Tsuruga Domain

was a '' fudai'' feudal domain of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echizen Province, in the Hokuriku region of Honshū. The domain was centered at Tsuruga ''jin'ya'', located in the center of what is now the city of Tsuruga in Fukui Prefecture. It was also referred to as .

History

The Tsuruga District was an important seaport on the Sea of Japan from ancient times. In the Sengoku period, it came under the control of Shibata Katsuie. Under Toyotomi Hideyoshi, it was assigned as a 50,0000 ''koku'' fief to Hachiya Yoritaka, and after he died without heir in 1589, it was assigned to Ōtani Yoshitsugu. However, after the 1600 Battle of Sekigahara, the victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu assigned all of Echizen Province as a 680,000 ''koku'' fief to his second son Yūki Hideyasu. In 1615, under the Tokugawa shogunate's "one country, one castle" policy Tsuruga Castle was destroyed. Further, Yuki Hideyasu's son, Matsudaira Tadanao was dismissed by the shogunate for misgovernment, and Fukui Domain was greatly reduced in size. The Tsuruga area became divided mostly between territory controlled by the Sakai clan of neighbouring Obama Domain and ''tenryō'' territory controlled directly by the shogunate.

In 1682, the 2nd ''daimyō'' of Obama Domain, Sakai Tadanao, left a will stating that 10,000 ''koku'' portion of Obama Domain's holdings in Tsuruga be separated into a separate domain for his second son, Sakai Tadashige. This marked the start of Tsuruga Domain. Initially, the domain existed completely as a subsidiary domain of Obama Domain and continued to be administered as an integral part of that domain. Although a ''jin'ya'' was constructed in the Mariyama area in 1687, only a few official resided there - the ''daimyō'' of Tsuruoka worked as officials within the shōgun government, and preferred to stay at the domain's residence in Edo. The fourth ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga, Sakai Tadaka started to take steps to assert the domain's independence from the parent house from 1759; however, one hundred years later, the domain still remained economically dependent on Obama and the seventh ''daimyō'', Sakai Tadamasu proposed unsuccessfully that it be reabsorbed back into Obama. In 1861, the domain ''kokudaka'' was increased by 1060 ''koku'' with the promotion of Sakai Tadamasa to ''wakadoshiyori'' and the status of a "castle-holding ''daimyō'', but with these promotions came the onus to perform the '' sankin kōtai'', so the domain was actually worse off financially than before. During the Boshin War, the domain followed the lead of the parent house and defected to the imperial side. The final ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga, Sakai Tadatsune served as imperial governor under the Meiji government until the abolition of the han system in 1871.

Bakumatsu period holdings

Like with most ''fudai'' domains in the han system, Tsuruga Domain consisted of discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''kokudaka'', based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields,Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987)
''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18

*Echizen Province
**23 villages in Tsuruga District
*Ōmi Province
**13 villages in Takashima District

List of ''daimyō''

Sakai Tadashige

was the 1st ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadashige born at the Sakai clan residence in Edo, and was the second son of Sakai Tadanao of Obama Domain. His childhood name was Senchiyō. In 1682, on the death of his father, he received an estate with a ''kokudaka'' of 10,000 ''koku'' in Echizen Province. This marked the start of Tsuruga Domain. He later served as an '' Ōbangashira'' in the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate. His courtesy title was ''Ukyō-no-suke''. His wife was the daughter of Doi Toshifusa of Ōno Domain. He died in 1706 and his grave is at the temple of Seisho-ji in Atago, Tokyo.

Sakai Tadagiku

was the 2nd ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadakiku was the eldest son of Sakai Tadashige. He became ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga on the death of his father in 1706. He was an ''Ōbangashira'' in 1714 and died in 1722. His first wife was a daughter of Hotta Masayasu of Omi-Miyagawa Domain, and he later remarried the daughter of Aoyama Tadashige of Kameyama Domain. His courtesy title was ''Hida-no-kami''.

Sakai Tadatake

was the 3rd ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadatake was the third son of Sakai Tadagiku. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune in 1715 and became ''daimyō'' on the death of his father in 1722. His courtesy title was ''Ukyō-no-suke''. However, he was relieved of office due to a fire which burned down the clan residence in 1723. He died without heir in 1731.

Sakai Tadaka

was the 4th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadaka was the 8th son of Sakai Tadagiku. He was posthumously adopted as heir to his brother Tadatake and became ''daimyō'' in 1731. In 1745, he served as ''Ōbangashira'' and in 1758 became a ''Sōshaban''. He rose to the post of ''Jisha-bugyō'' in 1761 and ''wakadoshiyori'' in 1765. He retired in 1788 and died in 1791. His courtesy title was ''Harima-no-kami'', later ''Hida-no-kami''. His wife was a daughter of Mizuno Tadasada of Hōjō Domain.

Sakai Tadanobu

was the 5th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadanobu was the fourth son of Sakai Tadaka, and became ''daimyō'' on the retirement of his father in 1788 as all three of his elder brothers died in infancy. He served as ''Ōbangashira''. In 1797 he retired, and died in 1799 at the age of 44. His wife was a daughter of Miura Akitsugu of Mimasaka-Katsuyama Domain. His courtesy title was ''Sagami-no-kami''.

Sakai Tadae

was the 6th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadae was the eldest son of Sakai Tadanobu. His courtesy title was initially ''Ukyō-no-suke'', later ''Hida-no-kami''. He became ''daimyō'' on the retirement of his father in 1797. His wife was a granddaughter of Arima Takasumi of Echizen-Maruoka Domain. He served as ''Ōbangashira'' and '' Osaka-johan''. He died in 1833 at the age of 53.

Sakai Tadamasu

was the 7th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadamasu was the fourth son of Sakai Tadae. His wife was a daughter of Sakai Tadamichi of Dewa-Matsuyama Domain; he later remarried to a daughter of Nagai Naosuke of Kano Domain. He became ''daimyō'' on the death of his father in 1833. He served as ''wakadoshiyori'' in the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate during three critical occasions.

In 1859, Russian general Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky led a fleet of seven vessels into Edo Bay, and demanded that Japan officially recognize Russian sovereignty over all of Sakhalin. Sakai and Endō Tanenori (of Mikami Domain) served as negotiators on the Japanese side, claiming that not only was Sakhalin Japanese territory, but so were the Kurile Islands, including Kamchatka peninsula. The second time was in 1861, when he met with British minister Rutherford Alcock and French minister Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt over the murder of Henry Heusken over reparation demanded due to the Namamugi incident, and with the French, British, Dutch and American delegations over the Shimonoseki Campaign. Although a strong supporter of the shogunate during the Bakumatsu period, he resigned his posts at the time of the ''Taisei hōkan'' and after the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, the domain submitted to the new Meiji government.

Sakai Tadatsune

was the 8th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province. Tadatsune was the fourth son of Sakai Tadamasu. His wife was a daughter of Itakura Katsuaki of Fukushima Domain. He became ''daimyō'' in 1867 when his father submitted to the Meiji government and served as imperial governor in 1869. When the domain was merged with Obama Domain in 1870, he subsequently served as imperial governor of Obama until the abolition of the han system in 1871.

See also

* List of Han

Notes

References

* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
OCLC 48943301
* Papinot, Edmund. (1906) ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon.'' Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha
OCLC 465662682''Nobiliaire du japon'' (abridged version of 1906 text).

External links

{{Authority control

Domains of Japan
History of Fukui Prefecture
Hokuriku region
1682 establishments in Japan
Echizen Province
Sakai clan
Tsuruga, Fukui