Tzedakah

''Tzedakah'' or ''Ṣedaqah'' ( he, צדקה ) is a Hebrew word meaning "righteousness", but commonly used to signify '' charity''. This concept of "charity" differs from the modern Western understanding of "charity". The latter is typically understood as a spontaneous act of goodwill and a marker of generosity; ''tzedakah'' is an ethical obligation.

''Tzedakah'' (Tzedaka) refers to the religious obligation to do what is right and just, which Judaism emphasizes as an important part of living a spiritual life. Unlike voluntary philanthropy, ''tzedakah'' is seen as a religious obligation that must be performed regardless of one's financial standing, and so is mandatory even for those of limited financial means. ''Tzedakah'' is considered to be one of the three main acts that can positively influence an unfavorable heavenly decree.

The word ''tzedakah'' is based on the Hebrew (, ''Tzedeq''), meaning '' righteousness'', '' fairness,'' or ''justice'', and is related to the Hebrew word ''Tzadik'', meaning ''righteous'' as an adjective (or ''righteous individual'' as a noun in the form of a substantive). Although the word appears 157 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible in Talmudic times.

In the Middle Ages, Maimonides conceived of an eight-level hierarchy of ''tzedakah'', where the highest form is to give a gift, loan, or partnership that will result in the recipient becoming self-sufficient instead of living upon others. In his view, the second highest form of ''tzedakah'' is to give donations anonymously to unknown recipients.

Precedents in ancient Israel

The Hebrew Bible, typically in relation to "righteousness" per se, usually in the singular, but sometimes in the plural ''tzedekot'', in relation to acts of charity. In the Septuagint this was sometimes translated as ''eleemosyne'', "almsgiving".

Today, however, it is evident that it is not very correct to use some expressions such as "charity" or "alms", it is not always accepted, in fact even parents have the duty to give to their children and this is considered Tzedakah, also thanks to the abundance of products and money in most of cases.

In rabbinical literature of the classical and Middle Ages

In classical rabbinical literature, it was argued that the Biblical regulations concerning left-overs only applied to corn fields, orchards, and vineyards, and not to vegetable gardens. The classical rabbinical writers were much stricter as to who could receive the remains. It was stated that the farmer was not permitted to benefit from the gleanings, and was not permitted to discriminate among the poor, nor try to frighten them away with dogs or lions ( Hullin 131a, Pe'ah 5:6). The farmer was not even allowed to help one of the poor to gather the left-overs. However, it was also argued that the law was only applicable in Canaan (Jerusalem Talmud. Pe'ah 2:5), although many classical rabbinical writers who were based in Babylon observed the laws there ( Hullin 134b). It was also seen as only applying to Jewish paupers, but poor non-Jews were allowed to benefit for the sake of civil peace.

Maimonides lists his Eight Levels of Giving, as written in the ''Mishneh Torah'', ''Hilkhot matanot aniyim'' ("Laws about Giving to Poor People"), Chapter 10:7–14:

#Giving an interest-free loan to a person in need; forming a partnership with a person in need; giving a grant to a person in need; finding a job for a person in need, so long as that loan, grant, partnership, or job results in the person no longer living by relying upon others.
#Giving tzedakah anonymously to an unknown recipient via a person or public fund that is trustworthy, wise, and can perform acts of tzedakah with your money in a most impeccable fashion.
#Giving tzedakah anonymously to a known recipient.
#Giving tzedakah publicly to an unknown recipient.
#Giving tzedakah before being asked.
#Giving adequately after being asked.
#Giving willingly, but inadequately.
#Giving "in sadness" (giving out of pity): It is thought that Maimonides was referring to giving because of the sad feelings one might have in seeing people in need (as opposed to giving because it is a religious obligation). Other translations say "giving unwillingly".

In practice

In practice, most Jews carry out ''tzedakah'' by donating a portion of their income to charitable institutions, or to needy people they may encounter. The perception among many modern-day Jews is that if donation of this form is not possible, the obligation of ''tzedakah'' still requires that something be given. Traditional Jews commonly practice ''ma'sar kesafim,'' tithing 10% of their income to support those in need.

