Ubaid period

The Ubaid period (c. 6500–3700 BC) is a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia. The name derives from Tell al-'Ubaid where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially in 1919 by Henry Hall and later by Leonard Woolley.

In South Mesopotamia the period is the earliest known period on the alluvial plain although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the alluvium. In the south it has a very long duration between about 6500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the Uruk period.Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham. 2010. 'Deconstructing the Ubaid' in Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham (eds.) ''Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East''. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 2.

In Northern Mesopotamia the period runs only between about 5300 and 4300 BC. It is preceded by the Halaf period and the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period and succeeded by the Late Chalcolithic period.

History of research

The term "Ubaid period" was coined at a conference in Baghdad in 1930, where at the same time the Jemdet Nasr and Uruk periods were defined.

Dating, extent and periodization

The Ubaid period is divided into four principal phases:
*Ubaid 0, sometimes called Oueili, (5500–5400 BC), an early Ubaid phase first excavated at Tell el-'Oueili.
*Ubaid 1, sometimes called Eridu
Kurt, Amélie ''Ancient near East V1 (Routledge History of the Ancient World)'' Routledge (31 Dec 1996) p. 22
corresponding to the city Eridu, (5400–4700 BC), a phase limited to the extreme south of Iraq, on what was then the shores of the Persian Gulf. This phase, showing clear connection to the Samarra culture to the north, saw the establishment of the first permanent settlement south of the 5 inch rainfall isohyet. These people pioneered the growing of grains in the extreme conditions of aridity, thanks to the high water tables of Southern Iraq.
*Ubaid 2 (4800–4500 BC). At that time, Hadji Muhammed style ceramics was produced. This period also saw the development of extensive canal networks near major settlements. Irrigation agriculture, which seems to have developed first at Choga Mami (4700–4600 BC) and rapidly spread elsewhere, form the first required collective effort and centralised coordination of labour in Mesopotamia.
*Ubaid 3: Tell al‐Ubaid style ceramics. Traditionally, this ceramic period was dated c. 5300–4700 BC. The appearance of these ceramics received different dates depending on the particular sites, which have a wide geographical distribution. In recent studies, there's a tendency to narrow this period somewhat.
*Ubaid 4: Late Ubaid style ceramics, c.4700–4200 BC.

Description

Ubaid culture is characterized by large unwalled village settlements, multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses and the appearance of the first temples of public architecture in Mesopotamia, with a growth of a two tier settlement hierarchy of centralized large sites of more than 10 hectares surrounded by smaller village sites of less than 1 hectare. Domestic equipment included a distinctive fine quality buff or greenish colored pottery decorated with geometric designs in brown or black paint. Tools such as sickles were often made of hard fired clay in the south, while in the north stone and sometimes metal were used. Villages thus contained specialised craftspeople, potters, weavers and metalworkers, although the bulk of the population were agricultural labourers, farmers and seasonal pastoralists.

During the Ubaid Period (5000–4000 BC), the movement towards urbanization began. "Agriculture and animal husbandry omesticationwere widely practiced in sedentary communities". There were also tribes that practiced domesticating animals as far north as Turkey, and as far south as the Zagros Mountains. The Ubaid period in the south was associated with intensive irrigated hydraulic agriculture, and the use of the plough, both introduced from the north, possibly through the earlier Choga Mami, Hadji Muhammed and Samarra cultures.

Society and social organization

The Ubaid period as a whole, based upon the analysis of grave goods, was one of increasingly polarized social stratification and decreasing egalitarianism. Bogucki describes this as a phase of "Trans-egalitarian" competitive households, in which some fall behind as a result of downward social mobility. Morton Fried have hypothesised that Ubaid culture saw the rise of an elite class of hereditary chieftains, perhaps heads of kin groups linked in some way to the administration of the temple shrines and their granaries, responsible for mediating intra-group conflict and maintaining social order. It would seem that various collective methods, perhaps instances of what Thorkild Jacobsen called primitive democracy, in which disputes were previously resolved through a council of one's peers, were no longer sufficient for the needs of the local community.

Ubaid culture originated in the south, but still has clear connections to earlier cultures in the region of middle Iraq. The appearance of the Ubaid folk has sometimes been linked to the so-called Sumerian problem, related to the origins of Sumerian civilisation. Whatever the ethnic origins of this group, this culture saw for the first time a clear tripartite social division between intensive subsistence peasant farmers, with crops and animals coming from the north, tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralists dependent upon their herds, and hunter-fisher folk of the Arabian littoral, living in reed huts.

Stein and Özbal describe the Near East oecumene that resulted from Ubaid expansion, contrasting it to the colonial expansionism of the later Uruk period. "A contextual analysis comparing different regions shows that the Ubaid expansion took place largely through the peaceful spread of an ideology, leading to the formation of numerous new indigenous identities that appropriated and transformed superficial elements of Ubaid material culture into locally distinct expressions."

The earliest evidence for sailing has been found in Kuwait indicating that sailing was known by the Ubaid 3 period.

There is some evidence of warfare during the Ubaid period although it is extremely rare. The "Burnt Village" at Tell Sabi Abyad could be suggestive of destruction during war but it could also have been due to other causes, such as wildfire or accident. Ritual burning is also possible since the bodies inside were already dead by the time they were burned. A mass grave at Tepe Gawra contained 24 bodies apparently buried without any funeral rituals, possibly indicating it was a mass grave from violence. Copper weapons were also present in the form of arrow heads and sling bullets, although these could have been used for other purpose; two clay pots recovered from the era have decorations showing arrows used for the purpose of hunting. A copper axe head was made in the late Ubaid period, which could have been a tool or a weapon.

Trade, economy, geographical links, and historical context

Influence to the north

Around 5000 BC, the Ubaid culture spread into northern Mesopotamia and was adopted by the Halaf culture. This is known as the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period of northern Mesopotamia.

During the late Ubaid period around 4500–4000 BC, there was some increase in social polarization, with central houses in the settlements becoming bigger. But there were no real cities until the later Uruk period.

Ubaid influence in the Persian Gulf area

During the Ubaid 2 and 3 periods (5500–5000 BC), southern Mesopotamian Ubaid influence is felt further to the south along the coast of the Persian Gulf. Kuwait was the central site of interaction between the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia, including Bahra 1 and site H3 in Subiya. Ubaid artifacts spread also all along the Arabian littoral, showing the growth of a trading system that stretched from the Mediterranean coast through to Oman.

Spreading from Eridu, the Ubaid culture extended from the Middle of the Tigris and Euphrates to the shores of the Persian Gulf, and then spread down past Bahrain to the copper deposits at Oman.

Obsidian trade

Starting around 5500 BC, Ubaid pottery of periods 2 and 3 has been documented at site H3 in Kuwait and in Dosariyah in eastern Saudi Arabia.

In Dosariyah, nine samples of Ubaid-associated obsidian were analyzed. They came from eastern and northeastern Anatolia, such as from Pasinler, Erzurum, as well as from Armenia. The obsidian was in the form of finished blade fragments.

Decline of influence

The archaeological record shows that Arabian Bifacial/Ubaid period came to an abrupt end in eastern Arabia and the Oman peninsula at 3800 BC, just after the phase of lake lowering and onset of dune reactivation. At this time, increased aridity led to an end in semi-desert nomadism, and there is no evidence of human presence in the area for approximately 1,000 years, the so-called "Dark Millennium". The increased aridity might have been due to the 5.9 kiloyear event at the end of the Older Peron.

Numerous examples of Ubaid pottery have been found along the Persian Gulf, as far as Dilmun, where Indus Valley civilization pottery has also been found.

Arts and crafts

Ubaid 0 artifacts (c. 5500 – c. 5400 BC)

File:Stamp seal and modern impression. Horned animal and bird,6th–5th millennium B.C. Northern Syria or Southeastern Anatolia. Ubaid Period. Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg, Stamp seal and modern impression: horned animal and bird. 6th–5th millennium BC. Northern Syria or southeastern Anatolia. Ubaid period. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
File:Ubaid 0-1 pottery - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06926.JPG
File:Ubaid 0-1 pottery footed bowl - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06927.JPG

Ubaid 1 artifacts (c. 5400 – c. 4700 BC)

File:Bowl MET DP104228 (cropped).jpg, Bowl; mid 6th–5th millennium BC; ceramic; 5.08 cm; from the Ubaid period
File:Bowl MET DP104229.jpg
File:Bowl MET DP104227.jpg
File:Early Ubaid pottery 5100-4500 BC Tepe Gawra Louvre Museum DAO 3.jpg, Early Ubaid pottery, 5100–4500 BC, Tepe Gawra. Louvre Museum DAO 3
File:Cup MET ME49 133 5.jpg
File:Cup MET ME49 133 6.jpg
File:Jar MET ME49 133 13.jpg
File:Pottery bowl from Telul eth-Thalathat, Iraq. Ubaid period, c. 5000 BCE. Iraq Museum.jpg
File:Funde.jpg
File:Shallow dish - Ubaid.jpg
File:Spouted jar - Ur Ubaid period.jpg

Ubaid 2 artifacts (c. 4800 – c. 4500 BC)

