitar and ukulele ensemble, George E. K. Awai and his Royal Hawaiian Quartet, along with ukulele maker and player
Jonah Kumalae
Jonah Kumalae (October 13, 1874 – May 6, 1940) was a Hawaiian politician, businessman, publisher and ukulele manufacturer and musician. Though most noted for manufacturing and marketing his 'Gold Award' Kumalae Ukuleles from 1911 to 1940, he ...
. The popularity of the ensemble with visitors launched a fad for Hawaiian-themed songs among
Tin Pan Alley songwriters. The ensemble also introduced both the
lap steel guitar
The lap steel guitar, also known as a Hawaiian guitar, is a type of steel guitar without pedals that is typically played with the instrument in a horizontal position across the performer's lap. Unlike the usual manner of playing a traditional ...
and the ukulele into U.S. mainland popular music, where it was taken up by
vaudeville performers such as
Roy Smeck and
Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards. On April 15, 1923, at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, Smeck appeared, playing the ukulele, in ''Stringed Harmony'', a
short film made in the
DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. On August 6, 1926, Smeck appeared playing the ukulele in a short film ''His Pastimes'', made in the
Vitaphone sound-on-disc process, shown with the
feature film ''
Don Juan'' starring
John Barrymore.
The ukulele soon became an icon of the
Jazz Age.
Like guitar, basic ukulele skills can be learned fairly easily, and this highly portable, relatively inexpensive instrument was popular with amateur players throughout the 1920s, as evidenced by the introduction of uke chord
tablature into the published
sheet music
Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of musical notation that uses List of musical symbols, musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms, or chord (music), chords of a song or instrumental Musical composition, musical piece. Like ...
for popular songs of the time
(a role that was supplanted by the guitar in the early years of
rock and roll). A number of mainland-based stringed-instrument manufacturers, among them
Regal,
Harmony
In music, harmony is the process by which individual sounds are joined together or composed into whole units or compositions. Often, the term harmony refers to simultaneously occurring frequencies, pitches ( tones, notes), or chords. However ...
, and especially
Martin Martin may refer to:
Places
* Martin City (disambiguation)
* Martin County (disambiguation)
* Martin Township (disambiguation)
Antarctica
* Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land
* Port Martin, Adelie Land
* Point Martin, South Orkney Islands
Austral ...
, added ukulele, banjolele, and
tiple lines to their production to take advantage of the demand.
The ukulele also made inroads into early country music or
old-time music parallel to the then-popular mandolin. It was played by
Jimmie Rodgers
James Charles Rodgers (September 8, 1897 – May 26, 1933) was an American singer-songwriter and musician who rose to popularity in the late 1920s. Widely regarded as "the Father of Country Music", he is best known for his distinctive rhythmi ...
and
Ernest V. Stoneman
Ernest Van "Pop" Stoneman (May 25, 1893 – June 14, 1968) was an American musician, ranked among the prominent recording artists of country music's first commercial decade.
Biography
Born in a log cabin in Monarat (Iron Ridge), Carroll Count ...
, as well as by early string bands, including
Cowan Powers and his Family Band
Fiddlin' Powers and Family was a Virginia string band from the 1920s, considered pioneers in early country music.
They were the first family string band to make a commercial record (1924). The band consisted of Cowan Powers and his children, Cha ...
, Da Costa Woltz's Southern Broadcasters, Walter Smith and Friends, The Blankenship Family, The Hillbillies, and The Hilltop Singers.
[
]
Post-World War II
From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, plastics manufacturer Mario Maccaferri turned out about 9 million inexpensive ukuleles. The ukulele remained popular, appearing on many jazz songs throughout the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. Much of the instrument's popularity (particularly the baritone size) was cultivated by Arthur Godfrey on ''The Arthur Godfrey Show'' on television. Singer-musician Tiny Tim became closely associated with the instrument after playing it on his 1968 hit " Tiptoe Through the Tulips".
Post-1990 revival
After the 1960s, the ukulele declined in popularity until the late 1990s, when interest in the instrument reawakened. During the 1990s, new manufacturers began producing ukuleles and a new generation of musicians took up the instrument. Jim Beloff
Jim Beloff (born December 25, 1955) is an American musician. He is a leading proponent of the ukulele. After working in the music industry in Los Angeles, he discovered the ukulele and became an advocate of the instrument. He established Flea Mar ...
set out to promote the instrument in the early 1990s and created over two dozen ukulele music books featuring modern music and classic ukulele pieces.
