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Tyari ( syr, ܛܝܵܪܹܐ, Ṭyārē) is an Assyrian
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to confli ...
and a historical district within Hakkari,
Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
. The area was traditionally divided into Upper (''Tyari Letha'') and Lower Tyari (''Tyari Khtetha'')–each consisting of several Assyrian villages. Both Upper and Lower Tyari are located on the western bank of the Zab river. Today, the district mostly sits in around the town of Çukurca. Historically, the largest village of the region was known as Ashitha. According to Hannibal Travis the Tyari Assyrians were known for their skills in weaving and knitting. Before 1915, Tyari was home to Assyrians from the Tyari tribe as well as a minority of
Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ira ...
. Following the
Assyrian genocide The Sayfo or the Seyfo (; see below), also known as the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian / Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish ...
, ''Ṭyārāyē'', along with other Assyrians residing in the Hakkari highlands, were forced to leave their villages in southeast Anatolia and fled to join their fellow Assyrian brethren in modern-day northern
Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...
(
Sarsink Sarsing ( ku, سەرسەنگ, Sersing, syr, ܣܪܣܢܓ) is a town and sub-district in the Dohuk Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located in the Sapna valley in the Amadiya District. In the town, there is a church of Mar Mattai. ...
,
Sharafiya Sharafiya is a village located in Nineveh Governorate in Iraq. See also *List of Assyrian settlements *Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq *Assyrians in Iraq *Yazidis in Iraq Yazidis in Iraq live mainly in the Sinjar region and the Nineveh P ...
, Chammike and various villages in the Nahla valley), northeastern Syria (
Tel Tamer Tell Tamer ( ar, تَلّ تَمْر, Tall Tamr, ku, گرێ خورما, Girê Xurma or Til Temir, syr, ܬܠ ܬܡܪ) also known as Tal Tamr or Tal Tamir, is a town in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. It is the administrative c ...
and
Al Hasakah Al-Hasakah ( ar, ٱلْحَسَكَة, al-Ḥasaka; ku, Heseke/حەسەکە; syr, ܚܣܝܟܐ Hasake), is the capital city of the Al-Hasakah Governorate, in the northeastern corner of Syria. With a 2004 census population of 188,160, it is the ei ...
),
Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ' ...
,
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...
and, from the late 20th century, to western countries. The Tyari tribe was, according to Robert Elliot Speer, one of the Assyrian "ashirets". In 1869 there were 15,000 Tyari Assyrians living in 2,500 houses in the Tyari district according to
John George Taylor John George Taylor (active 1851–1861; also known as J E Taylor and J G Taylor) was a British official of the Foreign Office, and also an important early archaeologist investigating the antiquities of the Middle East. He was one of the first a ...
in a report to the
Earl of Clarendon Earl of Clarendon is a title that has been created twice in British history, in 1661 and 1776. The family seat is Holywell House, near Swanmore, Hampshire. First creation of the title The title was created for the first time in the Peera ...
. The Tyari Assyrians lived across 51 different villages and constituted 50,000 members - making it the most powerful among the semi-independent Assyrian tribes. The Tyari district is located in the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of
Adiabene Adiabene was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria. The size of the kingdom varied over time; initially encompassing an area between the Zab Rivers, it eventually gained control of N ...
.


