The Tümed (Tumad, ; "The many or ten thousands" derived from
Tumen) are a
Mongol subgroup. They live in
Tumed Left Banner
Tumed Left Banner ( Mongolian: Түмэд Зүүн хошуу ''Tümed Jegün qosiɣu''; ) is a banner (a county-level division) in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, North China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level ci ...
, district of
Hohhot
Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the capital of Inner Mongolia in the north of the People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center.''The Ne ...
and
Tumed Right Banner
Tumed Right Banner ( mn, , translit=Tumed Baruun Hôxûû}, ; / ''Měng-Hàn cídiǎn'' 《蒙汉词典》. Hohhot: / Nèi Ménggǔ Dàxué Chūbǎnshè 内蒙古大学出版社, 1999; . zh, s=土默特右旗, p=Tǔmòtè Yòuqí) is a banner o ...
, district of
Baotou
Baotou (; mn, Buɣutu qota, Бугат хот) is the largest city by urban population in Inner Mongolia, China. Governed as a prefecture-level city, as of the 2020 census, its built-up (''or metro'') area made up of its 5 urban districts is ...
in China. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of
Huhhot
Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the capital of Inner Mongolia in the north of the People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center.''The ...
. Parts of them live along
Hulun Buir,
Inner Mongolia. There are the Tumeds in the soums of Mandal-Ovoo, Bulgan, Tsogt-Ovoo, Tsogttsetsii, Manlai, Khurmen, Bayandalai and Sevrei of Umnugovi Aimag,
Mongolia.
From the beginning of the 9th century to the beginning of the 13th century, the Khori-Tumed lived near the western side of
Lake Baikal. They lived in what is now southern
Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast (russian: Ирку́тская о́бласть, Irkutskaya oblast; bua, Эрхүү можо, Erkhüü mojo) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Niz ...
, in some parts of
Tuva
Tuva (; russian: Тува́) or Tyva ( tyv, Тыва), officially the Republic of Tuva (russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, r=Respublika Tyva, p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva; tyv, Тыва Республика, translit=Tyva Respublika ...
and in southwestern
Buryatia
Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia (russian: Республика Бурятия, r=Respublika Buryatiya, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə; bua, Буряад Улас, Buryaad Ulas, , mn, Буриад Улс, Buriad Uls), is ...
.
[History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003] In 1207,
Genghis Khan, after
conquering the Khori-Tumed, decided to move some of these groups south and these people eventually settled in the southern parts of the Great
Gobi Desert. But it seems that the Tumed people had no strong connection with those forest people in Siberia.
The Tumeds first appeared as the tribe of the Mongolian
warlord Dogolon, who was
taishi in the mid-15th century. In Mongolian chronicles, they were called seven Tumeds or twelve Tumeds. Because the
Kharchin
The Kharchin (, ; ), or Kharachin, is a subgroup of the Mongols residing mainly (and originally) in North-western Liaoning and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. There are Khalkha-Kharchin Mongols in Dorno-Gobi Province (Kharchin Örtöö was part of the ...
and other Mongol clans joined their league, they were probably called 12 Tumeds later on. Under
Dayan Khan
Dayan Khan ( mn, Даян Хаан; Mongol script: ; ), born Batumöngke ( mn, Батмөнх; ), (1472–1517) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1479 to 1517. During his rule, he reunited the Mongols under Chinggisid supr ...
(1464-1517/1543) and his successors, the Tumeds formed the right wing of the eastern Mongols. The Tumeds reached their peak under the rule of
Altan Khan
Altan Khan of the Tümed (1507–1582; mn, ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ, Алтан хан; Chinese: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda ( Mongolian: ; Chinese: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols and de facto ruler of the Right Win ...
(1507–1582) in the mid-16th century. They raided the
Ming dynasty and attacked the
Four Oirats
The Four Oirat ( Mongolian: Дөрвөн Ойрад, ''Dorben Oirad''; ); also Oirads and formerly Eleuths, alternatively known as the Alliance of the Four Oirat Tribes or the Oirat Confederation, was the confederation of the Oirat tribes which ...
. The Tumeds under Altan Khan recaptured
Karakorum
Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian: Хархорум, ''Kharkhorum''; Mongolian Script:, ''Qaraqorum''; ) was the capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260 and of the Northern Yuan dynasty in the 14–15th centuries. Its ruins lie in the ...
from the hands of the
Oirats but the outcome of the war was not decisive in the 16th century. They are also famous for being the first of the Mongol tribes converted to
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
.
They submitted to the
Qing dynasty and allied against the
Chahar Mongols
The Chahars (Khalkha Mongolian: Цахар, Tsahar; ) are a subgroup of Mongols that speak Chakhar Mongolian and predominantly live in southeastern Inner Mongolia, China.
The Chahars were originally one of estates of Kublai Khan located around ...
in the early 17th century. They were included in
Josotu league of the Qing.
The Tumed were
Sinicized
Sinicization, sinofication, sinification, or sinonization (from the prefix , 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly the language, societal norms, cul ...
linguistically in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century. Many of their leaders rose to the very top government, party, and military positions in the newly founded
IMAR, and some attained leading national posts in Beijing and elsewhere.
Ulanhu (1906–1988), a Tumed Mongol born near
Huhhot
Hohhot,; abbreviated zh, c=呼市, p=Hūshì, labels=no formerly known as Kweisui, is the capital of Inner Mongolia in the north of the People's Republic of China, serving as the region's administrative, economic and cultural center.''The ...
, the capital of
Inner Mongolia, who dominated the politics of the region until his death in 1989, and was the highest-ranking
Mongol in the
Chinese Communist Party. After the 1920s, as the Tumed began to interact with other Mongols, they began to feel an acute sense of inadequacy regarding their Mongolian language skills. In the 1950s, they set up many nationality (minzu) primary schools and middle schools that recruited only Mongolian students. In these schools, Mongolian was taught as a subject, one considered of equal importance to Chinese, though all other subjects were taught in Chinese. During the
Cultural Revolution years, 1966–1976, Mongolian instruction was largely abolished. A new attempt to provide a Mongol education began in September 1979.
The Tumed banner built a "Mongolian Nationality Primary School" in October 1982 in the banner center. The school had eight classes divided into three grades, with 201 boarding pupils, all taught in Mongolian. Chinese was taught only from grade 5,
the students were not allowed to leave the compound without permission, and, during vacations, they were often sent to the grassland to learn directly from pure Mongol-speaking herders, lest they be contaminated by their Chinese-speaking parents and relatives or Chinese neighbors.
Notes
External links
Монгол угсаатны хэлний бүрэлдэхүүнin Mongolian
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tumed
Mongol peoples
Southern Mongols