''Ulmus minor''
Mill.
Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular '' The Gardeners Dict ...
, the field elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to
Asia Minor
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
and Iran; its northern outposts are the
Baltic
Baltic may refer to:
Peoples and languages
* Baltic languages, a subfamily of Indo-European languages, including Lithuanian, Latvian and extinct Old Prussian
*Balts (or Baltic peoples), ethnic groups speaking the Baltic languages and/or originati ...
islands of
Öland
Öland (, ; ; sometimes written ''Øland'' in other Scandinavian languages, and often ''Oland'' internationally; la, Oelandia) is the second-largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden. Öland has an area ...
and
Gotland
Gotland (, ; ''Gutland'' in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland (), is Sweden's largest island. It is also a province, county, municipality, and diocese. The province includes the islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the ...
, although it may have been introduced by humans. The tree's typical habitat is low-lying forest along the main rivers, growing in association with
oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...
and
ash
Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ''ash'' refers to all non-aqueous, non- gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash ...
, where it tolerates summer floods as well as droughts.
[Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). ''Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen'' (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij. ]
Current treatment of the species owes much to
Richens,
who noted (1983) that several varieties of field elm are distinguishable on the European mainland. Of these, he listed the small-leaved ''U. minor'' of France and Spain; the narrow-leaved ''U. minor'' of northern and central Italy; the densely hairy leaved ''U. minor'' of southern Italy and Greece; the ''U. minor'' with small-toothed leaves from the Balkans; the ''U. minor'' with large-toothed leaves from the Danube region; and the small-leaved ''U. minor'' from southern Russia and Ukraine. As for British varieties, "the continental populations most closely related
o eastern English Field Elmare in central Europe", while south-western forms were introduced from France. He concluded, however, that owing to incomplete field-research at the time of writing, it was "not possible to present an overall breakdown of the European Field Elm into regional varieties". The epithet 'red' elm was commonly used by British foresters, an allusion to the colour of the timber.
[Edlin, H. L. (1947). ''British Woodland Trees'', p.26. 3rd. edition. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.]
Richens sank a number of British elms, notably
English elm
The field elm (''Ulmus minor'') cultivar 'Atinia' , commonly known as the English elm, formerly common elm and horse may, Republished 1978 by EP Publishing, Wakefield. and more lately the Atinian elm was, before the spread of Dutch elm diseas ...
, as either subspecies or varieties of ''U. minor'' in 1968. However,
Melville,
writing ten years later, identified five distinct species (including
''U. glabra'' in the count), several varieties and numerous complex hybrids. In 1992
Armstrong Armstrong may refer to:
Places
* Armstrong Creek (disambiguation), various places
Antarctica
* Armstrong Reef, Biscoe Islands
Argentina
* Armstrong, Santa Fe
Australia
* Armstrong, Victoria
Canada
* Armstrong, British Columbia
* Armstrong ...
identified no fewer than forty British species and microspecies.
Clive Stace
Clive Anthony Stace (born 1938) is a British botanist and botanical author. He studied at King's College London, graduated from University of London in 1959 and then studied at the Natural History Museum, London. He was awarded a PhD in 1963. H ...
(1997) wrote of the British elms "The two-species (''glabra'' and ''minor'') concept of Richens is not sufficiently discriminating to be of taxonomic value". Nevertheless, it is Richens’ classification which has been the most commonly adopted in recent years, although it is not used in ''Flora Europaea'
[Stace, C. A. (1997). ''New Flora of the British Isles''. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.]
In 2009 Dr Max Coleman of the
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
wrote: "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, which have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers. This means that enigmatic British elms such as
Plot elm and
English elm
The field elm (''Ulmus minor'') cultivar 'Atinia' , commonly known as the English elm, formerly common elm and horse may, Republished 1978 by EP Publishing, Wakefield. and more lately the Atinian elm was, before the spread of Dutch elm diseas ...
have been shown to be single clones of field elm. Although Richens did not have the evidence to prove it, he was correct in recognising a series of clones and grouping them together as a variable species."
[Max Coleman, ed.: ''Wych Elm'' (]Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies ...
publication, 2009; ); p. 22
It is hoped that analysis of
molecular marker A molecular marker is a molecule, sampled from some source, that gives information about its source. For example, DNA is a molecular marker that gives information about the organism from which it was taken. For another example, some proteins can be ...
s will ultimately eliminate the taxonomic confusion.
Description
The tree typically grows to < 30 m (98 ft) and bears a rounded crown. The bark of the trunk is rough, furrowed lightly in older trees to form a block pattern. Young branchlets occasionally have corky wings. The shoots are slender compared with those of wych elm. The leaves are smaller than those of the other European species, hence the specific epithet ''minor'', however they can vary greatly according to the maturity of the tree. Leaves on juvenile growth (suckers, seedlings etc.) are coarse and pubescent, whereas those on mature growth are generally smooth, though remaining highly variable in form; there are generally fewer than 12 pairs of side veins. A common characteristic is the presence of minute black glands along the leaf veins, detectable with the aid of a magnifying glass.
[ The samarae are oval or obovate, glabrous, long, notched at the top, with the seed close to the notch.][Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London]
/ref> ''Ulmus minor'' in France generally begins to flower and fruit when aged 10 years.[Brookes, A. H. (2020). ''Great Fontley Elm Trial, 2020 Report''. Butterfly Conservation, Lulworth, England.]
The species readily produces suckers from roots and stumps, even after devastation by Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into Americas, America ...
; consequently genetic resources are not considered endangere
File:East Coker elm, 2.jpg, Typical ''U. minor'' form, East Coker
East Coker is a village and civil parish in the South Somerset district of Somerset, England. Its nearest town is Yeovil, to the north. The village has a population of 1,667. The parish includes the hamlets and areas of North Coker, Burton, ...
, UK (2008)
File:Ulmus minor ex Provence flower.jpg, ''U. minor'' inflorescence
File:Ulmus minor ex Provence samarae.jpg, ''U. minor'' samarae
Image:Ulmus minor seedlings.jpg, ''U. minor'' seedlings
Image:Ulmus-minor-foliage-mosaic.JPG, ''U. minor'' foliage
Image:U. minor leaf.jpg, Leaf and 1 Euro coin
Image:Ulmus minor 14.jpg, Root-suckers spreading around a field elm
File:Ulmus minor Stapleford bark.jpg, Bark of Stapleford elm, UK
File:Полски бряст (стар) - кора.JPG, Bark of ''U. minor'', Bulgaria
Pests and diseases
The species has a hugely variable reaction to Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into Americas, America ...
(DED), including all the fashionable pre-20th century plantsman's clones (see Subspecies and varieties). However, field elm is genetically highly variable; Italian specimens when inoculated with the pathogen displayed between 15 and 100% dieback and between 70 and 100% wilting, whereas with trees tested in Spain, the variability ranged from 5 to 100% dieback, and 20 to 95% wilting.[Solla, A., Bohnens, J., Collin, E., Diamandis, S., Franke, A., Gil, L., Burón, M., Santini, A., Mittempergher, L., Pinon, J., Vanden Broeck, A. (2005). Screening European elms for resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. ''Forest Science'', 51(2) 2005 134-141.] In 2013 researchers at the Universidad Politėcnica de Madrid
The Technical University of Madrid or sometimes called Polytechnic University of Madrid ( es, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM) is a public university, located in Madrid, Spain. It was founded in 1971 as the result of merging different Te ...
announced the discovery and cloning of trees in Spain with levels of resistance greater than 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' (see Cultivation).
Tolerance of elm yellows
Elm yellows is a plant disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts."Elm Yellows." Elmcare.Com. 19 Mar. 2008 . Elm yellows, also known as elm phloem necrosis, is very aggressive, with no known cure. Elm yellows occurs in the ...
(phloem necrosis) is generally good, ''U. minor'' exhibiting symptoms such as the 'witch's broom' only sporadically throughout Italy, including Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
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, demographi ...
and Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
, however the disease was often locally common within the species in France, including Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
.[Mittempergher, L. (2000). Elm Yellows in Europe. in Dunn, C.P., (ed.): ''The Elms, Breeding, Conservation, & Disease Management.'' 104-105. Boston: Kluwer Academuic Publishing.]
Cultivation
''U. minor'' in general and a number of clones in particular (see 'Cultivars' below) were once commonly cultivated across Europe in town and country, but owing to its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease, ''U. minor'' is now uncommon in cultivation. However, in an ongoing project that began in the 1990s, several thousand surviving field elms have been tested for innate resistance by national research institutes in the EU, with a view to returning field elm to cultivation. Results from Spain (2013), for example, confirm that a very small number of surviving field elms (about 0.5% of those tested) appear to have comparatively high levels of tolerance of the disease, and it is hoped that a controlled crossing of the best of these will produce resistant ''Ulmus minor'' hybrids for cultivation.
In the UK, despite its late leaf-flush in the north and its suckering habits, continental ''U. minor'' was occasionally planted as an ornamental urban tree. Augustine Henry
Augustine Henry (2 July 1857 – 23 March 1930) was a British-born Irish plantsman and sinologist. He is best known for sending over 15,000 dry specimens and seeds and 500 plant samples to Kew Gardens in the United Kingdom. By 1930, he was a rec ...
wrote in 1913 that the ''U. minor'' planted in parks in Scotland were of French origin. More recently ''U. minor'' seed was imported to the UK from Italy. There are mature survivors in Edinburgh that are not the common ''U. minor'' cultivars (2015).
''U. minor'' has been introduced to the southern hemisphere, notably Australasia and Argentina.[Hiersch, H., Hensen, I., Zalapa, J. Guries, R. & Brunet, J. (2013). Is hybridization a necessary condition for the evolution of invasiveness in non-native Siberian elm? ''Abstracts. Third International Elm Conference 2013. The elm after 100 years of Dutch elm disease''. Florence, p.45.]
Notable trees
''U. minor'' can live to a great age. An ancient field elm stood until recently in the village square of Metaxades
Metaxades ( el, Μεταξάδες, ) is a large village and a former municipality in the Evros regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Didymoteicho, of which it is a ...
, Thrace
Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to t ...
, Greece. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm was growing beside a spring. An elm (reputedly the original) and the fountain were the focal-point of the village until the late 20th century. The tallest recorded field elms in Greece were two specimens planted in 1650 beside the newly built church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, in Omali Voiou (Oμαλή Bοΐου) near Siatista
Siatista ( el, Σιάτιστα) is a town and a former municipality in Kozani regional unit, Western Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Voio, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It ...
, which, despite being open-grown trees, attained a height of 40 metres by the mid-20th century. The immemorial elm opposite the village square of Aidona in Thessaly
Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thes ...
, Greece which has been "listed" as a national "Monument of Nature", lost its crown in a recent storm (2009) and has now been pollarded; it is regenerating vigorously. A rare example of a centuries-old field elm that retains its heartwood and crown is the 360-year-old specimen in the village square of Strinylas, Corfu
Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...
.
A tree said to be of similar age (200 cm d.b.h.) still stands (2013) in the city of Sliven
Sliven ( bg, Сливен ) is the eighth-largest city in Bulgaria and the administrative and industrial centre of Sliven Province and municipality in Northern Thrace.
Sliven is famous for its heroic Haiduts who fought against the Ottoman Turk ...
, Bulgaria; other veterans are said to survive in the village of Samuilovo, 7 km from Sliven.
In France, a tree reputedly over 650 years old survived in the centre of Biscarrosse
Biscarrosse (; oc, Biscarròssa) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is located southwest of Bordeaux, and inland from the seaside resort of Biscarrosse-Plage on the Atlantic coast.
Near Bis ...
south of Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefectur ...
until the summer of 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease. Another veteran with a 6-metre girth survives at Bettange
Bettange (; german: Bettingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.
Population
See also
* Communes of the Moselle department
The following is a list of the 725 communes of the Moselle department of ...
, France, close to the Belgian border, reputedly planted in 1593. Other wrecks include 'l'ormeau de Sully' in Villesèquelande
Villesèquelande (; oc, Vilaseca-Landa) is a commune near Carcassonne in the Aude department in southern France. It is noted for the ancient field elm, the Ormeau Sully, allegedly planted by Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully
Maximilien ...
near Carcassonne
Carcassonne (, also , , ; ; la, Carcaso) is a French fortified city in the department of Aude, in the region of Occitanie. It is the prefecture of the department.
Inhabited since the Neolithic, Carcassonne is located in the plain of the ...
, "a magnificent tree supported by three metal props", said to have been planted in the early 17th C by the Duc de Sully,
A tree approximately 400 years old and 5.55 metres in girth grows in the town of Mergozzo
Mergozzo is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Verbania.
Mergozzo borders the following municipalities: Gravellona Toce, ...
in Piedmont
it, Piemontese
, population_note =
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, Italy. 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by lopping, while in Spain the elm in the Plaza del Olmo in Navajas
Navajas is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Alto Palancia, Castellón, Valencia, Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' ...
, Valencia
Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Valencian Community, Valencia and the Municipalities of Spain, third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is ...
, is 6.3 metres in girth; planted in 1636 it features on the town crest.
In England, large specimens once identified as ''U. minor'' subsp. ''minor'', the narrow- or smooth-leafed elm, were once commonplace in the eastern counties before the advent of DED. The largest recorded tree in the UK grew at Great Amwell
Great Amwell is a village and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district, in the county of Hertfordshire, England. It is southeast of Ware and about north of London.
History
On a hill above the church there are some traces of an Iron Age ...
, Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire ( or ; often abbreviated Herts) is one of the home counties in southern England. It borders Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north, Essex to the east, Greater London to the south, and Buckinghamshire to the west. For govern ...
, measuring 40 m in height and 228 cm d.b.h.
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements.
Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, ...
in 1911. Another famous specimen was the great elm that towered above its two siblings at the bottom of Long Melford Green, Long Melford
Long Melford, colloquially and historically also referred to as Melford, is a large village and civil parish in the Babergh District, Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It is on Suffolk's border with Essex, which is marked by ...
, Suffolk, till the group succumbed to disease in 1978. The three "were survivors of a former clone of at least nine elms, one dating from 1757". The Long Melford elms were painted in 1940 by the watercolourist S. R. Badmin in his 'Long Melford Green on a Frosty Morning', now in the Victoria and Albert Museum
The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.27 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and nam ...
. The largest known surviving trees in England are at East Coker
East Coker is a village and civil parish in the South Somerset district of Somerset, England. Its nearest town is Yeovil, to the north. The village has a population of 1,667. The parish includes the hamlets and areas of North Coker, Burton, ...
, Somerset
( en, All The People of Somerset)
, locator_map =
, coordinates =
, region = South West England
, established_date = Ancient
, established_by =
, preceded_by =
, origin =
, lord_lieutenant_office =Lord Lieutenant of Somerset
, lord_ ...
(30 m high, 95 cm d.b.h.
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements.
Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, ...
), Termitts Farm near Hatfield Peverel
Hatfield Peverel is a village and civil parish at the centre of Essex, England. It is located 6 miles (10 km) north-east from Chelmsford, the nearest large city, which it is connected by road and rail. The parish includes the hamlets of ...
, Essex
Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and G ...
(25 m high, 145 d.b.h.), and Melchbourne
Melchbourne is a small village located in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England.
The village is located west of Swineshead, Bedfordshire, Swineshead and east of Yielden. Melchbourne forms part of the Melchbourne and Yielden civil par ...
, Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire (; abbreviated Beds) is a ceremonial county in the East of England. The county has been administered by three unitary authorities, Borough of Bedford, Central Bedfordshire and Borough of Luton, since Bedfordshire County Council wa ...
, (147 cm d.b.h.).[Tree Register Of the British Isles (TROBI)]
/ref>
File:Biscarrosse Elm 2.jpg, ''U. minor'', Biscarrosse, France, died 2010
File:Barjols 16 Villesequelande elm 1.jpg, ''U. minor'', Villeseque-lande, France, planted 17th century.
File:Orme de Gorbio.jpg, The Gorbio
Gorbio (; oc, Gòrbi) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.
Gorbio may be seen in the video for Celine Dion's song ''Falling Into You''.
Population
The inhabitants are called ''Gorbarins''.
See also
*Comm ...
elm, Alpes-Maritimes, planted in 1713 (2010)
File:The Elm-tree in The Place, Gorbio.jpg, The Gorbio
Gorbio (; oc, Gòrbi) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.
Gorbio may be seen in the video for Celine Dion's song ''Falling Into You''.
Population
The inhabitants are called ''Gorbarins''.
See also
*Comm ...
elm, Alpes-Maritimes, in 1910
File:Elm tree in Sliven Province, Bulgaria.jpg, Old ''U. minor'', Sliven
Sliven ( bg, Сливен ) is the eighth-largest city in Bulgaria and the administrative and industrial centre of Sliven Province and municipality in Northern Thrace.
Sliven is famous for its heroic Haiduts who fought against the Ottoman Turk ...
, Bulgaria
File:Ulmus minor, Nostra Signora di Castro, Oschiri, Sardinia, Italy.jpg, ''U. minor'', Our Lady of Castro, Oschiri
Oschiri (Gallurese: ''Óscari'', sc, Óscheri) is a ''comune'' (municipality) and former bishopric in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about north of Cagliari and about southwest of Olbia.
As of 31 December 2004, ...
, Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
File:Ulmus minor, Nostra Signora di Castro, Oschiri, Sardinia, Italy 2.jpg, ''U. minor'', Our Lady of Castro, Oschiri
Oschiri (Gallurese: ''Óscari'', sc, Óscheri) is a ''comune'' (municipality) and former bishopric in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about north of Cagliari and about southwest of Olbia.
As of 31 December 2004, ...
, Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
File:Olmo de Cambil.JPG, ''U. minor'', Cambil
Cambil is a city located in the Jaén (Spanish province), province of Jaén, Spain. According to the 2006 census (Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain), INE), the city has a population of 2996 inhabitants.
References
Municipalit ...
, Andalucía, Spain (2012)
File:Navajas. Plaza del Olmo 1.jpg, ''U. minor'', Navajas, Valencia (2010)
File:Navajas. Plaza del Olmo. Fiestas Mayores 5.jpg, ''U. minor'', Navajas, Valencia (2017)
File:Ulmus minor at Fox-Amphoux.jpg, ''U. minor'' in the village perché
A village perché is a village perched at the top of a relief, most commonly found in France. Naturally difficult to access, often with ramparts, 'villages perchés' are for the most part fortified settlements dating from the Middle Ages. Many are ...
of Fox-Amphoux
Fox-Amphoux (; oc, Fòs Amfós) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in south-eastern France.
As with many smaller villages off the beaten track and closer to the coast, the village perché of Fox-Amphou ...
, Provence
Provence (, , , , ; oc, Provença or ''Prouvènço'' , ) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bor ...
, France, 2017
File:Yass Riverside Park Tree.JPG, ''U. minor'', Riverside Park, Yass, New South Wales
Yass ()
is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia in Yass Valley Council. The name appears to have been derived from an Aboriginal word, "Yarrh" (or "Yharr"), said to mean 'running water'.
Yass is located 280 km s ...
Subspecies, varieties, and former species sunk as ''U. minor''
England
The name ''Ulmus minor'' subsp. ''minor'' was used by R. H. Richens for field elm that was not English elm
The field elm (''Ulmus minor'') cultivar 'Atinia' , commonly known as the English elm, formerly common elm and horse may, Republished 1978 by EP Publishing, Wakefield. and more lately the Atinian elm was, before the spread of Dutch elm diseas ...
, Cornish elm
The field elm cultivar ''Ulmus minor'' 'Stricta', known as Cornish elm, was commonly found in South West England (Cornwall and West Devon), Brittany, and south-west Ireland, until the arrival of Dutch elm disease in the late 1960s. The origin o ...
, Plot elm or Guernsey elm. Many publications, however, continue to use plain ''Ulmus minor'' for undifferentiated field elm; indeed Dr Max Coleman of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh argued in his 2002 paper 'British Elms' that there was no clear distinction between species and subspecies. Some authorities, among them Richens and Coleman, include English elm
The field elm (''Ulmus minor'') cultivar 'Atinia' , commonly known as the English elm, formerly common elm and horse may, Republished 1978 by EP Publishing, Wakefield. and more lately the Atinian elm was, before the spread of Dutch elm diseas ...
among varieties of field elm, Richens calling English elm ''U. minor'' var. ''vulgaris''. Richens sank as undifferentiated ''U. minor'' certain local English forms such as ''U. minor'' 'Goodyeri', ''U. minor'' 'Hunnybunii', ''U. minor'' 'Sowerbyi', and ''U. minor'' 'Coritana'.
Eurasia
Henry
Henry may refer to:
People
*Henry (given name)
*Henry (surname)
* Henry Lau, Canadian singer and musician who performs under the mononym Henry
Royalty
* Portuguese royalty
** King-Cardinal Henry, King of Portugal
** Henry, Count of Portugal, ...
's ''Ulmus nitens'' var. ''italica'', 'Mediterranean Elm' (1913), distinguished by its 14 to 18 pairs of leaf-veins, was accepted, despite the wide source-area claimed for it ("Italy, Spain, Portugal and Algeria"), as ''U. carpinifolia'' var. ''italica'' Henry, by Krüssman (1984), who included a photograph of a specimen in Gisselfeld Park, Denmark. Bean
A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes th ...
(1988), however, considered it "a variety of rather dubious standing", and it was ignored by Richens (1983).
''U. canescens'' Melville and '' U. boissieri'' Grudz. were both sunk as ''U. minor'' by Richens.[ The former is found throughout the eastern Mediterranean, including Israel, and is distinguished by its leaves, densely downy on the underside when mature.][Melville, R. (1957). Ulmus canescens: an eastern Mediterranean elm. ''Kew Bulletin'': 499–502, 1957]
The latter is a little-known tree found in Iran, in the Zagros forests and the Kerman / Kermanshah area.
Peter Shaw Green, Green and Richens also sank ''U. minor'' var. ''suberosa'' (Moench) Rehder - the so-called 'Cork-barked elm', ''korkulme'' (Germany) or ''wiąz korkowa'' (Poland), as a genetically random, maritime or juvenile form of ''U. minor'', insufficiently differentiated to merit varietal status, its name a relic of taxonomic conservatism.
Cultivars
Numerous cultivars have been raised in Europe since the 18th century, although many are now probably either extinct owing to the ravages of Dutch elm disease, or survive unrecognized in sucker form:
Hybrids
The tree's natural range generously overlaps that of wych elm
''Ulmus glabra'' Hudson, the wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese and Sicily, where the species reaches i ...
''Ulmus glabra'' to the north, and readily hybridizes with it to produce the so-called 'Dutch elm' ''Ulmus × hollandica
''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' Mill. , often known simply as Dutch elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych elm ''Ulmus glabra'' and field elm ''Ulmus minor'' which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the parent species overlap. In Eng ...
''.
In Spain and Italy ''Ulmus minor'' has naturally hybridized with Siberian elm
''Ulmus pumila'', the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes miscalled the 'Chinese Elm' (''Ulmus parvifolia''). ''U. pumila'' has been widely cultivated throughout Asia, Nor ...
''U. pumila'', which was introduced in the 16th century and which has spread widely since then, contributing to conservation concerns for the former species. The resulting hybrid has not yet been given a formal botanical name, though there are cultivated forms such as 'Recerta' and 'Fiorente' (see Hybrid cultivars).
*''Ulmus × hollandica
''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' Mill. , often known simply as Dutch elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych elm ''Ulmus glabra'' and field elm ''Ulmus minor'' which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the parent species overlap. In Eng ...
''
*''U. minor'' × ''U. pumila''
Hybrid cultivars
''U. minor'' hybridises naturally with '' U. glabra'', producing elms of the ''Ulmus × hollandica
''Ulmus'' × ''hollandica'' Mill. , often known simply as Dutch elm, is a natural hybrid between Wych elm ''Ulmus glabra'' and field elm ''Ulmus minor'' which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the parent species overlap. In Eng ...
'' group, from which there have arisen a number of cultivars:
The tree has featured strongly in artificial hybridization experiments in Europe and to a lesser extent in the United States. Most of the European research was based at Wageningen
Wageningen () is a municipality and a historic city in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It is famous for Wageningen University, which specialises in life sciences. The municipality had a population of in , of which many t ...
in the Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
until 1992, whence a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease was accidentally introduced into Americas, America ...
pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees highly resistant to disease which were released after 1989.
*Arno
The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber.
Source and route
The river originates on Monte Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines, and initially takes a s ...
, Clusius, Columella
Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (; Arabic: , 4 – ) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire.
His ' in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the wo ...
, Commelin, Den Haag
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...
, Fiorente
Fiorente (foaled 2008) is a Thoroughbred racehorse bred in Ireland and trained in Australia. When racing in Europe, he showed high-class form, winning the Princess of Wales's Stakes in 2012. He had greater success when campaigned in Australia, ...
, Frontier
A frontier is the political and geographical area near or beyond a boundary. A frontier can also be referred to as a "front". The term came from French in the 15th century, with the meaning "borderland"—the region of a country that fronts o ...
, Fuente Umbria, Groeneveld, Homestead
Homestead may refer to:
*Homestead (buildings), a farmhouse and its adjacent outbuildings; by extension, it can mean any small cluster of houses
*Homestead (unit), a unit of measurement equal to 160 acres
*Homestead principle, a legal concept th ...
, Lobel, Nanguen = , Pioneer
Pioneer commonly refers to a settler who migrates to previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land.
In the United States pioneer commonly refers to an American pioneer, a person in American history who migrated west to join in settling and dev ...
, Plantyn, Plinio, Recerta, San Zanobi, Toledo, Urban
Urban means "related to a city". In that sense, the term may refer to:
* Urban area, geographical area distinct from rural areas
* Urban culture, the culture of towns and cities
Urban may also refer to:
General
* Urban (name), a list of people ...
, Wanoux =
In art
The elms by Willy Lott's Cottage
Willy Lott's Cottage is a house in Flatford, East Bergholt, Suffolk, England which appears in several paintings by John Constable, notably ''The Hay Wain''.
The property is Grade I listed building, listed to reflect its importance "as part o ...
and Flatford Mill
Flatford Mill is a Grade I listed watermill on the River Stour at Flatford in East Bergholt, Suffolk, England. According to the date-stone the mill was built in 1733, but some of the structure may be earlier. Attached to the mill is a 17th-cen ...
, Suffolk
Suffolk () is a ceremonial county of England in East Anglia. It borders Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south; the North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowes ...
, in Constable
A constable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions. A constable is commonly the rank of an officer within the police. Other peop ...
's paintings and drawings were, according to Richens, "smooth-leaved elm" (''U. minor''), though the hedgerow elms in his Dedham Vale
Dedham Vale is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the Essex-Suffolk border in east England. It comprises the area around the River Stour between Manningtree and Smallbridge Farm, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Bures, including the ...
and East Bergholt
East Bergholt is a village in the Babergh District of Suffolk, England, just north of the Essex border.
The nearest town and railway station is Manningtree, Essex. East Bergholt is north of Colchester and south of Ipswich. Schools include Eas ...
landscape-paintings and drawings were otherwise "most probably East Anglian hybrid elms ... such as still grow in the same hedges".[Richens, R. H., ''Elm'' (Cambridge 1983), p.166, 179]
File:Constables The Hay Wain.png, Field elm beside Willy Lott's Cottage in Constable's ''The Hay Wain'' (1821)
File:Flatford Lock.jpg, The same, in Constable's ''Flatford Lock'', Christchurch Mansion
Christchurch Mansion is a substantial Tudor brick mansion house built in Ipswich, Suffolk by Edmund Withypoll (also written "Withipoll") around 1548–50. The Grade I listed building is located within Christchurch Park and sits by the souther ...
, Ipswich
Accessions
North America
*United States National Arboretum
The United States National Arboretum is an arboretum in northeast Washington, D.C., operated by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service. It was established in 1927 by an act of Congress after a campaign by USDA ...
, Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
, US. Acc. nos. 12852, 64382.
Europe
* Arboretum de La Petite Loiteriebr>
Monthodon
Monthodon () is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
Population
Sights
* Arboretum de la Petite Loiterie
See also
*Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
The following is a list of the 272 communes of the Indre-e ...
, France. No details available
*Cambridge Botanic Garden
The Cambridge University Botanic Garden is a botanical garden located in Cambridge, England, associated with the university Department of Plant Sciences (formerly Botany School). It lies between Trumpington Road to the west, Bateman Street to ...
br>
University of Cambridge
, mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts.
Non literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge.
, established =
, other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Schola ...
, UK. No accession details available.
*Dubrava Arboretum
Dubrava or Dúbrava may refer to several places:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Dubrava, Kalinovik, a village
Croatia
* Dubrava, Zagreb, a neighbourhood of Zagreb
* Dubrava, Zagreb County, a village and municipality
* Lake Dubrava
* Dubrava, Dubrov ...
, Lithuania. No details available.
*Grange Farm Arboretum
The Grange Farm Arboretum is a small private arboretum comprising 3 hectares accommodating over 800 trees, mostly native and ornamental species or cultivars, notably oaks, ashes, walnuts and elms, growing on a calcareous loam.Ostler, J. (2009) ' ...
, Sutton St James
Sutton St James is a village and civil parish in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England, about south-west of Long Sutton.
Lying in the Lincolnshire Fens, Sutton St James did not exist at the time of the 1086 ''Domesday Book''. Su ...
, Spalding, Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershire ...
, UK. Acc. no. not known.
* Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Finland. Acc. no. 1930-1013.
*Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. nos. 19699368, 16899359, 19699365.[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. (2017). ''List of Living Accessions: Ulmus']
/ref>
*Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,100 ...
, UK. Acc. no. not known.
*Sir Harold Hillier Gardens
The Sir Harold Hillier Gardens is an arboretum comprising 72 hectares (180 acres) accommodating over 42,000 trees and shrubs in about 12,000 taxa, notably a collection of oaks, camellia, magnolia and rhododendron.
The Gardens are located nor ...
, Hampshire
Hampshire (, ; abbreviated to Hants) is a ceremonial county, ceremonial and non-metropolitan county, non-metropolitan counties of England, county in western South East England on the coast of the English Channel. Home to two major English citi ...
, UK. Acc. no. 2001-0188, 3 specimens collected in Iran, 2000.
*Strona Arboretum
Strona is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Biella in the Italy, Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about northeast of Biella. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,217 and an area of .All demo ...
, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
, Poland. No details available.
Australasia
*Eastwoodhill Arboretum
Eastwoodhill is the national arboretum of New Zealand. It covers and is located 35 km northwest of Gisborne, in the hill country of Ngatapa. It was founded in 1910 by William Douglas Cook. Cook's life work would become the creation of a g ...
br>
Gisborne, New Zealand, Gisborne, New Zealand. 2 trees, details not known.
Nurseries
North America
None known
Europe
*Eggleston Hall Garden
Eggleston
Eggleston is a village in County Durham, in England. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 448. It is situated in Teesdale, a few miles north-west of Barnard Castle.
Etymology
The second element of ''Eggleston'' is ...
, Barnard Castle
Barnard Castle (, ) is a market town on the north bank of the River Tees, in County Durham, Northern England. The town is named after and built around a medieval castle ruin. The town's Bowes Museum's has an 18th-century Silver Swan automato ...
, County Durham
County Durham ( ), officially simply Durham,UK General Acts 1997 c. 23Lieutenancies Act 1997 Schedule 1(3). From legislation.gov.uk, retrieved 6 April 2022. is a ceremonial county in North East England.North East Assembly About North East E ...
, UK
*Firecrest Tree & Shrub Nurser
Woodbridge, Suffolk, Woodbridge, Suffolk
Suffolk () is a ceremonial county of England in East Anglia. It borders Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south; the North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowes ...
, UK
*Lorenz von Ehre
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
, Germany
*Trees & Hedge
Heathfield, East Sussex, Heathfield, East Sussex
East Sussex is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in South East England on the English Channel coast. It is bordered by Kent to the north and east, West Sussex to the west, and Surrey to the north-west. The largest settlement in East Su ...
, UK
*UmbraFlo
Spello
Spello (in Antiquity: Hispellum) is an ancient town and ''comune'' (township) of Italy, in the province of Perugia in eastern-central Umbria, on the lower southern flank of Mt. Subasio. It is 6 km (4 mi) NNW of Foligno and 10 km (6 ...
, Italy
References
External links
* ''Ulmus minor'' distribution map: linnaeus.nrm.s
''Ulmus minor''
- information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) is an international network that supports the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Europe. The programme’s tasks include to coordinate and promote ''in situ
' ...
(EUFORGEN)
* Labelled ''Ulmus carpinifolia'' Gled., Pont du Gard
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over to the Roman colony of ''Nemausus'' ( Nîmes). It crosses the river Gardon near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France. The Pont ...
, France
{{Taxonbar, from=Q147487
minor
Minor may refer to:
* Minor (law), a person under the age of certain legal activities.
** A person who has not reached the age of majority
* Academic minor, a secondary field of study in undergraduate education
Music theory
*Minor chord
** Barb ...
Trees of Europe
Flora of France
Flora of Great Britain
Flora of Italy
Flora of the Netherlands
Flora of Germany
Flora of Greece
Flora of Turkey
Flora of Belgium
Flora of Denmark
Flora of Hungary
Flora of Austria
Flora of Serbia
Flora of Ukraine
Ulmus articles with images
Elm species and varieties
Taxa named by Philip Miller