Names
{{Infobox transliteration , title = Korean War , skhangul = 6·25 전쟁 or 한국 전쟁 , skhanja = 六二五戰爭 or 韓國戰爭 , skrr = Hanguk Jeonjaeng , skmr = Han'guk Chŏnjaeng , northkorea = , nkhangul = 조국해방전쟁 , nkhanja = 祖國解放戰爭 , nkrr = Joguk haebang Jeonjaeng , nkmr = Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , northkorea2 = yes , ibox-order = ko4, ko3 In South Korea, the war is usually referred to as the "625 War" ({{Korean, hangul=6·25 전쟁, hanja=六二五戰爭, labels=no), the "625 Upheaval" ({{Korean, hangul=6·25 동란, hanja=六二五動亂, rr=yook-i-o dongnan, labels=no), or simply "625", reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June. In North Korea, the war is officially referred to as the "Fatherland Liberation War" ({{Transliteration, ko, Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng) or alternatively the ''" Chosǒn'' orean''War"'' ({{Korean, hangul=조선전쟁, mr=Chosǒn chǒnjaeng, context=north, labels=no). In mainland China, the segment of the war after the intervention of theBackground
Imperial Japanese rule (1910–1945)
{{Main, Korea under Japanese ruleKorea divided (1945–1949)
{{Main, Division of Korea At theChinese Civil War (1945–1949)
{{Main, Chinese Civil War, Chinese Communist Revolution With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed in earnest between the Communists and Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government withCommunist insurgency in South Korea (1948–1950)
By 1948, a large-scale North Korea-backed insurgency had broken out in the southern half of the peninsula. This was exacerbated by the ongoing undeclared border war between the Koreas, which saw division-level engagements and thousands of deaths on both sides. The ROK in this time was almost entirely trained and focused on counterinsurgency, rather than conventional warfare. They were equipped and advised by a force of a few hundred American officers, who were largely successful in helping the ROKA to subdue guerrillas and hold its own against North Korean military (Korean People's Army, KPA) forces along the 38th parallel.Bryan, p. 76. Approximately 8,000 South Korean soldiers and police died in the insurgent war and border clashes. The first socialist uprising occurred without direct North Korean participation, though the guerrillas still professed support for the northern government. Beginning in April 1948 on the isolated island of Jeju, the campaign saw mass arrests and repression by the South Korean government in the fight against the South Korean Labor Party, resulting in a total of 30,000 violent deaths, among them 14,373 civilians (of whom ~2,000 were killed by rebels and ~12,000 by ROK security forces). ThePrelude to war (1950)
By 1949, South Korean and US military actions had reduced the active number of indigenous communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000. However, Kim Il-sung believed that widespread uprisings had weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population. Kim began seeking Stalin's support for an invasion in March 1949, traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him.{{Sfn, Weathersby, 2002, pp=3–4 Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea. PLA forces were still embroiled in theComparison of forces
Throughout 1949 and 1950, the Soviets continued arming North Korea. After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, ethnic Korean units in the PLA were sent to North Korea.{{Sfn, Millett, 2007, p=14 Chinese involvement was extensive from the beginning, building on previous collaboration between the Chinese and Korean communists during the Chinese Civil War. In the fall of 1949, two PLA divisions composed mainly of Korean-Chinese troops (the 164th and 166th) entered North Korea, followed by smaller units throughout the rest of 1949; these troops brought with them not only their experience and training, but their weapons and other equipment, changing little but their uniforms. The reinforcement of the KPA with PLA veterans continued into 1950, with the 156th Division and several other units of the former Fourth Field Army arriving (also with their equipment) in February; the PLA 156th Division was reorganized as the KPA 7th Division. By mid-1950, between 50,000 and 70,000 former PLA troops had entered North Korea, forming a significant part of the KPA's strength on the eve of the war's beginning. Several generals, such asCourse of the war
Factors in US intervention
The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion. Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined byUnited Nations Security Council Resolutions
{{Further, List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950, theUnited States' response (July–August 1950)
The drive south and Pusan (July–September 1950)
Battle of Incheon (September 1950)
{{Main, Battle of IncheonBreakout from the Pusan Perimeter
{{Main, Pusan Perimeter offensive, UN September 1950 counteroffensive, Second Battle of Seoul On 16 September Eighth Army began its breakout from the Pusan Perimeter. ''Task Force Lynch'', 3rd Battalion,UN forces invade North Korea (September–October 1950)
{{Main, UN offensive into North Korea On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th Parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily". On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.{{Sfn, Barnouin, Yu, 2006, p=143 On 30 September, US Defense SecretaryChina intervenes (October–December 1950)
{{stack, On 30 June 1950, five days after the outbreak of the war,Fighting around the 38th Parallel (January–June 1951)
A ceasefire presented by the UN to the PRC shortly after theStalemate (July 1951 – July 1953)
For the remainder of the war, the UN and the PVA/KPA fought but exchanged little territory, as the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began on 10 July 1951 at Kaesong, an ancient capital of Korea located in PVA/KPA held territory.{{Sfn, Stokesbury, 1990, pp=145, 175–77 On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, andArmistice (July 1953 – November 1954)
{{Main, Korean Armistice AgreementDivision of Korea (1954–present)
{{See also, Korean Demilitarized ZoneCharacteristics
Casualties
Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, the majority of whom were civilians, making it perhaps the deadliest conflict of the Cold War-era.{{Cite book , last=Cumings , first=Bruce , title=The Korean War: A History , publisher=Modern Library , date=2011 , isbn=9780812978964 , page=35 , quote=Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of non-hostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat. , author-link=Bruce Cumings{{Cite book , last=Lewy , first=Guenter , title=America in Vietnam , title-link=America in Vietnam , publisher=Oxford University Press , date=1980 , isbn=9780199874231 , pages=450–453 , quote=For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War. , author-link=Guenter Lewy{{Cite book , last=Kim , first=Samuel S. , title=International Relations of Asia , publisher=Rowman & Littlefield , date=2014 , isbn=9781442226418 , page=45 , chapter=The Evolving Asian System , quote=With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the Chinese Civil War (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the Vietnam War (2 million), and the Pol Pot Cambodian genocide, genocide in Cambodia (1 to 2 million). Samuel S. Kim lists the Korean War as the deadliest conflict in East Asia—itself the region most affected by armed conflict related to the Cold War–from 1945 to 1994, with 3 million dead, more than the Vietnam War and Chinese Civil War during the same period. Although only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million. Cumings states that civilians represent "at least" half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests that the civilian portion of the death toll "may have gone as high as 70 percent", compared to Lewy's estimates of 42% in World War II and 30%–46% in the Vietnam War. Data compiled by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) lists just under 1 million "battle deaths" over the course of the Korean War (with a range of 644,696 to 1.5 million) and a mid-value estimate of 3 million total deaths (with a range of 1.5 million to 4.5 million), attributing the difference to excess mortality among civilians from one-sided massacres, starvation, and disease. Compounding this devastation for Korean civilians, virtually all of the major cities on the entire Korean Peninsula were destroyed as a result of the war. In both per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the country most devastated by the war. According to Charles K. Armstrong, the war resulted in the death of an estimated 12%–15% of the North Korean population ({{Circa 10 million), "a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of World War II casualties of the Soviet Union, Soviet citizens killed in World War II".{{Cite journal , last=Armstrong , first=Charles K. , date=20 December 2010 , title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 , url=https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf , journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal , volume=8 , issue=51 , page=1 , access-date=13 September 2019 , quote=The number of Korean dead, injured or missing by war's end approached three million, ten percent of the overall population. The majority of those killed were in the North, which had half of the population of the South; although the DPRK does not have official figures, possibly twelve to fifteen percent of the population was killed in the war, a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of Soviet citizens killed in World War II.Military
Civilian
According to the South Korean Ministry of National Defense, there were over three-quarters of a million confirmed violent civilians deaths during the war, another million civilians were pronounced missing, and millions more ended up as refugees. In South Korea, some 373,500 civilians were killed, more than 225,600 wounded, and over 387,740 were listed as missing. During the first communist occupation of Seoul alone, the KPA massacred 128,936 civilians and deported another 84,523 to North Korea. On the other side of the border, some 1,594,000 North Koreans were reported as casualties including 406,000 civilians reported as killed, and 680,000 missing. Over 1.5 million North Koreans fled to the South during the war.US unpreparedness for war
In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of US Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."Armored warfare