Etymology

Tyari may be a variation of the ancient "''Autiyara''". American historian
Albert T. Olmstead Albert Ten Eyck Olmstead (March 23, 1880 – April 11, 1945) was an American historian and academic, who specialized in Assyriology. Olmstead was born in 1880 in New York, and died in 1945 in Chicago. He was Professor of Oriental History at th ...
describes in his work ''History of the Persian Empire'' how the
Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...
General Vaumisa wins a battle in the Autiyara districts located in Tyari and mentions that this is where Assyrian Christians maintained independence until modern times. In
Syriac Syriac may refer to: *Syriac language, an ancient dialect of Middle Aramaic *Sureth, one of the modern dialects of Syriac spoken in the Nineveh Plains region * Syriac alphabet ** Syriac (Unicode block) ** Syriac Supplement * Neo-Aramaic languages a ...
, the word () is the plural form of , meaning "sheepfold" or "grazing area". Indeed, the Assyrians of Tyari were renowned even amongst neighboring Kurds and
Armenians Armenians ( hy, հայեր, '' hayer'' ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the ''de facto'' independent Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diasp ...
for their
yogurt Yogurt (; , from tr, yoğurt, also spelled yoghurt, yogourt or yoghourt) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. The bacteria used to make yogurt are known as ''yogurt cultures''. Fermentation of sugars in the milk by these bac ...
, cheese and other dairy products mostly made from
sheep Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus '' Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated ...
or
goat's milk Goat milk is the milk of domestic goats. Goats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply. Some goats are bred specifically for milk. Goat milk naturally has small, well-emulsified fat globules, which means the cream will stay in ...
. They were also famous for their textiles, which again were spun and woven from sheep's wool. They also made woolen felt for their characteristic conical caps.


Military & Engagements

One of the reasons the Assyrians of Tyari were able to stay independent for so long despite being significantly outnumbered by Muslims was their fighting ability. The Assyrians of Tyari were especially known for being a fierce, warlike people. It was said that they were the best fighters in the West Asia along with the Assyrian tribe of
Tkhuma Prior to World War I, the Tkhuma ( syr, ܬܚܘܡܐ, Tkhūmā "Borderland") were one of five principal and semi-independent Assyrian tribes subject to the spiritual and temporal jurisdiction of the Assyrian Patriarch with the title Mar Shimun. T ...
. Their Muslim neighbors stated that in order to stand a chance they needed to outnumber the Assyrians of Tyari or Tkhuma five to one, and have superior modern weapons. Assyrians of Tyari used much older weaponry and manufactured their own weapons and ammunition. In 1834 the leader of the
Soran Emirate Soran Emirate ( ku, میرنشینی سۆران) was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836. Kor was ousted in an off ...
Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz tried to subdue the Assyrians of Lower Tyari but suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the outnumbered Assyrians. They then chased the Kurds back to Amadiya. This defeat played a major role in the collapse of the Soran Emirate. In 1880, Ubeydullah's militia with the support of mercenaries from the tyari tribe invaded the northwestern Kurdish territories of Qajar dynasty in attempt to expand his control. In 1907 the Ottomans sent troops to Hakkari to stop fighting between the Assyrians of Tyari and Kurds. The Ottoman troops were successful in subduing the Kurds. The Assyrians of Tyari however defeated them and the Ottomans were routed and had their weapons seized. In the early 1930s the Assyrians consisting mainly of Tyarayeh and Tkhoumnayeh successfully defeated the Iraqis in Dairabun killing 33 and wounding 40 including 3 officers while the Assyrians suffered significantly less losses. The Iraqis were armed with modern weapons and attack planes given to them by the British while the Assyrians were only equipped with old rifles. In the 1930s the Iraqis admitted that one Assyrian soldier was equal to three Arab soldiers and saw the Assyrians as a huge threat to Iraq militarily if Assyrians went against the British.


Dialect

The dialect of Tyari belongs to the Ashiret group, along with the dialects of e.g.
Tkhuma Prior to World War I, the Tkhuma ( syr, ܬܚܘܡܐ, Tkhūmā "Borderland") were one of five principal and semi-independent Assyrian tribes subject to the spiritual and temporal jurisdiction of the Assyrian Patriarch with the title Mar Shimun. T ...
and Baz, of the Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. Like Jīlū, the Tyari dialect is a very distinct
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Suret ( syr, ܣܘܪܝܬ) ( su:rɪtʰor su:rɪθ, also known as Assyrian or Chaldean, refers to the varieties of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) spoken by ethnic Assyrians, including those identifying as religious groups rather than eth ...
dialect. Unlike the ''Jilu'', ''Baz'' and ''Gawar'' dialects (which are very similar to each other), this one is more "thick". It is, in a way, a sort of a "
working class The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. Working-class occupations (see also " Designation of workers by collar colo ...
" accent of the Assyrian dialects. Dialects within Tyari, and especially the Western group, have more in common with Chaldean Neo-Aramaic than with Iraqi Koine (similar to General Urmian). The Tyari dialect is divided into two main sub-dialects; upper Tyari and lower Tyari.'''' Many Tyari speakers can switch back and forth from Tyari to "Assyrian Standard" (or "Iraqi Koine") when conversing with Assyrian speakers of other dialects. Some speakers tend to adopt a form of verb conjugation that is closer to the Iraqi Koine or Urmian Standard. This is attributed to the growing exposure to Assyrian Standard-based literature, media, and its use as a
liturgical Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. ''Liturgy'' can also be used to refer specifically to public worship by Christians. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and partic ...
language by the Assyrian Church of the East. Furthermore, it is customary for Assyrian artists to generally sing in ''Iraqi Koine'' for them to be intelligible and have widespread recognition. Songs in Tyari dialects are usually of the
folk Folk or Folks may refer to: Sociology *Nation *People * Folklore ** Folk art ** Folk dance ** Folk hero ** Folk music *** Folk metal *** Folk punk *** Folk rock ** Folk religion * Folk taxonomy Arts, entertainment, and media * Folk Plus or Fo ...
-dance music genre and would attract certain audiences.


Suffixes

Although possessive affixes (''beti'' - "my house") are more convenient and common among Assyrian speakers, those with Tyari and Barwari dialects take a more analytic approach regarding possession, just like modern Hebrew and English.


Villages and sub-clans in Tyari


Division of sub-clans and settlements according to the

Diocese In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associa ...
of Mar Shimun

Lower Tyari: * Garamoon * Halamoon * Tcalluk * Arosh * Hor * Teire Rezen * Asheetha (Ashita) * Zaweetha * Minyanish * Merghe * Kurkhe * Leezan (Lizan) * Oomra Tahtiya * Zerni * Karukhta * Chamba d'Beth Soseena * Matha d'Kasra * Be-Zeezo * Lagippa * Be-Alahta * Be-Rawole (Rawel, Ravula) * Shoord * Rawloa d'Salabeken Walto: * Chamba Hadtha * Zorawa * Seerta * Shwawootha * Matha d'Mart Miriam * Khadiana * Reshe d'Nahra Upper Tyari: * Serspeedho * Siyadhor * Chamba d' Be Ellia * Chamba d'Nene * Chamba d'Coordhaye * Mezzraa * Mrateetha * Be-Nahra * Be-Zrako * Roomta * Jeiatha * Reshe d'Nahra * Aina d'Aleete * Doora Allaya * Kalaytha * Mezraa d'Kalaytha * Chamba d'Melek * Be-Dalyatha * Dadosh * Mabbuaa * Ko * Chamba dKoodkhe * Be-Meriggo * Roma Smoka * Chamba d'Hasso * Darawa * Malota


Clothing

*About the national dress worn by the Tyari men in the Bakuba camp, Brigadier-General Austin wrote; "Fine upstanding fellows they are, ...their legs, encased in long loose baggy trousers of a greyish hue originally, but so patched all over with bits of blue, red, green and other colors that their pants are veritable patch work. A broad cloth, "Kammar band," or waist band, is folded several times round the trunk of the body, and a short cut-away jacket of amazing colors, worn over a thin cotton variegated shirt. The head-dress consists of conical felt cap as depicted in frescoes of Assyrians of thousands of years ago, and which has survived to this day." *"Among them are a number of Tyari men, whose wild looks, combined with the splendour of their dress and arms, are a great interest. Their jackets are one mass of gold embroidery (worked by Jews), their shirts, with hanging sleeves, are striped with satin, their trousers, of sailor cut, are silk, made from the cocoons of their own silkworms, woven with broad crimson stripes on a white ground, on which is a zigzag pattern; and their handsome jack-boots are of crimson leather. With they white or red peaked fell hats and twisted silk pagris, their rich girdles, jewelled daggers, and inlaid pistols, they are very imposing." * Isabella L. Bird wrote in her work "''Journeys In Persia And Kurdistan''" about a Tyari man wearing a white conical cap.


Famous Tyari Assyrians


Bishops and priests

*
Mar Addai II Mar, mar or MAR may refer to: Culture * Mar or Mor, an honorific in Syriac * Earl of Mar, an earldom in Scotland * MAA (singer) (born 1986), Japanese * Marathi language, by ISO 639-2 language code * March, as an abbreviation for the third mon ...
, Catholicos-Patriarch of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Ashitha, Lower Tyari * Mar Gewargis III Sliwa, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East - Ashitha, Lower Tyari * Mar Narsai Toma, Metropolitan of Kirkuk of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Lagippa, Lower Tyari *Mar Toma Giwargis, Metropolitan of Nineveh of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Matha D'Qasra, Lower Tyari *Mar Daniel Yakob, Bishop of California of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Ashitha, Lower Tyari *Mar Yacoub Daniel, Metropolitan of Australia and New Zealand of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Ashitha, Lower Tyari *Mar Emmanuel Elia, former Bishop of North America of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Ashitha, Lower Tyari *Mar Zaia Khoshaba, Metropolitan of North America of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Lagippa, Lower Tyari *Mar Aprem Daweed, former Bishop of Dohuk of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Ashitha, Lower Tyari *Mar Gewargis Younan, Bishop of Chicago of the
Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East is an Eastern Christian denomination. It branched from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964, under the leadership of Mar Thoma Darmo (d. 1969). It is one of three Assyrian Churches that claim continuity with t ...
- Minyanish, Lower Tyari * Mar Odisho Oraham, Bishop of Western Europe of the Assyrian Church of the East - Rumta, Upper Tyari * Mar Aprem Natniel, Bishop of Syria of the Assyrian Church of the East - Sarespido, Upper Tyari


Assyrian Singers

* Adwar Mousa * Juliana Jendo * Linda George * Sargon Gabriel


Assyrian tribal leaders

* Malik Khoshaba Yosip, (Lower Tyari) *Malik Ismael (Upper Tyari) * Rais Khiyo Odisho (Chammānāyā) * Malik Barkho (Bé-Allatha) * Hurmiz Malik Chikko (Dadoshnāyā) * Malik Yaqo d'Malik Ismael, (Upper Tyari) *Zadoq Nwiya, (Ashitha, Lower Tyari) *Sayfo Keena, (Bnay l'Gippa, Lower Tyari) *Rayis Booko, (Ashitha, Lower Tyari) *Rayis Yawp Sawkho, (Chamba, Upper Tyari) *Rayis Warda Oshana, (Rarwa, Upper Tyari) *Lazar Marqus (Ashitha, Lower Tyari)


See also

*
List of Assyrian tribes The following is a list of Assyrian clans or tribes of northern Iraq, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and northwestern Iran. Tribes * Nerwa tribe * Albaq Tribe * Alqosh Tribe * Barwar Tribe * Baz tribe * Botan tribe * Ch ...
* List of Assyrian settlements * Assyrian independence movement *
Barwari Barwari ( syr, ܒܪܘܪ, ku, به‌رواری, Berwarî) is a region in the Hakkari mountains in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The region is inhabited by Assyrians and Kurds, and was formerly also home to a number of Jews prior to the ...
*
Jilu Jīlū was a district located in the Hakkari region of upper Mesopotamia in modern-day Turkey. Before 1915 Jīlū was home to Assyrians and as well as a minority of Kurds. There were 20 Assyrian villages in this district. The area was tradition ...
* Nochiya * Öveç, Şemdinli * Beyyurdu, Şemdinli


Notes


References

{{Reflist Assyrian tribes Hakkari Hakkâri Province