File:Northern Ubaid pottery from Tepe Gawra and other sites - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06940.JPG
File:Ubaid 2 pottery - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06928.JPG

Ubaid 3 artifacts (c. 5300 – c. 4700 BC)

File:Ubaid III pottery jar 5300-4700 BC Louvre Museum.jpg, Ubaid III pottery jar, 5300–4700 BC Louvre Museum AO 29611.
File:Ubaid III pottery 5300-4700 BC Louvre Museum.jpg, Ubaid III pottery, 5300–4700 BC Louvre Museum AO 29598.
File:Ubaid III campaniform pottery 5300-4700 BC Louvre Museum.jpg, Ubaid III campaniform pottery 5300–4700 BC Louvre Museum
File:Ubaid III pottery 5300 - 4700 BC. Louvre Museum AO 29616.jpg, Ubaid III pottery 5300–4700 BC. Louvre Museum AO 29616.
File:Painted vessel figurine of a nude woman from Yarim Tepe II settlement, Iraq. Halaf culture, 5th millennium BCE. Iraq Museum.jpg
File:Ubaid 3-4 pottery - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC06929.JPG

Ubaid 4 artifacts (c. 4700 – c. 4200 BC)

File:Bowl - Ur Ubaid period.jpg
File:Ubaid IV pottery gobelet 4700-4200 BC Tello, ancient Girsu. Louvre Museum.jpg, Ubaid IV pottery gobelet, 4700–4200 BC Tello, ancient Girsu. Louvre Museum.
File:Ubaid IV pottery jars 4700-4200 BC Tello, ancient Girsu, Louvre Museum.jpg, Ubaid IV pottery jars 4700–4200 BC Tello, ancient Girsu, Louvre Museum.
File:Ubaid IV pottery 4700-4200 BC Tello, ancient Girsu, Louvre Museum.jpg, Ubaid IV pottery 4700–4200 BC Tello, ancient Girsu, Louvre Museum AO 15338.
File:Female figurines Ubaid IV Tello ancient Girsu 4700-4200 BC Louvre Museum.jpg, Female figurines Ubaid IV, Tello, ancient Girsu, 4700–4200 BC. Louvre Museum AO15327.
File:Two female figurines with bitumen headdresses ceramic Ur Iraq Ubaid 4 period 4500-4000 BCE.jpg, Two female figurines with bitumen headdresses, ceramic. Ur, Ubaid 4 period, 4500–4000 BC
File:Lizard-headed nude woman nursing a child, from Ur, Iraq, c. 4000 BCE. Iraq Museum (retouched).jpg
File:Frieze-group-3-example1.jpg, Pottery jar from Late Ubaid Period
File:Drop-shaped (tanged) pendant seal and modern impression. Quadrupeds, ca. 4500–3500 B.C. Late Ubaid - Middle Gawra. Northern Mesopotamia.jpg, Drop-shaped (tanged) pendant seal and modern impression. Quadrupeds, not entirely reduced to geometric shapes, ca. 4500–3500 BC. Late Ubaid - Middle Gawra periods. Northern Mesopotamia
File:Female clay figurine - Ubaid period - Ur - ME 122873.jpg
File:Female clay figurine - Ubaid period - Ur - ME 122872.jpg
File:Cup - Mefesh Ubaid period.jpg

Ubaid 5 artifacts (c. 4200 – c. 3800 BC)

File:Iran époque d'Obeid Sèvres.jpg, Ubaid period pottery, Susa I, 4th millennium BC.
File:Stamp seal with Master of Animals motif, Tello, ancient Girsu, End of Ubaid period, Louvre Museum AO14165 (detail).jpg, Terracotta stamp seal with Master of Animals motif, Tello, ancient Girsu, End of Ubaid period, Louvre Museum AO14165. Circa 4000 BC.

See also

*Art of Mesopotamia
* Bahra 1
*Proto-Euphratean language
*Tell Zeidan
*Tell Abada
*Tell Rashid
*Ubaid house

References

Further reading

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*
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*Charvát, Petr (2002). ''Mesopotamia Before History''. London, New York: Routledge. .
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External links

Stone Statue from Tell al-'Ubaid - British MuseumCopper Bull figure from Tell al-'Ubaid - British MuseumRecent (2008) site photographs - British Museum

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ubaid Period
Ubaid period
7th-millennium BC establishments
4th-millennium BC disestablishments
1930s neologisms
Ancient Mesopotamia
Archaeological cultures of West Asia
Archaeological cultures of the Near East
Chalcolithic cultures of Asia
Archaeology of Iraq
Archaeology of Kuwait
History of Kuwait
Samarra culture