Special acts of ''tzedakah'' are performed on significant days: At weddings, Jewish brides and bridegrooms would traditionally give to charity to symbolise the sacred character of the marriage. At Passover, a major holiday in Jewish tradition, it is traditional to be welcoming towards hungry strangers and feed them at the table. At Purim it is considered obligatory for every Jew to give food to one other person, and gifts to at least two poor people, in an amount that would equate to a meal each, for the purpose of increasing the total happiness during the month.

As for the more limited form of ''tzedakah'' expressed in the biblical laws, namely the leaving of '' gleanings'' from certain crops, the Shulchan Aruch argues that during The Exile Jewish farmers are not obliged to obey it. Nevertheless, in modern Israel, rabbis of Orthodox Judaism insist that Jews allow ''gleanings'' to be consumed by the poor and by strangers, and all crops (not just ''gleanings'') by anyone and everyone (free, not bought nor sold) during sabbatical years.

In addition, one must be very careful about how one gives out tzedakah money. It is not sufficient to give to just any person or organization; rather, one must check their credentials and finances to be sure that your tzedakah money will be used wisely, efficiently, and effectively. The meaning of "Do not steal from a poor person, for (s)he is poor" (Proverbs 22:22) and of Talmudic-era commentaries, including Numbers Rabba 5:2, is that tzedakah money was never yours to begin with. Rather, it always belongs to God, who merely entrusts you with it so that you may use it properly. Hence, you are obliged to ensure that it is received by those who are deserving.

There are many examples of tzedakah funds that operate according to Maimonides' principles above (particularly #2), including Hands on Tzedakah (working with nonprofits in the U.S. and in Israel), and Mitzvah Heroes Fund (working mainly with nonprofits in Israel). Paamonim is a nonprofit organization in Israel that operates according to Maimonides' first principle. Keeping a ''pushke'' (a collection box) in private homes is traditional.

The Gaon of Vilna considered giving tzedakah ''to all householders in our city with tax-benefit''. Dvēyre-Ēster Helfer (1817–1907), known to Vilna's Jews for her integrity and wisdom, was legendary for her ability to help people in trouble, although she and her husband were not wealthy. Aided by her phenomenal memory, she was able to touch the right people at the right time to help individuals throughout her life, many of whom came to see her as a sort of saint who not only found money for her, but also offered special blessings accompanying her charitable gifts. She also helped fund a prayerhouse dedicated to charity for the needy that was known colloquially by her name; in her lifetime she came to be seen as a saint, while her death was commemorated in ways usually reserved for religious figures; and her portrait often hung next to the Gaon's in the homes of Vilna's Jews.

Pushka

Both Jewish homes and synagogues have a charity collection box into which cash is placed. At home, particularly before the woman of the house lights her Sabbath candles, it is a way of setting aside money. In the synagogue, a designated individual circulates (and shakes it to announce this opportunity).

In Chicago in the early 1900s "Many of the families kept ''pushkas'', or contribution containers, as a handy means of making periodic contribution to worthwhile causes." The Polish word ''puszka'' means tin can.

TAT

''TAT'' (an acronym for ''Tomchei Torah'') is an institutionalized arrangement whereby money is donated for either one-time (e.g. wedding) expenses or ongoing support, for the adult (and often married) yeshiva students. A check made out to "TAT of x" would be for those at that yeshiva, or perhaps it can be designated for a particular newly engaged student (or a student with a son or daughter newly engaged). Sometimes donations were intended for ongoing support of students not receiving family support.

Examples

Image:Tzedoko gelt.JPG, Tzedakah pouch and coins on fur-like padding
File:Kirkut Otwock 11.jpg, Tzedakah box on Jewish gravestone. Jewish cemetery in Otwock.
File:Pappenheim Jüdischer Friedhof 012.JPG, Tzedakah box on Jewish gravestone. Jewish cemetery in Pappenheim.
File:Kupsa kchula 2006.jpg, JNF collection box (pushke). The blue box of the Jewish National Fund was collecting donations for the establishment of the state in the early years.

See also

* Charity (practice)
* Charity (virtue)
* Donation
* Sadaqah (Islam), a related word from the Semitic language of Arabic
* Zidqa, almsgiving in Mandaeism

References

Bibliography

*

External links

Chabad.org: Tzedakah – Charity



My Jewish Learning: Tzedakah

{{Charity

Alms in Judaism
Charity law
Jewish ethical law
Jewish law principles
Jewish life cycle
Jewish theology
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible