Trieshi is a historical Albanian tribe (''fis'') and region (in Montenegrin known as ''Zatrijebač'') in

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

above the right bank of the Cem river near the

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and share ...

n border in Tuzi Municipality. It is part of the region of

Malësia Malësia e Madhe ("Great Highlands"), known simply as Malësia ( sq, Malësia, cnr, / ), is a historical and ethnographic region in northern Albania and eastern central Montenegro corresponding to the highlands of the geographical subdivision ...

Geography

Trieshi lies in the municipality of Tuzi on the Albania-Montenegro border as the Cem crosses into Montenegro after

Grabom Grabom is a settlement near Brojë in the former Kelmend municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. Near this village a new border crossing point between Albania and Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , ...

along the river's right bank. It has a total territory of about 30 km² and all of its settlements are in mountainous terrain with little arable land. The settlements of Trieshi are: Nikmarash, Rudinë, Muzheçk, Budëz, Poprat, Stjepoh, Delaj, Bëkaj, Llopar, Cem i Trieshit. In terms of historical territory, Trieshi borders Hoti to the south-west, Kelmendi to the east, Gruda to the west and Koja e Kuçit to the north.

Origins

Oral traditions and fragmentary stories were collected and interpreted by writers who travelled in the region in the 19th century about the early history of Trieshi. In the 20th century, an interdisciplinary approach of comparative anthropology in the context of recorded historical material has yielded more historically-grounded accounts. Trieshi is not a ''fis'' (tribe) of the same patrilineal ancestry. More than half of Trieshi claims direct patrilineal descent from ''Ban Keqi'', who in oral tradition is the founder of Trieshi and brother of ''Lazër Keqi'', founder of Hoti. Another part of the tribe, Delaj descends from Bitdosi (''Bitidossi''), another medieval Albanian tribe in the region. Bekaj is recorded as coming in as a result of

blood feud A feud , referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans. Feuds begin because one pa ...

from

Rijeka Crnojevića Rijeka Crnojevića (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Ријека Црнојевића, lit. "River of Crnojević") is a town in Montenegro on the eponymous Rijeka Crnojevića river, near the coast of Skadar lake. History The Ottomans captured Žablja ...

, in the early Ottoman times better known as Rijeka Ivan Beka'. Edith Durham in ''High Albania'' (1908) recorded another story, which placed the original location of Bekaj in

Koplik Koplik (also known as Koplik i Poshtëm) is a town and former municipality in the northwestern tip of Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision, and the seat of the municipality Malësi e Madhe. It was the seat of the ...

. In oral tradition, Bumçe, the wife of the progenitor of Kelmendi came from the Bekaj brotherhood. Other brotherhoods (''Anas'') that were already settled in Trieshi at the time of its formation descended from tribes that now are further south in

Shkodër County Shkodër County ( sq, Qarku i Shkodrës) is a county in northwestern Albania, with the capital in Shkodër. The county spans and had a total population of 197,177 people as of 2021. The county borders on the counties of Lezhë, Kukës and the ...

like Plani and Xhani/Xhaj. Thus, within Trieshi, brotherhoods that didn't have the same patrilineal ancestry could intermarry, but they didn't intermarry with tribes with which they shared the same direct ancestor. For example, more than half of Trieshi didn't intermarry with Hoti. Johann Georg von Hahn recorded one of the first oral traditions about Trieshi from a Catholic priest named Gabriel in Shkodra in 1850. According to it the first direct male ancestor of the Triepshi was ''Ban Keq'', son of a Catholic Albanian, ''Keq'' who fleeing from Ottoman conquest settled in a Slavic-speaking area that would become the historical Piperi region. His sons, the brothers ''Lazër Keqi'' (ancestor of Hoti), ''Ban Keqi'' (ancestor of Trieshi), '' Merkota Keqi,

Kaster Kaster is a village in West Flanders, Belgium. According to the 2005 census it has a population of 803. The neoclassical St Peter's Church of Kaster, located in the eastern part of the village, dates from 1818.Vasojevići) had to abandon the village after committing murder against the locals, but ''Keq'' and his younger son ''Piper Keqi'' remained there and ''Piper Keqi'' became the direct ancestor of the Piperi tribe. In the story, Ban Keqi settled in the same region - that would become Trieshi - with his brother Lazër, who later moved southwards and founded Hoti. Thus, Ban Keqi became the first direct male ancestor of Trieshi. The patronymic surname of ''Keq'' is recorded in differing accounts as ''Preka'', ''Ponti'' and ''Panta''. The name of the first ancestor, ''Keq'', which means ''bad'' in Albanian, is given in

to only children or to children from families with very few children (due to infant mortality). In those families, an "ugly" name (''i çudun'') was given as a spoken talisman to protect the child from the "

evil eye The Evil Eye ( grc, ὀφθαλμὸς βάσκανος; grc-koi, ὀφθαλμὸς πονηρός; el, (κακό) μάτι; he, עַיִן הָרָע, ; Romanian: ''Deochi''; it, malocchio; es, mal de ojo; pt, mau-olhado, olho gordo; ar ...

History

Bitidosi (spelled in Venetian archives as Bisdos, Butadossi, Bitidossi, Busadossa) is recorded in 1335 and its leader ''Paulus Busadosa'' is recorded. In 1415, they appear in a union with the Hoti and Tuzi tribes (''Осti, Tusi et Bitidossi''). In the defter of the

Sanjak of Scutari The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra ( sq, Sanxhaku i Shkodrës; sr, Скадарски санџак; tr, İskenderiye Sancağı or ''İşkodra Sancağı'') was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the Ot ...

, in the

nahiya A nāḥiyah ( ar, , plural ''nawāḥī'' ), also nahiya or nahia, is a regional or local type of administrative division that usually consists of a number of villages or sometimes smaller towns. In Tajikistan, it is a second-level division w ...

of Kuči in 1485, the settlement of Bitidosi appears with 11 households from which the brotherhood of Delaj springs. In the

Dečani chrysobulls The Dečani chrysobulls ( sr, Дечанске хрисовуље/Dečanske hrisovulje) alternatively known as the Dečani charters (Дечанске повеље/Dečanske povelje) are chrysobulls dating to 1321-1331 which contains a detailed lis ...

of 1330, the micro-toponym ''Bьnьkekjeve glade'' ("Bankeqi's hut") is attested in the region of eastern Montenegro bordering modern Vermosh in Kelmend, north-western Albania. This is the first recorded mention of the Albanian Bankeqi (from the founder ''Ban Keqi'', also mentioned in oral tradition) which, at this point, had yet to become fully territorialized and appears to have been organized as a ''katun'' (semi-nomadic pastoral community). The settlement of ''Bankeq'' also appears in the aforementioned Ottoman defter with 11 households. The appearance of this settlement suggests that the Bankeqi had started to become territorialized and settled in this region of eastern Montenegro following the Ottoman occupation, gradually abandoning their previous semi-nomadic pastoralist way of life. A common trend for the Albanian tribes. ''Bankeq'' is recorded again in the following Ottoman ''defter'' of 1582 where mixed Albanian-Slavic anthroponyms now dominated over typical Albanian personal names, an indication of increasing Slavic influence in the greater region. Over half of the brotherhoods of Trieshi trace their ancestry back to the Bankeqi. Trieshi is remembered for its resistance to Ottoman incursions in the region, in particular in 1717 when they killed 62 Ottoman soldiers. After their defeat, Ottoman forces were forced to retreat from the region until 1862. The Ottoman battle left Triesh with a disdain for their Muslim neighbors. As stated by

Robert Elsie Robert Elsie (June 29, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was a Canadian-born German scholar who specialized in Albanian literature and folklore. Elsie was a writer, translator, interpreter, and specialist in Albanian studies, being the author of numerou ...

, a well known Albanoligist, the Trieshjan would constantly perturb the towns of Podgorica and

Guci In Chinese culture, Guci () are the prosimetric lyrics of '' dagu'', one musical entertainment form in the ''shuochang'' or "speak and sing" genre. The performers narrate a story based on the lyrics, usually accompanied by singing, while beatin ...

, and due to their "warlike nature" would lie in wait to ambush and kill Muslim caravans. Based on tactical reasons, at this time the Trieshi had good relations with Kuči tribe and the

Petrović-Njegoš dynasty Petrović-Njegoš (Serbian Cyrillic: , / ) is the Serbian family that ruled Montenegro from 1697 to 1916. Montenegro was ruled from its inception by '' vladikas'' ( prince-bishops) since 1516, who had a dual temporal and spiritual role. In 169 ...

, the rulers of Montenegro. Robert Elsie recounts a story about Trieshi men going to

Cetinje Cetinje (, ) is a town in Montenegro. It is the former royal capital (''prijestonica'' / приjестоница) of Montenegro and is the location of several national institutions, including the official residence of the president of Montenegro ...

in order to bring the vladika the heads of Ottomans that they had cut off in battles in return for rewards and gifts. This had changed by the 19th century with the creation of Montenegro and its southwards expansion against Catholic Albanian communities. In the

Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) *Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) Montenegrin–Ottoman War may refer to: * Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) * Monteneg ...

, Kuči, Piperi and other groups attacked Trieshi and Koja e Kuçit, but that attack was repulsed. As well as fighting with the Ottoman Empire, Triesh also warred with the neighboring Hoti tribe after they made advancements to gain Trieshjan land. In 1849, Hoti had 400 warriors while Triesh only had 80, but ultimately army size would not equate to success. Over time, there were several skirmishes and by the end of the conflict, Hoti had sustained severe casualties while Triesh had lost not nearly as many men. In the end, Hoti offered Triesh a golden saddle, as a sign of surrender and a peace offering. The Trieshjant refused the offering, but did not continue their war with Hoti. The area of Trieshi and Koja e Kuçit were formally ceded by the Ottomans to

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

in 1878 at a time of the

Congress of Berlin The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire. Represented at th ...

, but the border remained vague until the end of WW. Some of the Trieshi then fled to nearby Gruda whereas a part remained in Montenegro. An agreement was reached around 1900 and they returned to their villages. As of 2018, Triesh is part of Tuzi Municipality.

Traditions

The ruins of its oldest church are in Budëz, but by the 17th century it was in ruins. Pjetër Bogdani writes in 1672 that the parish had no priest and needed missionaries and a school teacher. The church of Triesh (''kisha e Trieshit'') at that period has a register since 1753, the earliest confirmed date of the building's use. The information about the parish of Trieshi in 1745 is also the earliest exact information on the population figures of the tribe. It had 84 households with 580 Catholic believers. The funerary customs of Trieshi as those of Malësia in general include the lamentation ('' gjamë'') of the deceased in a collective manner by a group of men (''gjamatarë'').

Brotherhoods

The noted families of Triesh as recorded by Emile Wiet, the

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

consul in

Shkodër Shkodër ( , ; sq-definite, Shkodra) is the fifth-most-populous city of the Republic of Albania and the seat of Shkodër County and Shkodër Municipality. The city sprawls across the Plain of Mbishkodra between the southern part of Lake Shko ...

in 1866

References

{{Reflist Albanian Roman Catholics Historical regions in Montenegro Malësia