The initial assault by KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks.{{Sfn, Stokesbury, 1990, pp=14, 43 A KPA Tank corps (Soviet Union), tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against the ROK with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the T-34s.{{Sfn, Stokesbury, 1990, p=39 Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed.{{Sfn, Perrett, 1987, pp=134–35 The KPA tanks had a good deal of early successes against ROK infantry, Task Force Smith and the US M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered.{{Sfn, Stein, 1994, p=18 Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing KPA armor. The tide turned in favor of the UN forces in August 1950 when the KPA suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4 Sherman, M4A3 Sherman and M26 medium tanks, as well as the British Centurion tank, Centurion, Churchill tank, Churchill and Cromwell tank, Cromwell tanks.{{Sfn, Stokesbury, 1990, pp=182–84 The Incheon landings on 15 September cut off the KPA supply lines, causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel, ammunition, and other supplies. As a result of this and the Pusan perimeter breakout, the KPA had to retreat, and many of the T-34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned. By the time the KPA withdrew from the South, a total of 239 T-34s and 74 SU-76 self-propelled guns were lost.{{Sfn, Perrett, 1987, p=135 After November 1950, KPA armor was rarely encountered. Following the initial assault by the north, the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large-scale tank battles. The mountainous, forested terrain, especially in the eastern central zone, was poor tank country, limiting their mobility. Through the last two years of the war in Korea, UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces.{{Sfn, Ravino, Carty, 2003, p=130Naval warfare
{{Further, List of US Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict {{Naval engagements of the Korean WarAerial warfare
{{Further, MiG Alley, USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War, Korean People's Air Force The war was the first in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat. Once-formidable fighters such as the P-51 Mustang, F4U Corsair, and Hawker Sea Fury{{Sfn, Stokesbury, 1990, p=174—all Reciprocating engine, piston-engined, propeller-driven, and designed during World War II—relinquished their air-superiority roles to a new generation of faster, turbojet, jet-powered fighters arriving in the theater. For the initial months of the war, the P-80 Shooting Star, F9F Panther, Gloster Meteor#Service during the Korean War, Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) propeller-driven Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9 and Lavochkin La-9s.{{Sfn, Stokesbury, 1990, p=182{{Sfn, Werrell, 2005, p=71 By early August 1950, the KPAF was reduced to only about 20 planes.{{Cite web , last=Correll , first=John T. , date=1 April 2020 , title=The Difference in Korea , url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-difference-in-korea/ , access-date=14 June 2020 , website=Air Force MagazineBombing of North Korea
{{Main, Bombing of North Korea The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war, 29 June 1950, by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF), George E. Stratemeyer.{{Cite journal , last=Kim , first=Taewoo , date=2012 , title=Limited War, Unlimited Targets: U.S. Air Force Bombing of North Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953 , journal=Critical Asian Studies , volume=44 , issue=3 , pages=467–492 , doi=10.1080/14672715.2012.711980 , s2cid=142704845. Major bombing began in late July. U.S. airpower conducted 7,000 close support and interdiction airstrikes that month, which helped slow the North Korean rate of advance to {{Convert, 2, mi, km, 0, order=flip, abbr=on a day. On 12 August 1950, the USAF dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea; two weeks later, the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons. From June through October, official US policy was to pursue precision bombing aimed at communication centers (railroad stations, marshaling yards, main yards, and railways) and industrial facilities deemed vital to war-making capacity. The policy was the result of debates after World War II, in which US policy rejected the Carpet bombing, mass civilian bombings that had been conducted in the later stages of World War II as unproductive and immoral. In early July, General Emmett O'Donnell Jr. requested permission to Firebombing, firebomb five North Korean cities. He proposed that MacArthur announce that the UN would employ the Air raids on Japan#Firebombing attacks, firebombing methods that "brought Japan to its knees". The announcement would warn the leaders of North Korea "to get women and children and other noncombatants the hell out". According to O'Donnell, MacArthur responded, "No, Rosie, I'm not prepared to go that far yet. My instructions are very explicit; however, I want you to know that I have no compunction whatever to your bombing bona fide military objectives, with high explosives, in those five industrial centers. If you miss your target and kill people or destroy other parts of the city, I accept that as a part of war." In September 1950, MacArthur said in his public report to the UN, "The problem of avoiding the killing of innocent civilians and damages to the civilian economy is continually present and given my personal attention." In October 1950, FEAF commander General Stratemeyer requested permission to attack the city of Sinuiju, a provincial capital with an estimated population of 60,000, "over the widest area of the city, without warning, by burning and high explosive". MacArthur's headquarters responded the following day: "The general policy enunciated from Washington negates such an attack unless the military situation clearly requires it. Under present circumstances this is not the case." Following the intervention of the Chinese in November, General MacArthur ordered increased bombing on North Korea which included firebombing against the country's arsenals and communications centers and especially against the "Korean end" of all the bridges across the Yalu River. As with the Strategic bombing during World War II, aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II, the nominal objective of the USAF was to destroy North Korea's war infrastructure and demoralization (warfare), shatter the country's morale. On 3 November 1950, General Stratemeyer forwarded to MacArthur the request of Fifth Air Force commander General Earle E. Partridge for clearance to "burn Sinuiju". As he had done previously in July and October, MacArthur denied the request, explaining that he planned to use the town's facilities after seizing it. However, at the same meeting, MacArthur agreed for the first time to a firebombing campaign, agreeing to Stratemeyer's request to burn the city of Kanggye and several other towns: "Burn it if you so desire. Not only that, Strat, but burn and destroy as a lesson to any other of those towns that you consider of military value to the enemy." The same evening, MacArthur's chief of staff told Stratemeyer that the firebombing of Sinuiju had also been approved. In his diary, Stratemeyer summarized the instructions as follows: "Every installation, facility, and village in North Korea now becomes a military and tactical target." Stratemeyer sent orders to the Fifth Air Force and Bomber Command to "destroy every means of communications and every installation, factory, city, and village". On 5 November 1950, General Stratemeyer gave the following order to the commanding general of the Fifth Air Force: "Aircraft under Fifth Air Force control will destroy all other targets including all buildings capable of affording shelter." The same day, twenty-two B-29s attacked Kanggye, destroying 75% of the city. After MacArthur was removed as UN Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951, his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea. The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs, including 32,557 tons of napalm, on Korea, more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II.{{Cite journal , last=Armstrong , first=Charles , date=20 December 2010 , title=The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960 , url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-charles_k_-armstrong/3460/article.html , journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal , volume=8 , issue=51 North Korea ranks alongside Cambodia (500,000 tons), Laos (2 million tons) and South Vietnam (4 million tons) as among the most heavily bombed countries in history, with Laos suffering the most extensive bombardment relative to its size and population.US threat of atomic warfare
War crimes
Civilian deaths and massacres
{{Further, Bodo League massacre, Seoul National University Hospital massacre, No Gun Ri Massacre, Sinchon Massacre, Ganghwa massacre, Sancheong-Hamyang massacre, Geochang massacrePrisoners of War (POWs)
{{See also, Korean War POWs detained in North Korea, Hill 303 massacre, List of American and British defectors in the Korean WarChinese POWs
At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island, Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the US and Taiwan in No. 71, 72 and 86 camps. Pro-Communist POWs experienced torture, cutting off of limbs, or were executed in public.Decrypt the truth that ten thousands pow went to Taiwan=UN Command POWs
= The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war: soldiers were beaten, starved, put to unfree labour, forced labor, death march, marched to death, and summary execution, summarily executed. The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312, Hill 303, the Pusan Perimeter, Daejeon and UN offensive into North Korea#KPA massacre at Sunchon, Sunchon; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces. Later, a US Congress war crimes investigation, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, reported that "two-thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes". Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts, mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese-run POW camps during the winter of 1950–51. About 43 percent of US POWs died during this period. The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties. The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino-Korean border and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs. According to Chinese reports, over a thousand US POWs died by the end of June 1951, while a dozen British POWs died, and all Turkish POW survived. According to Hastings, wounded US POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet "devoid of vegetables, almost barren of proteins, minerals, or vitamins" with only 1/3 the calories of their usual diet. Especially in early 1951, thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and "declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided".Starvation
{{See also, National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950, the South Korean National Defense Corps was founded; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens. In the winter of 1951, 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the PVA offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food. This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident. Although his political allies certainly profited from corruption, it remains controversial if Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption.{{Cite book , last=Terence Roehrig , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfQggLWwyi4C&pg=PA139 , title=Prosecution of Former Military Leaders in Newly Democratic Nations: The Cases of Argentina, Greece, and South Korea , publisher=McFarland & Company , date=2001 , isbn=978-0786410910 , page=139 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921221320/https://books.google.com/books?id=zfQggLWwyi4C&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139 , archive-date=21 September 2015 , url-status=liveRecreation
{{Further, United Service OrganizationsAftermath
{{Main, Aftermath of the Korean War Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas. South Korea, which started from a far lower industrial base than North Korea (the latter contained 80% of Korea's heavy industry in 1945), stagnated in the first postwar decade. In 1953, South Korea and the United States signed a Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea, Mutual Defense Treaty. In 1960, the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration; 142 were killed by police; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States.See also
{{Div col, colwidth=20em * 1st Commonwealth Division * Australia in the Korean War * Canada in the Korean War * Colombian Battalion * Joint Advisory Commission, Korea * Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) * Korean reunification * Korean War in popular culture * List of books about the Korean War * List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients * List of Korean War weapons * List of military equipment used in the Korean War * List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll * MASH (film), ''MASH'' – film * M*A*S*H (TV series), ''M*A*S*H'' – TV series * New Zealand in the Korean War * North Korea in the Korean War * Operation Big Switch * Operation Little Switch * Operation Moolah * Partisans in Korean War, Partisan Movement * Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea * Pyongyang Sally * Soviet Union in the Korean War * Transfer of People's Volunteer Army soldiers' remains from South Korea to China * UNCMAC – the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present * UNCURK – the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea * UNTCOK – the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea {{Div col endWar memorials
* Korean War Memorial Wall (Canada), Korean War Memorial Wall,{{Ref, 25, map Brampton, Ontario * Korean War Veterans Memorial, Washington, D.C. * Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Dandong, Liaoning, China * National War Memorial (New Zealand) * Philadelphia Korean War Memorial * United Nations Memorial Cemetery, Busan, Republic of Korea * Victorious War Museum, Pyongyang, North Korea * War Memorial of Korea Yongsan-dong, Seoul, Yongsan-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, South KoreaNotes
{{NotelistReferences
Citations
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{{See also, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union {{Refbegin, 30em * {{Cite book , last=Cumings, B , title=The Korean War: A history , date=2011 , publisher=Modern Library , location=New York * {{Cite book , last=Kraus , first=Daniel , title=The Korean War , date=2013 , publisher=Booklist * {{Cite book , last=Warner, G. , title=The Korean War , date=1980 , publisher=International Affairs *{{source attribution, {{Cite book , last=Appleman , first=Roy E , url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm , title=South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu , publisher=United States Army Center of Military History , date=1998 , isbn=978-0160019180 , pages=3, 15, 381, 545, 771, 719 , access-date=14 July 2010 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235336/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm , archive-date=7 February 2014 , url-status=dead , orig-year=1961 * {{Cite book , last1=Barnouin , first1=Barbara , title=Zhou Enlai: A Political Life , last2=Yu , first2=Changgeng , publisher=Chinese University Press , date=2006 , isbn=978-9629962807 , location=Hong Kong * {{Cite book , last=Becker , first=Jasper , url=https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck , title=Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea , publisher=Oxford University Press , date=2005 , isbn=978-0195170443 , location=New York * {{Cite book , last=Beschloss , first=Michael , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSxyDwAAQBAJ , title=Presidents of War: The Epic Story, from 1807 to Modern Times , publisher=Crown , date=2018 , isbn=978-0-307-40960-7 , location=New York * {{Cite book , last=Blair , first=Clay , title=The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953 , publisher=Naval Institute Press , date=2003 , author-link=Clay Blair * {{Cite book , last=Chen , first=Jian , title=China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation , publisher=Columbia University Press , date=1994 , isbn=978-0231100250 , location=New York * {{Cite book , last=Clodfelter , first=Micheal , title=A Statistical History of the Korean War: 1950-1953 , publisher=Merriam Press , date=1989 , location=Bennington, Vermont * {{Cite book , last=Cumings , first=Bruce , title=Korea's Place in the Sun : A Modern History , publisher=W. W. Norton & Company , date=2005 , isbn=978-0393327021 , location=New York , author-link=Bruce Cumings * {{Cite book , last=Cumings , first=Bruce , title=Origins of the Korean War , publisher=Princeton University Press , date=1981 , isbn=978-8976966124 , chapter=3, 4 , author-link=Bruce Cumings * {{Cite book , last1=Dear , first1=Ian , url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00dear/page/516 , title=The Oxford Companion to World War II , last2=Foot , first2=M.R.D. , publisher=Oxford University Press , date=1995 , isbn=978-0198662259 , location=Oxford, NY , pagExternal links
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