All-time best-selling Hawaiian musician Israel Kamakawiwo'ole helped repopularize the instrument, in particular with his 1993 reggae-rhythmed medley
Medley or Medleys may refer to:
Sports
*Medley swimming, races requiring multiple swimming styles
* Medley relay races at track meets
Music
*Medley (music), multiple pieces strung together
People
*Medley (surname), list of people with this nam ...
of " Over the Rainbow" and " What a Wonderful World," used in films, television programs, and commercials. The song reached number 12 on ''Billboards Hot Digital Tracks
The Hot Digital Tracks chart is a song popularity chart that ranks the best selling digital tracks in the United States according to ''Billboard'' magazine. It is not to be confused with the Hot Digital Songs chart, which combines different versi ...
chart the week of January 31, 2004.
The creation of YouTube helped revive the popularity of the ukulele. One of the first videos to go viral was Jake Shimabukuro's ukulele rendition of George Harrison
George Harrison (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Sometimes called "the quiet Beatle", Harrison embraced Indian c ...
's " While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on YouTube. The video quickly went viral
Viral means "relating to viruses" (small infectious agents).
Viral may also refer to:
Viral behavior, or virality
Memetic behavior likened that of a virus, for example:
* Viral marketing, the use of existing social networks to spread a marke ...
, and as of September 2020, had received over 17 million views.
Construction
The ukulele is generally made of wood, though variants have been composed partially or entirely of plastic or other materials. Cheaper ukuleles are generally made from plywood
Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured ...
or laminate
Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance, or other properties from the use of the differing materials ...
d woods, in some cases with a soundboard of a tonewood such as spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...
. More expensive ukuleles are made of solid hardwoods such as mahogany
Mahogany is a straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus ''Swietenia'', indigenous to the AmericasBridgewater, Samuel (2012). ''A Natural History of Belize: Inside the Maya Forest''. Austin: Unive ...
. The traditionally preferred wood for ukuleles is a type of acacia endemic to Hawaii, called ''koa
KOA (short for Kampgrounds of America) is an American franchise of privately owned campgrounds. Having more than 500 locations across the United States and Canada, it is the world's largest system of privately owned campgrounds. It was founded in ...
''.
Typically, ukuleles have a figure-eight body shape similar to that of a small acoustic guitar
An acoustic guitar is a musical instrument in the string family. When a string is plucked its vibration is transmitted from the bridge, resonating throughout the top of the guitar. It is also transmitted to the side and back of the instrument, ...
. They are also often seen in nonstandard shapes, such as cutaway and oval, usually called a "pineapple" ukulele (see image below), invented by the Kamaka Ukulele
Kamaka Hawaii, Incorporated, also known as Kamaka Ukulele or just Kamaka is a family-owned Hawaii-based maker of ukuleles. It is often credited with producing some of the world's finest ukuleles, and created the first pineapple ukulele. The compan ...
company, or a boat-paddle shape, and occasionally a square shape, often made out of an old wooden cigar box.
These instruments usually have four strings
String or strings may refer to:
*String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Strings'' (1991 film), a Canadian anim ...
; some strings may be paired in courses
Course may refer to:
Directions or navigation
* Course (navigation), the path of travel
* Course (orienteering), a series of control points visited by orienteers during a competition, marked with red/white flags in the terrain, and corresponding ...
, giving the instrument a total of six or eight strings (primarily for greater strumming volume.) The strings themselves were originally made of catgut. Modern ukuleles use nylon polymer strings, with many variations in the material, such as fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds with carbon-fluorine bonds. Compounds that contain many C-F bonds often has distinctive properties, e.g., enhanced stability, volatility, and hydrophobicity. Fluorocarbons and their derivatives are commerci ...
, aluminium (as winding on lower-pitched strings), wound metal strings (similar to wound nylon strings, but with a metal core) and Nylgut.
Instruments with six or eight strings in four courses are often called taropatches, or taropatch ukuleles. They were once common in a concert size, but now the tenor size is more common for six-string taropatch ukuleles. The six-string, four-course version, has two single and two double courses, and is sometimes called a ''lili'u'', though this name also applies to the eight-string version. Eight-string baritone taropatches exist, and, 5-string tenors have also been made.
Types and sizes
Common types of ukuleles include soprano (standard ukulele), concert, tenor, and baritone. Less common are the sopranino (also called piccolo, bambino, or "pocket uke"), bass, and contrabass
Contrabass (from it, contrabbasso) refers to several musical instruments of very low pitch—generally one octave below bass register instruments. While the term most commonly refers to the double bass (which is the bass instrument in the orchest ...
ukuleles. Other types of ukuleles include banjo ukuleles and electric ukuleles. Of the standard ukuleles, the soprano, often called "standard" in Hawaii, is the second-smallest and was the original size. The concert size was developed in the 1920s as an enhanced soprano, slightly larger and louder with a deeper tone. Shortly thereafter, the tenor was created, having more volume and deeper bass tone. The baritone (resembling a smaller tenor guitar) was created in the 1940s, and the contrabass and bass are recent innovations (2010 and 2014, respectively).
The following chart shows the range of notes of standard ukulele types. Note that range varies with the tuning and size of the instruments. The examples shown in the chart reflect the range of each instrument from the lowest standard tuning, to the highest fret in the highest standard tuning. Additionally, the contrabass below aligns with the bass in the above table.
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# Cx4 = middle C
# Cs4 = middle C sharp
Define $Cx0 = 6 # 16.35Hz
Define $Cs0 = 12 # 17.32Hz
Define $Dx0 = 18 # 18.35Hz
Define $Ds0 = 24 # 19.45Hz
Define $Ex0 = 30 # 20.6Hz
Define $Fx0 = 36 # 21.83Hz
Define $Fs0 = 42 # 23.12Hz
Define $Gx0 = 48 # 24.5Hz
Define $Gs0 = 54 # 25.96Hz
Define $Ax0 = 60 # 27.5Hz
Define $As0 = 66 # 29.14Hz
Define $Bx0 = 72 # 30.87Hz
Define $Cx1 = 78 # 32.7Hz
Define $Cs1 = 83 # 34.65Hz
Define $Dx1 = 89 # 36.71Hz
Define $Ds1 = 95 # 38.89Hz
Define $Ex1 = 101 # 41.2Hz
Define $Fx1 = 107 # 43.65Hz
Define $Fs1 = 113 # 46.25Hz
Define $Gx1 = 119 # 49Hz
Define $Gs1 = 125 # 51.91Hz
Define $Ax1 = 131 # 55Hz
Define $As1 = 137 # 58.27Hz
Define $Bx1 = 143 # 61.74Hz
Define $Cx2 = 149 # 65.41Hz
Define $Cs2 = 155 # 69.3Hz
Define $Dx2 = 161 # 73.42Hz
Define $Ds2 = 167 # 77.78Hz
Define $Ex2 = 173 # 82.41Hz
Define $Fx2 = 179 # 87.31Hz
Define $Fs2 = 185 # 92.5Hz
Define $Gx2 = 191 # 98Hz
Define $Gs2 = 197 # 103.8Hz
Define $Ax2 = 203 # 110Hz
Define $As2 = 209 # 116.5Hz
Define $Bx2 = 215 # 123.5Hz
Define $Cx3 = 221 # 130.8Hz
Define $Cs3 = 227 # 138.6Hz
Define $Dx3 = 233 # 146.8Hz
Define $Ds3 = 239 # 155.6Hz
Define $Ex3 = 244 # 164.8Hz
Define $Fx3 = 250 # 174.6Hz
Define $Fs3 = 256 # 185Hz
Define $Gx3 = 262 # 196Hz
Define $Gs3 = 268 # 207.7Hz
Define $Ax3 = 274 # 220Hz
Define $As3 = 280 # 233.1Hz
Define $Bx3 = 286 # 246.9Hz
Define $Cx4 = 292 # 261.6Hz
Define $Cs4 = 298 # 277.2Hz
Define $Dx4 = 304 # 293.7Hz
Define $Ds4 = 310 # 311.1Hz
Define $Ex4 = 316 # 329.6Hz
Define $Fx4 = 322 # 349.2Hz
Define $Fs4 = 328 # 370Hz
Define $Gx4 = 334 # 392Hz
Define $Gs4 = 340 # 415.3Hz
Define $Ax4 = 346 # 440Hz
Define $As4 = 352 # 466.2Hz
Define $Bx4 = 358 # 493.9Hz
Define $Cx5 = 364 # 523.3Hz
Define $Cs5 = 370 # 554.4Hz
Define $Dx5 = 376 # 587.3Hz
Define $Ds5 = 382 # 622.3Hz
Define $Ex5 = 388 # 659.3Hz
Define $Fx5 = 394 # 698.5Hz
Define $Fs5 = 400 # 740Hz
Define $Gx5 = 406 # 784Hz
Define $Gs5 = 411 # 830.6Hz
Define $Ax5 = 417 # 880Hz
Define $As5 = 423 # 932.3Hz
Define $Bx5 = 429 # 987.8Hz
Define $Cx6 = 435 # 1047Hz
Define $Cs6 = 441 # 1109Hz
Define $Dx6 = 447 # 1175Hz
Define $Ds6 = 453 # 1245Hz
Define $Ex6 = 459 # 1319Hz
Define $Fx6 = 465 # 1397Hz
Define $Fs6 = 471 # 1480Hz
Define $Gx6 = 477 # 1568Hz
Define $Gs6 = 483 # 1661Hz
Define $Ax6 = 489 # 1760Hz
Define $As6 = 495 # 1865Hz
Define $Bx6 = 501 # 1976Hz
Define $Cx7 = 507 # 2093Hz
Define $Cs7 = 513 # 2217Hz
Define $Dx7 = 519 # 2349Hz
Define $Ds7 = 525 # 2489Hz
Define $Ex7 = 531 # 2637Hz
Define $Fx7 = 537 # 2794Hz
Define $Fs7 = 543 # 2960Hz
Define $Gx7 = 549 # 3136Hz
Define $Gs7 = 555 # 3322Hz
Define $Ax7 = 561 # 3520Hz
Define $As7 = 567 # 3729Hz
Define $Bx7 = 572 # 3951Hz
Define $Cx8 = 578 # 4186Hz
Define $Cs8 = 584 # 4435Hz
Define $Dx8 = 590 # 4699Hz
Define $Ds8 = 596 # 4978Hz
Define $Ex8 = 602 # 5274Hz
Define $Fx8 = 608 # 5588Hz
Define $Fs8 = 614 # 5920Hz
Define $Gx8 = 620 # 6272Hz
Define $Gs8 = 626 # 6645Hz
Define $Ax8 = 632 # 7040Hz
Define $As8 = 638 # 7459Hz
Define $Bx8 = 644 # 7902Hz
Define $max = 650
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Tuning
One of the most common tunings for the standard or soprano ukulele is C6 tuning: G4–C4–E4–A4, which is often remembered by the notes in the "My dog has fleas" jingle (see sidebar). The G string is tuned an octave higher than might be expected, so this is often called "high G" tuning. This is known as a " reentrant tuning"; it enables uniquely close-harmony chording.
More rarely used with the soprano ukulele is C6 linear tuning, or "low G" tuning, which has the G in sequence an octave lower: G3–C4–E4–A4, which is equivalent to playing the top four strings (DGBE) of a guitar with a capo on the fifth fret.
Another common tuning for the soprano ukulele is the higher string-tension D6 tuning (or simply D tuning), A4–D4–F4–B4, one step higher than the G4–C4–E4–A4 tuning. Once considered standard, this tuning was commonly used during the Hawaiian music boom of the early 20th century, and is often seen in sheet music from this period, as well as in many method books through the 1980s. D6 tuning is said by some to bring out a sweeter tone in some ukuleles, generally smaller ones. D6 tuning with a low fourth string, A3–D4–F4–B4, is sometimes called "Canadian tuning" after its use in the Canadian school system, mostly on concert or tenor ukuleles, and extensive use by James Hill and J. Chalmers Doane
J. Chalmers Doane (born 1938) is a Canadian educator and musician who spearheaded the use of the ukulele for music instruction in the Canadian school systems.
Educator
John Chalmers Doane was born in Truro, Nova Scotia in 1938. Doane earned h ...
.
Whether C6 or D6 tuning should be the "standard" tuning is a matter of long and ongoing debate. There are historic and popular ukulele methods that have used each.
For the concert and tenor ukuleles, both reentrant and linear C6 tunings are standard; linear tuning in particular is widely used for the tenor ukulele, more so than for the soprano and concert instruments.
The baritone ukulele usually uses linear G6 tuning: D3–G3–B3–E4, the same as the highest four strings of a standard 6-string guitar.
Bass ukuleles are tuned similarly to the bass guitar and double bass: E1–A1–D2–G2 for U-Bass style instruments (sometimes called contrabass), or an octave higher, E2–A2–D3–G3, for Ohana type metal-string basses.
Sopranino ukulele tuning is less standardized. They are usually tuned re-entrantly, but frequently at a higher pitch than C; for example, re-entrant G6 tuning: D5–G4–B4–E5.
As is commonly the case with string instruments, other tunings may be preferred by individual players. For example, special string sets are available to tune the baritone ukulele in linear C6. Some players tune ukuleles like other four-string instruments such as the mandolin
A mandolin ( it, mandolino ; literally "small mandola") is a stringed musical instrument in the lute family and is generally plucked with a pick. It most commonly has four courses of doubled strings tuned in unison, thus giving a total of 8 ...
, Venezuelan cuatro, or dotara
The ''dotara'' (or ''dotar'') Persian ( bn, দোতারা, as, দোতাৰা, literally, 'Of or having two strings') is a two, four, or sometimes five- stringed musical instrument, originating from Iran and Central Asia. It is comm ...
. Ukuleles may also be tuned to open tuning
Guitar tunings are the assignment of pitch (music), pitches to the open string (music), open strings of guitars, including acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and classical guitars. Musical tuning, Tunings are described by the particular pitc ...
s, similar to the Hawaiian slack key style.
Related instruments
Ukulele varieties include hybrid instruments such as the guitalele (also called guitarlele), banjo ukulele (also called banjolele), harp ukulele, lap steel ukulele
The lap steel ukulele is a type of and method of playing the ukulele
There are three main types of lap steel ukulele:
* Lap slide ukuleles, simply a ukulele with high action played with a slide
* Resonator ukuleles, particularly those with squa ...
, and the ukelin
The ukelin is a bowed psaltery with zither strings made popular in the 1920s. It is meant to be a combination of the violin and the Hawaiian ukulele. It lost popularity prior to the 1970s because the instrument was difficult to play and often ret ...
. It is very common to find ukuleles mixed with other stringed instruments because of the amount of strings and the easy playing ability. There is also an electrically amplified variant of the ukulele. The resonator ukulele produces sound by one or more spun aluminum cones (resonators
A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior. That is, it naturally oscillates with greater amplitude at some frequencies, called resonant frequencies, than at other frequencies. The oscillations in a resonator ...
) instead of the wooden soundboard, giving it a distinct and louder tone. The Tahitian ukulele
The Tahitian ukulele (ukarere or Tahitian banjo) is a short-necked fretted lute with eight nylon strings in four doubled courses, native to Tahiti and played in other regions of Polynesia. This variant of the older Hawaiian ukulele is noted by ...
, another variant, is usually carved from a single piece of wood, and does not have a hollow soundbox, although the back is open. The Tahitian ukulele generally has eight strings made from fishing line, tuned the same as a Hawaiian ukulele in four courses, although the middle two courses are an octave higher than its Hawaiian cousin. Inspired by the Tahitian ukulele, there is the Motu Nui variant, from France, which has just four strings made from fishing line and the hole in the back is designed to produce a wah-wah effect. Mario Maccaferri invented an automatic chording device for the ukulele, called Chord Master.
Close cousins of the ukulele include the Portuguese forerunners, the ''cavaquinho
The cavaquinho (pronounced in Portuguese) is a small Portuguese string instrument in the European guitar family, with four wires or gut strings.
More broadly, ''cavaquinho'' is the name of a four-stringed subdivision of the lute family of instr ...
'' (also commonly known as ''machete'' or ''braguinha'') and the slightly larger ''rajão
The rajão ( pt, machete de rajão) is a 5-stringed instrument from Madeira, Portugal. The instrument traces back to the country's regional folk music, where it is used in folklore dances of Portugal in addition to other stringed instruments fr ...
''. Other relatives include the Venezuelan cuatro
The cuatro of Venezuela has four single nylon strings, tuned (ad'f#'b). It is similar in shape and tuning to the ukulele, but their character and playing technique are vastly different. It is tuned in a similar fashion to the traditional D tuni ...
, the Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
n '' tiple'', the ''timple
The timple is a traditional five-string plucked string instrument of the Canary Islands. It started being manufactured in the 19th century.
In La Palma island and in the north of the island of Tenerife, many timple players omit the fifth (D) ...
'' of the Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (; es, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocc ...
, the Spanish '' vihuela'', the Mexican requinto jarocho, and the Andean ''charango
The charango is a small Andean stringed instrument of the lute family, from the Quechua and Aymara populations in the territory of the Altiplano in post-Colonial times, after European stringed instruments were introduced by the Spanish during c ...
'' traditionally made of an armadillo
Armadillos (meaning "little armored ones" in Spanish) are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata. The Chlamyphoridae and Dasypodidae are the only surviving families in the order, which is part of the superorder Xenarthra, along wi ...
shell. In Indonesia, a similar Portuguese-inspired instrument is the kroncong.
Audio samples
See also
* List of ukulele players This is a list of ukulele players. These musicians and bands are well known for playing the ukulele as their primary instrument and have an associated linked Wikipedia article. It is not intended for everyone that can play the instrument.
A
* ...
* Stringed instrument tunings This is a chart of stringed instrument tunings. Instruments are listed alphabetically by their most commonly known name.
Terminology
A Course (music), course may consist of one or more Strings (music), strings.
Courses are listed reading from ...
References
Bibliography
*
*
External links
* An exhibition that details the ukulele's history and waves of mainstream popularity.
* Information about over 600 ukulele makers past and present.
* The differences between the word "ukulele" in Hawaiian and English.
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Ukuleles
Hawaiian musical instruments
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Necked box lutes
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Lute family instruments
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