USS North Carolina (BB-55)

USS ''North Carolina'' (BB-55) is the lead ship of the of fast battleships, the first vessel of the type built for the United States Navy. Built under the Washington Treaty system, ''North Carolina''s design was limited in displacement and armament, though the United States used a clause in the Second London Naval Treaty to increase the main battery from the original armament of twelve guns in quadruple turrets to nine guns in triple turrets. The ship was laid down in 1937 and completed in April 1941, while the United States was still neutral during World War II.

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December, ''North Carolina'' mobilized for war and was initially sent to counter a possible sortie by the German battleship , though this did not materialize and ''North Carolina'' was promptly transferred to the Pacific to strengthen Allied forces during the Guadalcanal campaign. There, she screened aircraft carriers engaged in the campaign and took part in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24–25 August 1942, where she shot down several Japanese aircraft. The next month, she was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine but was not seriously damaged. After repairs, she returned to the campaign and continued to screen carriers during the campaigns across the central Pacific in 1943 and 1944, including the Gilberts and Marshall Islands and the Mariana and Palau Islands, where she saw action during the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

The ship was undergoing a refit during the invasion of the Philippines but took part in the later stages of the Philippines campaign and was present when the fleet was damaged by Typhoon Cobra. She took part in offensive operations in support of the Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945, including numerous attacks on Japan. Following the surrender of Japan in August, she carried American personnel home during Operation Magic Carpet. ''North Carolina'' operated briefly off the east coast of the United States in 1946 before being decommissioned the next year and placed in reserve. Stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1960, the ship was saved from the breaker's yard by a campaign to preserve the vessel as a museum ship in her namesake state. In 1962, the ''North Carolina'' museum was opened in Wilmington, North Carolina.

Design

The ''North Carolina'' class was the first new battleship design built under the Washington Naval Treaty system; her design was bound by the terms of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936, which added a restriction on her main battery of guns that they be no larger than . The General Board evaluated a number of designs ranging from traditional battleships akin to the "standard" series or fast battleships, and ultimately a fast battleship armed with twelve 14-inch guns was selected. After the ships were authorized, however, the United States invoked the escalator clause in the treaty that permitted an increase to guns in the event that any member nation refused to sign the treaty, which Japan refused to do.

''North Carolina'' is long overall and has a beam of and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to and increased to at full combat load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . The ship had a cruising range of at a speed of . She carried three Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplanes for aerial reconnaissance, which were launched by a pair of aircraft catapults on her fantail. Her peace time crew numbered 1,800 officers and enlisted men, but during the war the crew swelled to 99 officers and 2,035 enlisted.

The ship is armed with a main battery of nine 16 in /45 caliber Mark 6 guns in a trio of three-gun turrets on the centerline, two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward, with the third aft. The secondary battery consisted of twenty /38 caliber dual purpose guns mounted in twin turrets clustered amidships, five turrets on either side. As designed, the ship was equipped with an anti-aircraft battery of sixteen guns and eighteen .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns, but her anti-aircraft battery was expanded greatly during her career.

The main armored belt is thick, while the main armored deck is up to thick. The main battery gun turrets have thick faces, and they were mounted atop barbettes that were protected with the same thickness of steel. The conning tower had thick sides. The ship's armor layout was designed with opponents equipped with 14-inch guns in mind, but since the treaty system broke down just before construction began, her design could not be revised to improve the scale of protection to defend against heavier guns. Despite this shortcoming, the ''North Carolina'' class proved to be more successful battleships than the better-armored but very cramped .

Modifications

''North Carolina'' received a number of upgrades over the course of her career, primarily consisting of radar and improved anti-aircraft batteries. By November 1942, the ship had received three Mark 3 fire-control radar sets for the main battery, four Mark 4 radars for the secondary guns, a CXAM air-search radar, and an SG surface search radar. During her early 1944 refit, she received an SK air search radar in place of the CXAM and a second SG radar; her Mark 3 radars were replaced with more advanced Mark 8 sets, though she retained one of the Mark 3s as a backup. In September, the SK radar was replaced with an SK-2 set, and her Mark 4 radars were replaced with a combination of Mark 12 and Mark 22 sets. After the war, she received a secondary SR air search radar and an SCR-720 search radar.

