UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions

In 2020, net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United Kingdom (UK) were a little over 400 million tonnes (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalent (e), of which about 320 Mt was carbon dioxide (). The government estimates that emissions increased by 6% in 2021 with the easing of COVID-19 restrictions, about half of the increase being due to the extra road transport. The UK has emitted about 3% of the world total human caused , although the population is less than 1%.

Emissions decreased in the 2010s due to the closure of almost all coal-fired power stations. In 2020 emissions per person were somewhat over 6 tonnes when measured by the international standard production based greenhouse gas inventory, near the global average. But consumption based emissions include GHG due to imports and aviation so are much larger, about 10 tonnes per person per year.

The UK has committed to carbon neutrality by 2050 and the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit has said it would be affordable. The target for 2030 is a 68% reduction compared with 1990 levels. The UK has been successful in keeping its economic growth alongside taking climate change action. Since 1990, the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions have reduced by 44% while the economy has grown by around 75% up until 2019. One of the methods of reducing emissions is the UK Emissions Trading Scheme.

Meeting future carbon budgets will require reducing emissions by at least 3% a year. At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference the Prime Minister said the government would not be "lagging on lagging", but in 2022 the opposition said Britain was badly behind in such home insulation. The Committee on Climate Change, an independent body which advises the UK and devolved government, has recommended hundreds of actions to the government, including better energy efficiency, such as in housing.

Monitoring, verification and reporting

Quarterly stats are being considered.

One of the major growth of greenhouse is that it has not been monitored. It is left behind like other problems. One report said that if it stays monitored it should not grow like this as it is today. The consequences prove really bad for us as well as nature living in the sea and the food we get from animals.

Cumulative emissions

Cumulative emissions since 1750 are estimated to be around 80 billion tonnes, about 3% of the world total. As well as coal burnt during and since the Industrial Revolution, destruction of forests also contributed.

Emissions by sector

Transport

Transport in the United Kingdom is the biggest emitter, being responsible for over a quarter of GhG. This is mainly due to road vehicles, especially cars burning petrol and diesel, and has only slightly declined since 1990.

Transport was significantly ed by COVimpactID-19, as people were instructed to stay at home as much as possible. In 2020, territorial carbon dioxide emissions from the transport sector were 97.2 Mt, 19.6% (23.7 Mt) lower than in 2019, and 22.5% lower than in 1990. In 2020 transport accounted for 29.8% of all territorial carbon dioxide emissions, compared to 33.1% in 2019. The large majority of emissions of the greenhouse effect are from road transport. In England, transport is a major source of income for the government and important for daily life. Most transportation vehicles are running on coal and petrol. Not in England but also in big cities and countries. Now the trains are running on electric engines, but the things that happened can not be changed.

Energy supply

Energy in the United Kingdom emitted about a fifth of GHG in 2019, mainly by burning gas to generate electricity.

Gas

There were 50 enterprises in the United Kingdom oil and gas extraction industry with an annual turnover of more than five million British pounds as of 2021.

Extracting North Sea oil and gas is estimated to directly emit 3.5% of UK GhG. Environmental activists say there should be no new gas fired power stations in the UK.

Biomass

the net GhG and climate change effects of biomass fuel are still being researched and debated: one large user is Drax Power Station which aims to be carbon negative, but green groups dispute their carbon accounting and say that forests would not regrow quickly enough.

Coal

UK will phase-out coal in 2024. UK's Eggborough's plant was closed in 2018. The UK had two weeks in May 2019 with all its coal plants switched off for the first time since the Industrial Revolution began.

Business

Territorial carbon dioxide emissions from the business sector were estimated to be 59.4 Mt in 2020 and accounted for around 18.2% of all carbon dioxide emissions. There has been a 46.8% decrease in business sector emissions since 1990. Most of this decrease came between 2001 and 2009, with a significant drop in 2009 likely to have been driven by economic factors. The Humber industrial region is the UK's most emitting region, at 12 million tonnes of per year.

A 2020 study suggest half of UK's 'true carbon footprint' is created abroad, a large percentage of this can be attributed to imports entering the UK from other countries. International travel can also be included in this sector.

Residential

In 2020, the residential sector emitted 67.7 MtCO2, accounting for 20.8% of all carbon dioxide emissions.

The main source of emissions in these sectors is the use of natural gas for heating (and for cooking in the case of the residential sector). Emissions from these sectors do not include emissions from the generation of electricity consumed, as these emissions are included in the energy supply sector.

Governments have been criticised for support for home insulation being stop-start. At COP26 Boris Johnson said the UK would not be lagging on lagging but the government was later criticised as doing that.

Land use

Agriculture

Agriculture is responsible for a tenth of emissions.

* 68% of total nitrous oxide emissions
* 47% of total methane emissions
* 1.7% of total carbon dioxide emissions

Peat

UK peatlands such as the Great North Bog cover around 23,000 km2 or 9.5% of the UK land area and store at least 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon. A loss of only 5% of UK peatland carbon would equate to the total annual UK anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Healthy peat bogs have a net long-term ‘cooling’ effect on the climate. Peatlands rely on water. When drained, peatlands waste away through oxidation, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Damaged and degraded peatlands place a substantial financial burden on society because of increased greenhouse gas emissions, poorer water quality and loss of other ecosystem services. The Wildlife Trusts say that selling peat should be banned.

Deforestation

Deforestation contributes to climate change. Between 2016 and 2018, an area the size of the UK was used globally to meet British consumer demand for certain products such as palm oil, cocoa and others. Deforestation in the United Kingdom itself also contributes.

Mitigation

UK carbon neutral plan

The sectoral graph excludes carbon emissions from international aviation and international shipping, which together rose by 74.2% from 22.65 to 39.45 million tonnes of carbon dioxide between 1990 and 2004. Reductions in methane emissions are largely due to a decline in the country's coal industry and to improved landfilling technologies.

The Climate Change Act 2008 set the country's emission reduction targets.

Before 2019 the UK was legally bound by the Climate Change Act to reduce emissions 80% by 2050, but a new law mandating a 100% cut was under discussion in 2019. According to the Committee on Climate Change, the UK can cut its carbon emissions down to near zero and so become carbon neutral, at no extra cost if done gradually from 2019 to 2050. The law was adopted by the parliament in June 2019.

The "legally binding" targets are a reduction of at least 100% by 2050 (against the 1990 baseline).

It also mandates interim, 5-year budgets, which are:

Criticism of targets

Production targets have been criticised for ignoring the emissions embodied in imports, thereby attributing them to other countries, such as China. Including these gives a total for consumption based GHG emissions, also called the UK carbon footprint, of about 650 Mt a year.

Tax policy

Businesses and employees are given tax breaks for electric cars and a much larger proportion of business vehicle purchases are electric than those of consumers. But it is hoped increased supply of used fleet electric cars will eventually result in affordable second-hand electric cars for private buyers, as purchase price is still a barrier for many consumers. It has been suggested that value added tax (VAT) on natural gas used for heating should be raised from 5% to the usual 20% and the proceeds used to help poor people.

Emissions Trading

Transport

The Government is developing a plan to accelerate the decarbonisation of transport. The Transport Decarbonisation Plan (TDP) will set out in detail what government, business and society will need to do to deliver the significant emissions reduction needed across all modes of transport, putting us on a pathway to achieving carbon budgets and net zero emissions across every single mode of transport by 2050.

Sales of non-electric cars will end by 2030 and hybrids by 2035.

Residential

On the domestic level, the UK aims to reduce direct emissions from homes by 24% by 2030. There are several ways to achieve this goal, such as home insulation, the installation of heat pumps, and the use of renewable energy such as solar panels.

the installation cost of a heat pump is more than a gas boiler, but with the government grant and assuming electricity/gas costs remain similar their lifetime costs would be similar. However the share of heatpumps in the UK is far below the European average.

Agriculture

Since departure from the EU Common Agricultural Policy the Agriculture Bill was passed for agriculture in the United Kingdom.

The most common actions to reduce GHG emissions were recycling waste materials, improving nitrogen fertiliser application and improving energy efficiency. These are actions that are relevant to most farm enterprises. Those actions more suited to livestock enterprises had a lower level of uptake.

* The 2021 Farm Practices Survey (FPS) indicated that 67% of farmers thought it important to consider GHGs when making farm business decisions, whilst 27% considered it not important.

See also

* Climate change in the United Kingdom
* Energy Company Obligation
* Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

External links

UK Climate Change Act and actual Green House Gas emissions

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greenhouse Gas Emissions By The United Kingdom
Climate change in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom