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TLCS is a prefix applied to
microcontroller A microcontroller (MCU for ''microcontroller unit'', often also MC, UC, or μC) is a small computer on a single VLSI integrated circuit (IC) chip. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and programmable ...
s made by
Toshiba , commonly known as Toshiba and stylized as TOSHIBA, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Its diversified products and services include power, industrial and social infrastructure syste ...
. The product line includes multiple families of CISC and
RISC In computer engineering, a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) is a computer designed to simplify the individual instructions given to the computer to accomplish tasks. Compared to the instructions given to a complex instruction set comput ...
architectures. Individual components generally have a part number beginning with "TMP". E.g. the TMP8048AP is a member of the TLCS-48 family.


TLCS-12

The TLCS-12 was a
12-bit Possibly the best-known 12-bit CPU is the PDP-8 and its relatives, such as the Intersil 6100 microprocessor produced in various forms from August 1963 to mid-1990. Many analog to digital converters (ADCs) have a 12-bit resolution. Some PIC micr ...
microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circu ...
and
central processing unit A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, a ...
manufactured by Toshiba. It began development in 1971, and was completed in 1973. It was a 32mm²
MOS integrated circuit upright=1.6, gate (G), body (B), source (S), and drain (D) terminals. The gate is separated from the body by an gate oxide">insulating layer (pink). The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET), also ...
chip with about 2,800
silicon gate In semiconductor electronics fabrication technology, a self-aligned gate is a transistor manufacturing approach whereby the gate electrode of a MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is used as a mask for the doping of th ...
s, fabricated on a
6 µm process The 6 µm process is the level of semiconductor process technology that was reached around 1974 by the leading semiconductor companies such as Intel. Products featuring 6 µm manufacturing process * Intel 8080 CPU launched in 1974 was ma ...
with
NMOS logic N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor logic uses n-type (-) MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors) to implement logic gates and other digital circuits. These nMOS transistors operate by creating an inversion layer in a p-type t ...
. It was used in the
Ford EEC The Ford EEC or Electronic Engine Control is a series of ECU (or Engine Control Unit) that was designed and built by Ford Motor Company. The first system, EEC I, used processors and components developed by Toshiba in 1973. It began production in 19 ...
engine control unit system, which began production in 1974 and went into mass production in 1975. The system memory included 512-bit
RAM Ram, ram, or RAM may refer to: Animals * A male sheep * Ram cichlid, a freshwater tropical fish People * Ram (given name) * Ram (surname) * Ram (director) (Ramsubramaniam), an Indian Tamil film director * RAM (musician) (born 1974), Dutch * Raj ...
, 2 kb
ROM Rom, or ROM may refer to: Biomechanics and medicine * Risk of mortality, a medical classification to estimate the likelihood of death for a patient * Rupture of membranes, a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac * R ...
and 2kb
EPROM An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. Computer memory that can retrieve stored data after a power s ...
.


TLCS-47 family

The microcontrollers in the TLCS-47 category are
4-bit In computer architecture, 4-bit integers, or other data units are those that are 4 bits wide. Also, 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers, or data buses of that si ...
systems. These are no longer advertised on the Toshiba website.


TLCS-48 family

The TLCS-48 family were clones of the
Intel MCS-48 The MCS-48 microcontroller series, Intel's first microcontroller, was originally released in 1976. Its first members were 8048, 8035 and 8748. The 8048 is probably the most prominent member of the family. Initially, this family was produced ...
(8048) microcontroller.Alt URL
/ref>


TLCS-Z80 family

These were a series of
Zilog Z80 The Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Zilog as the startup company's first product. The Z80 was conceived by Federico Faggin in late 1974 and developed by him and his 11 employees starting in early 1975. The first working samples were ...
compatible microcontrollers.


TLCS-90 family

The microcontrollers in the TLCS-90 family use a
8-bit In computer architecture, 8-bit integers or other data units are those that are 8 bits wide (1 octet). Also, 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers or data buses ...
/
16-bit 16-bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 16-bit microprocessors. A 16-bit register can store 216 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two mos ...
architecture reminiscent of the
Z80 The Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor introduced by Zilog as the startup company's first product. The Z80 was conceived by Federico Faggin in late 1974 and developed by him and his 11 employees starting in early 1975. The first working samples we ...
. These are no longer advertised on the Toshiba website. The TLCS-90 inherits most Z80 features, such as: * seven 8-bit registers (A, B, C, D, E, H and L), * six 16-bit registers (BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, and SP), three of which are 8-bit register pairs, * the combined parity/overflow flag, * the , and 16-bit exchange instructions, and * the and memory copy instructions. There are, however, significant differences. It omits the separate I/O address space of the Z80, but adds more flexibility to operand combinations, some new operations (notably multiply and divide), and several additional
addressing mode Addressing modes are an aspect of the instruction set architecture in most central processing unit (CPU) designs. The various addressing modes that are defined in a given instruction set architecture define how the machine language instructions i ...
s: * and indexed modes operating similarly to and * single-byte "
zero page The zero page or base page is the block of memory at the very beginning of a computer's address space; that is, the page whose starting address is zero. The size of a page depends on the context, and the significance of zero page memory versus ...
" addressing of memory from FF00–FFFF16 * and addressing without a displacement, enabling a single byte of machine code to be saved and the execution time to be increased *PC-relative long (-32768 to +32767 bytes from the program counter, rather than the shorter -128 to +127) Most of the functionality of 8-bit accumulator A has also been implemented for the 16-bit HL register pair, such as the missing and instructions, and the , , and bitwise instructions. The flag quirk from the Z80 is implemented. Furthermore, the instruction was added to ease 16-bit loop counting. TLCS-90 SoC packages include the 4-bit BX and BY registers, which get concatenated with effective addresses based on the IX or IY register, allowing the processor to address up to one
megabyte The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB. The unit prefix ''mega'' is a multiplier of (106) in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes o ...
of memory. The processor includes the and instructions, which are useful for performing 20-bit pointer arithmetic using the IX and BX registers or the IY and BY registers. Instructions are divided into one-byte basic and two-byte extended instructions. Opcodes E016 through FE16 are prefixes which begin an extended instruction. The instruction encoding is unusual in that the prefix specifies one operand of the extended instruction, and unlike the single-byte prefixes used by the Z80 or
x86 x86 (also known as 80x86 or the 8086 family) is a family of complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architectures initially developed by Intel based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant. The 8086 was introd ...
architecture, may itself be followed by operand bytes. After the prefix bytes, the second opcode byte specifies the operation and second operand. For example, the instruction is encoded as , where the first two bytes specify the destination address, the third byte specifies the operation, and the fourth byte provides the source operand.


TLCS-870 family

The microcontrollers in the TLCS-870 family (TLCS-870, TLCS-870/X, TLCS-870/C and TLCS-870/C1 series) use a
8-bit In computer architecture, 8-bit integers or other data units are those that are 8 bits wide (1 octet). Also, 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers or data buses ...
/
16-bit 16-bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 16-bit microprocessors. A 16-bit register can store 216 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two mos ...
architecture inspired by the TLCS-90, but less like the Z80. The TLCS-870 is the original, with a 16-bit address space, which was extended in two different directions: * TLCS-870/X extends the architecture to 20 bits in an upward-compatible way. * TLCS-870/C retains the 16-bit address space, and provides a compatible
assembly language In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language, or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence b ...
, but changes the instruction encoding so that a different
object code In computing, object code or object module is the product of a compiler. In a general sense object code is a sequence of statements or instructions in a computer language, usually a machine code language (i.e., binary) or an intermediate langu ...
is required. * TLCS-870/C1 is an upward-compatible variant of the 870/C with minor extensions.


TLCS-900 family

The TLCS-900 family inherits most features from the TLCS-90 architecture, and includes 32-bit registers and a 24-bit address bus. Most implementations (TLCS-900, TLCS-900/L, TLCS-900/H and TLCS-900/L1 series) have
16-bit 16-bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 16-bit microprocessors. A 16-bit register can store 216 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two mos ...
internal data paths, like the
MC68000 The Motorola 68000 (sometimes shortened to Motorola 68k or m68k and usually pronounced "sixty-eight-thousand") is a 16/32-bit complex instruction set computer (CISC) microprocessor, introduced in 1979 by Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector ...
, while the TLCS-900/H1 series is 32 bits wide internally (like the MC68020). The instruction set is mostly upward-compatible with the TLCS-90, although the binary encoding differs. The same scheme of encoding the addressing mode before the instruction's opcode and additional operands is implemented. The early models supported both a "minimum mode" where the banked registers and
program counter The program counter (PC), commonly called the instruction pointer (IP) in Intel x86 and Itanium microprocessors, and sometimes called the instruction address register (IAR), the instruction counter, or just part of the instruction sequencer, is ...
were 16 bits wide, and a "maximum mode" which had all 32-bit general purpose registers. Later models omitted the minimum mode. In maximum mode, there are 4 banks of four 32-bit registers, each of which can be split into two 16-bit halves or four 8-bit quarters. In the minimum mode of early models, there are 8 banks of four 16-bit registers, which can be split into 8-bit halves. The processor can use the current bank (pointed to by the field in the 16-bit status register SR), the previous bank to be compatible with the alternate register scheme of the TLCS-90, or any arbitrary bank number from 0 to 7. There is also a fixed set of four 32-bit registers, with one of them dedicated as the stack pointer. Early models had two separate stack pointers for user and system modes. Normally, only a set of 8 registers can be addressed from a 3-bit code; addressing all registers requires an additional 6/8-bit code byte that can only be inserted in the prefixed addressing mode operand, restricting which combinations of registers can be used for the source and destination operands. The F register (low 8-bit half of the 16-bit register SR) has an alternate register called F'. Executing from the TLCS-90 requires executing both and . The TLCS-900 also includes 4 "microDMA" transfer channels, each of which have programmable source and destination addresses, transfer counts, data sizes (byte, word, and longword), and various transfer modes. These are triggered the same way as normal interrupts, and interrupt program execution upon the transferring process. The TLCS-900/H model was most prominently used in the
Neo Geo Pocket The Neo Geo Pocket is a monochrome handheld game console released by SNK. It was the company's first handheld system and is part of the Neo Geo family. It debuted in Japan in late 1998 but never saw an American release, being exclusive to Japan ...
and
Neo Geo Pocket Color The is a 16-bit color handheld video game console manufactured by SNK. It is a successor to SNK's monochrome Neo Geo Pocket handheld which debuted in 1998 in Japan, with the Color being fully backward compatible. The Neo Geo Pocket Color was re ...
.