During her refit in late 1942, ''North Carolina''s anti-aircraft battery was replaced with forty Bofors guns in ten quadruple mounts, forty-six Oerlikon autocannon in single mounts. By June 1943, her anti-aircraft armament had been increased with four more 40 mm quadruple mounts, and in November, a fifteenth mount was added atop the rear main battery turret. Two more 20 mm cannon were added by late 1944, and another eight were installed in April 1945. By the end of the war in August, her 20 mm battery had been reduced to eight twin mounts and twenty single mounts.

Service history

The keel for ''North Carolina'' was laid down at the New York Naval Shipyard on 27 October 1937. Her completed hull was launched on 13 June 1940 and the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 9 April 1941 in a ceremony attended by Governor of North Carolina J. Melville Broughton. The ship's first commanding officer was Captain Olaf M. Hustvedt. ''North Carolina'' embarked on her shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea and spent the rest of the year working up while the United States remained neutral during World War II. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December, ''North Carolina'' began extensive battle training to prepare for combat in the Pacific War.

Her first operation came in April 1942, when she was deployed to Naval Station Argentia on 23 April as part of a force intended to block a potential sortie by the German battleship if she attempted to break out into the convoy lanes of the North Atlantic. ''Tirpitz'' remained in Norway, however, and ''North Carolina'' was quickly replaced by the battleship , allowing ''North Carolina'' to get underway for the Pacific in mid-1942. She passed through the Panama Canal on 10 June in company with the aircraft carriers and and nine destroyers. On 15 June, ''North Carolina'' was assigned to Task Force (TF) 18, centered on ''Wasp'', along with four cruisers and nine destroyers, under the command of Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes.

Guadalcanal campaign

''North Carolina'' was sent to join the Guadalcanal campaign as part of TF 16, which also included the aircraft carrier , the heavy cruiser , the light cruiser , and six destroyers. The unit was part of TF 61, commanded by Vice Admiral Frank Fletcher, and sent to cover the landing of the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal to seize the airfield being constructed there by the Japanese. TF 61 also included the carriers and ''Wasp''. ''North Carolina'' covered ''Enterprise'' on the first day of the invasion of Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August, and thereafter remained in company with ''Enterprise'' to protect the carrier from Japanese air attacks. Fear of Japanese land-based torpedo bombers prompted Fletcher to withdraw the carrier groups the next day. The initial landing met little resistance, but a Japanese cruiser squadron attacked the invasion fleet on the night of 9 August, inflicting a major defeat on Allied naval forces in the Battle of Savo Island. The Navy briefly considered forming a surface combat force to counter the Japanese cruisers that would have been centered on ''North Carolina'', with five heavy and one light cruiser and four destroyers, but it was determined that the need to protect the carrier task forces was too great to strip away their heavy units.

In this role, she participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24–25 August. American forces had detected a group of Japanese carriers on the 24th and immediately launched attacks from ''Saratoga'' that sank the light carrier . A Japanese counterattack struck the American fleet, and ''North Carolina'' was the first to detect it, shortly after 16:00, using her air search radar. The Japanese initially concentrated on ''Enterprise'', and ''North Carolina'' contributed her anti-aircraft fire to her defense. ''Enterprise'' increased speed to , causing ''North Carolina'' to drop back, ultimately falling to around astern. A group of seven Aichi D3A dive bombers attacked ''North Carolina'' at 16:43 but they all missed. ''North Carolina'' emerged from the battle unscathed, though one man was killed by a strafing aircraft. ''Enterprise'' was hit by three bombs but aircraft from ''Saratoga'' severely damaged the seaplane tender in return.