Features and differences

Current TLCS processors offer some or all of the following features: * multifunction, bi-directional general purpose I/O ports with optional built-in
pull-up resistor In electronic logic circuits, a pull-up resistor (PU) or pull-down resistor (PD) is a resistor used to ensure a known state for a signal. It is typically used in combination with components such as switches and transistors, which physically in ...
s * mask programmable, one time programmable,
flash memory Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates. Both us ...
or
EEPROM EEPROM (also called E2PROM) stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers such as smart cards and remote keyless systems, or as a ...
type of ROM. ROMless versions are also available * a variety of serial interfaces: **
I²C I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit, ), alternatively known as I2C or IIC, is a synchronous, multi-controller/multi-target (master/slave), packet switched, single-ended, serial communication bus invented in 1982 by Philips Semiconductors. It is wid ...
** Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (
UART A universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART ) is a computer hardware device for asynchronous serial communication in which the data format and transmission speeds are configurable. It sends data bits one by one, from the least significa ...
/USART) (used with
RS-232 In telecommunications, RS-232 or Recommended Standard 232 is a standard originally introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines signals connecting between a ''DTE'' (''data terminal equipment'') such a ...
,
RS-485 RS-485, also known as TIA-485(-A) or EIA-485, is a standard defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. Electrical signaling is balanced, and multipoint systems are supported. The s ...
, and more) **
Serial Peripheral Interface Bus The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial communication interface specification used for short-distance communication, primarily in embedded systems. The interface was developed by Motorola in the mid-1980s and has become a ...
(SPI) **
USB Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables, connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply ( interfacing) between computers, peripherals and other computers. A broad ...
*
watchdog timer A watchdog timer (sometimes called a ''computer operating properly'' or ''COP'' timer, or simply a ''watchdog'') is an electronic or software timer that is used to detect and recover from computer malfunctions. Watchdog timers are widely used in ...
(WDT) * multiplexed 10-bit A/D converters; D/A converters * dual clock inputs and on-line clock switching by selecting different ''gear values'' (
frequency divider A frequency divider, also called a clock divider or scaler or prescaler, is a circuit that takes an input signal of a frequency, f_, and generates an output signal of a frequency: : f_ = \frac where n is an integer. Phase-locked loop frequency ...
), thus allowing either low-power low-frequency modes or high-performance high-frequency modes * prescalable 8-bit and 16-bit timers (may be used as
Programmable Interval Timer In computing and in embedded systems, a programmable interval timer (PIT) is a counter that generates an output signal when it reaches a programmed count. The output signal may trigger an interrupt. Common features PITs may be one-shot or periodi ...
s) * 8-bit and 16-bit
pulse-width modulation Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a method of reducing the average power delivered by an electrical signal, by effectively chopping it up into discrete parts. The average value of voltage (and current) fed ...
(PWM) and programmable pulse generation (PPG) output * power
voltage Voltage, also known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to mo ...
supply range between 1.8 and 5.5
Volt The volt (symbol: V) is the unit of electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). Defin ...
* external
interrupt In digital computers, an interrupt (sometimes referred to as a trap) is a request for the processor to ''interrupt'' currently executing code (when permitted), so that the event can be processed in a timely manner. If the request is accepted, ...
control * pattern generator, suitable for
stepper motor A stepper motor, also known as step motor or stepping motor, is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any po ...
control * Chip select/wait controller * different
chip carrier In electronics, a chip carrier is one of several kinds of surface-mount technology packages for integrated circuits (commonly called "chips"). Connections are made on all four edges of a square package; compared to the internal cavity for mounti ...
formats As demand for these features differs widely depending on the requirements for a specific project (low energy consumption; high number of I/O ports; etc.), customers can choose from a wide range of different versions.


Development tools

Toshiba offers an
ANSI C ANSI C, ISO C, and Standard C are successive standards for the C programming language published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 14 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the ...
compatible C
compiler In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs th ...
and an
assembler Assembler may refer to: Arts and media * Nobukazu Takemura, avant-garde electronic musician, stage name Assembler * Assemblers, a fictional race in the ''Star Wars'' universe * Assemblers, an alternative name of the superhero group Champions of ...
. Neither tool is available for free. The free
Small Device C Compiler The Small Device C Compiler (SDCC) is a free-software, partially retargetable C compiler for 8-bit microcontrollers. It is distributed under the GNU General Public License. The package also contains an assembler, linker, simulator and debugger. ...
supports the TLCS-90. There is
project for porting GNU assembler
to the TLCS-900 family. Alfred Arnold's The Macroassembler A

is a free assembler supporting the TLCS-47, TLCS-870, TLCS-90, TLCS-900 and TLCS-9000 families.


References


External links


Toshiba USA website about the TLCS series
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toshiba Tlcs Microcontrollers Toshiba