''North Carolina''s anti-aircraft claimed to have shot down between 7 and 14 aircraft, though evaluation of the gunners' effectiveness is mixed. The historian Richard B. Frank noted that the Japanese lost a total of eighteen D3As and credited ''Enterprise''s Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters with half of them, with the rest shot down by the ships, "with the lion's share to gunners aboard ''Enterprise''. The naval analyst Norman Friedman highlighted the effectiveness of the 5-inch guns aboard ''Enterprise'' and ''North Carolina'', but noted that the ship had difficulty tracking targets with her fire control radar, owing to a combination of rapid maneuvering to avoid attacks, excessive vibration from steaming at high speed, and the number of friendly and hostile aircraft aloft. Contemporary observers took an optimistic view of the ship's performance; her captain credited her with shooting down five to seven aircraft, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, noted that her 5-inch fire was particularly effective in dissuading Japanese attacks.

While ''Enterprise'' withdrew for repairs, ''North Carolina'' was transferred to TF 17 to cover ''Saratoga'', along with ''Atlanta'' and a pair of destroyers. The ships operated off Guadalcanal for the next several weeks, during which time Japanese submarines attempted to torpedo ''North Carolina'' twice. The first, on 6 September, passed some off her port side, but the second, from the submarine on 15 September, damaged the ship. ''I-19'' had fired a spread of six torpedoes at ''Wasp'' in TF 18, two or three of which hit. Two of the Type 95 torpedoes continued on to the ships of TF 17, some away. One hit the destroyer , and a fourth hit ''North Carolina''. The hit on ''North Carolina'' struck the ship below the waterline on her port side and tore a hole in the plating. Five men were killed in the attack, but the torpedo inflicted little serious damage, apart from the shock of the blast that disabled the forward turret. Flooding occurred and ''North Carolina'' took on a list of 5.5 degrees to port, but this was quickly corrected with counter-flooding and she was able to remain on station with ''Saratoga'', cruising at a speed of . The other two ships were not so lucky, with ''Wasp'' being scuttled that evening and ''O'Brien'' eventually foundering a month later when her hull finally buckled from the damage. After withdrawing from the area, ''North Carolina'' was detached to Pearl Harbor to make repairs, which lasted from 30 September to 17 November.

After returning to the South Pacific, ''North Carolina'' resumed screening ''Saratoga'' and ''Enterprise'', which had also completed repairs by this time. The American fleet had been strengthened by ''North Carolina''s sister ship , which served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Willis Lee. The two battleships were grouped together as TF 64 under Lee's command. The ships covered convoys carrying soldiers and supplies to the Solomon Islands for the rest of 1942 and into 1943 as the Guadalcanal campaign ground on. These operations included covering a group of seven transports carrying elements of the 25th Infantry Division to Guadalcanal from 1 to 4 January 1943. During another of these convoy operations later that month, the battleships, which by this time had been reinforced by the battleship , were too far south to be able to reach the American cruiser force during the Battle of Rennell Island at the end of the month.

''North Carolina'' returned to Pearl Harbor in March for a refit that lasted for more than a month and included the installation of radars and improved fire control equipment. On returning to the South Pacific, she joined the battleship group of TF 36, now commanded by Rear Admiral Glenn B. Davis and consisting of ''Indiana'' and . The battleship and carrier groups covered amphibious assault forces during Operation Cartwheel, the campaign to isolate the Japanese stronghold at Rabaul, in late June and early July. They did not see action during the campaign, as fighting was limited to both sides' light forces. In September, she made another trip to Pearl Harbor to make preparations for the attack on the Gilbert Islands.

Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign

For the assault on the Gilberts, the fleet was organized into TF 50, which was divided into several task groups (TG). The ship sortied on 10 November, once again in company with ''Enterprise'' as part of TG 50.2 to support the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, which began with assaults on Makin, Tarawa

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