Tomislav II Of Croatia, 4th Duke Of Aosta on:
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Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta (''Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino''; 9 March 1900 – 29 January 1948) was a prince of Italy's reigning House of Savoy and an officer of the Royal Italian Navy. The second son of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1869–1931), Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta he was granted the title Duke of Spoleto on 22 September 1904. He inherited the title Duke of Aosta on 3 March 1942 following the death of his brother Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Prince Amedeo, in a British prisoner of war camp in Nairobi.
From 18 May 1941 to 31 July 1943, he was designated king of the Independent State of Croatia ( hr, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) though he never ruled there. He formally accepted the position and took the name Tomislav II, after Tomislav of Croatia, the first Croatian king.dr. Marijan Rogić, Pod Zvonimirovom krunom (Under the crown of Zvonimir) Munchen 2008.Hrvoje Matković, Designirani hrvatski kralj Tomislav II. vojvoda od Spoleta. Povijest hrvatskotalijanskih odnosa u prvoj polovici XX.st. (Designated Croatian king Tomislav II, Duke of Spoleto. History of Croatian-Italian relationships in first half of the 20th century), Zagreb 2007. Later, however, he refused to assume the kingship in protest of the Governorate of Dalmatia, Italian annexation of the Dalmatia region, and is therefore referred to in some sources as king designate. Regardless, many sources refer to him as King Tomislav II and the nominal head of the NDH during its first two years (1941–1943).
After the dismissal of Mussolini on 25 July 1943, the prince abdicated on 31 July as king on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III.
On 18 May 1941, in a ceremony at the Quirinal Palace, to which Ante Pavelić, the leader of the nazist Ustaše movement that had assumed power in Croatia in April 1941 after the invasion of Yugoslavia, led a delegation of Croats requesting that Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III name a member of the House of Savoy as Independent State of Croatia, king of Croatia. The Independent State of Croatia was a fascist puppet state that was partly under Italian and German control, covering most of present-day states of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but its leaders tried to assert their legitimacy by instating a monarchy that would resemble the Kingdom of Croatia (medieval), medieval Croatian state.
Aimone was then officially named king by his cousin Victor Emmanuel III. On assuming the Crown of Zvonimir he took the regnal name Tomislav II. Originally on learning that he had been named king of Croatia he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King Victor Emmanuel III, though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty. The Italian Foreign Minister and Benito Mussolini's son in law, and Count Ciano's informants said of Aimone "The Duke doesn't give a damn about Croatia and wants only money, money and more money." Ciano's diary noted a conversation between Aimone and himself, where Aimone was "proud of having been chosen King of Croatia, but has no exact idea of what he is supposed to do and is vaguely uneasy about it".
He was due to be crowned in Duvno (Tomislavgrad), in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, but he refused to go to there due to the "Dalmatian question" which arose due to Italy Governorate of Dalmatia, taking some of Dalmatia's coastal territory. Aimone felt that Dalmatia "was a land that could never be Italianized" and was an obstacle to Italo-Croatian reconciliation. Other reasons why he never went to Croatia were because of an World War II in Yugoslavia, ongoing insurgency, and that his safety could not be guaranteed. Because of this he exercised what little power he had from Kingdom of Italy, Italy and Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary, however he never held any real authority throughout his reign as the Ustaše government had deprived the monarchy of most powers and reduced the status of the king to that of a figurehead. Count Gyula Cseszneky was the counselor to the king for Croatian affairs. Prince Aimone also established a Croatian office in Rome where he received confidential reports, official documents, and military, political and economic information from Croatia.
After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, Aimone abdicated as king of Croatia on 31 July 1943 on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III.B. Krizman, NDH između Hitlera i Mussolinija (Independent State of Croatia between Hitler and Mussolini,)p.102
Prince Aimone succeeded to the title duke of Aosta on 3 March 1942, following the death of his elder brother Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, in a British prisoner of war camp in Kenya Colony, Kenya.
In the autumn of 1942, Aimone contacted Allied forces via his courier, the consul general Alessandro Marieni, about the possibility of a peace settlement between Italy and allied forces. Secret talks would continue into 1943, motivated in part by the aim of preserving the royal dynasty of Savoy.
Aimone wearing the Greek Italian and Romanian orders
* Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Cordon of the Military Order of Savoy * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight of the Civil Order of Savoy, Civil Decoration of Savoy * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Silver Medal of Military Valor * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Medal of Military Valor * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy#Military awards and decorations of Italy, Medal of Honour for Long-time Maritime Navigation ** Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta#Sovereign Military Hospitalier Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, Justice of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1st Class
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/ref> * Kingdom of Romania, Romania: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Carol I * United Kingdom: Recipient of the Victory Medal (United Kingdom), Victory Medal
Early life
Prince Aimone Roberto Margherita Maria Giuseppe Torino of Savoy-Aosta was born in Turin the second son of Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1869–1931), Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (eldest son of Amadeus I of Spain, Prince Amedeo, 1st Duke of Aosta (and sometime "King Amadeo I of Spain") by his wife, ''née'' Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, Vittoria dal Pozzo, Principessa della Cisterna) and Princess Hélène of Orléans (daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans). As his patrilineality, patrilinal great-grandfather was King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, he was a member of the House of Savoy. With his brother Amedeo, he was educated at St David's College, Reigate, Surrey, England, and Aimone later went to study at the naval academy in Livorno. On 1 April 1921, Prince Aimone became a member of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy, Italian Senate. Princes of the House of Savoy became members of the Senate at age 21, obtaining the right to vote at age 25. In 1929, twenty years after his uncle Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi had attempted to climb K2 in Karakoram, Prince Aimone led an expedition to Karakorum. A member of the expedition was Ardito Desio. Due to the failure to climb K2 twenty years earlier, Prince Aimone's expedition concentrated solely on scientific work. He was afterwards awarded the 1932 Royal Geographical Society's Patron's Medal for his work.Marriage and issue
After being romantically linked with Infanta Beatriz of Spain, the daughter of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, Alfonso XIII, he married, on 1 July 1939 at the church of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Irene of Greece, Duchess of Aosta, Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, daughter of King Constantine I of Greece, Constantine I and Sophia of Prussia, Princess Sophie of Prussia. They had one son, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (1943–2021), Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, born in 1943.War years
Croatian throne
On 18 May 1941, in a ceremony at the Quirinal Palace, to which Ante Pavelić, the leader of the nazist Ustaše movement that had assumed power in Croatia in April 1941 after the invasion of Yugoslavia, led a delegation of Croats requesting that Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III name a member of the House of Savoy as Independent State of Croatia, king of Croatia. The Independent State of Croatia was a fascist puppet state that was partly under Italian and German control, covering most of present-day states of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, but its leaders tried to assert their legitimacy by instating a monarchy that would resemble the Kingdom of Croatia (medieval), medieval Croatian state.
Aimone was then officially named king by his cousin Victor Emmanuel III. On assuming the Crown of Zvonimir he took the regnal name Tomislav II. Originally on learning that he had been named king of Croatia he told close colleagues that he thought his nomination was a bad joke by his cousin King Victor Emmanuel III, though he accepted the crown out of a sense of duty. The Italian Foreign Minister and Benito Mussolini's son in law, and Count Ciano's informants said of Aimone "The Duke doesn't give a damn about Croatia and wants only money, money and more money." Ciano's diary noted a conversation between Aimone and himself, where Aimone was "proud of having been chosen King of Croatia, but has no exact idea of what he is supposed to do and is vaguely uneasy about it".
He was due to be crowned in Duvno (Tomislavgrad), in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, but he refused to go to there due to the "Dalmatian question" which arose due to Italy Governorate of Dalmatia, taking some of Dalmatia's coastal territory. Aimone felt that Dalmatia "was a land that could never be Italianized" and was an obstacle to Italo-Croatian reconciliation. Other reasons why he never went to Croatia were because of an World War II in Yugoslavia, ongoing insurgency, and that his safety could not be guaranteed. Because of this he exercised what little power he had from Kingdom of Italy, Italy and Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Hungary, however he never held any real authority throughout his reign as the Ustaše government had deprived the monarchy of most powers and reduced the status of the king to that of a figurehead. Count Gyula Cseszneky was the counselor to the king for Croatian affairs. Prince Aimone also established a Croatian office in Rome where he received confidential reports, official documents, and military, political and economic information from Croatia.
After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, Aimone abdicated as king of Croatia on 31 July 1943 on the orders of Victor Emmanuel III.B. Krizman, NDH između Hitlera i Mussolinija (Independent State of Croatia between Hitler and Mussolini,)p.102
Prince Aimone succeeded to the title duke of Aosta on 3 March 1942, following the death of his elder brother Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, in a British prisoner of war camp in Kenya Colony, Kenya.
In the autumn of 1942, Aimone contacted Allied forces via his courier, the consul general Alessandro Marieni, about the possibility of a peace settlement between Italy and allied forces. Secret talks would continue into 1943, motivated in part by the aim of preserving the royal dynasty of Savoy.
Aftermath
In the latter months of World War II, he became the commander of the Italian Naval Base of Taranto but he was dismissed from his post for his criticism of the judges that had found General Mario Roatta guilty of war crimes. During his naval career he reached the rank of Ammiraglio di Squadra, Squadron Admiral.Death
In 1947 following the birth of the Italian Republic the previous year, Prince Aimone left Italy for South America. Just a year after his arrival, he suddenly died on 29 January 1948 in his temporary residence, a private suite at the Alvear Palace Hotel in the French Borough of Recoleta, Buenos Aires, Recoleta in Buenos Aires, while his entourage was arranging his permanent residency documents and the purchase of his new home in Argentina. The claim to the Aosta ducal title passed to his son Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943), Prince Amedeo.Honours
National
* : Sovereign Knight Commander of the Military Order of the Iron Trefoil, Military Order of the Iron Trefoil, 1st Class * : Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir, Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir, Special Class * : Sovereign Recipient of the Medal of the Crown of King Zvonimir * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Collar of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciationvivailre.itAimone wearing the Greek Italian and Romanian orders
* Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Italy * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight Grand Cordon of the Military Order of Savoy * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Knight of the Civil Order of Savoy, Civil Decoration of Savoy * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Silver Medal of Military Valor * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Medal of Military Valor * Kingdom of Italy, Italy: Recipient of the Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy#Military awards and decorations of Italy, Medal of Honour for Long-time Maritime Navigation ** Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta#Sovereign Military Hospitalier Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta, Justice of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1st Class
Foreign
* Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III * Kingdom of Greece, Greece: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer * Pahlavi dynasty, Iran: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Pahlavi/ref> * Kingdom of Romania, Romania: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Carol I * United Kingdom: Recipient of the Victory Medal (United Kingdom), Victory Medal
Ancestry
References
*External links
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Aimone, Prince, Duke of Aosta Dukes of Aosta Military personnel from Turin 1900 births 1948 deaths Princes of Savoy Italian princes Nobility from Turin Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy Italian admirals Independent State of Croatia Burials at the Basilica of Superga Princes della Cisterna Recipients of the War Cross for Military Valor Collaboration with the Axis Powers Regia Marina personnel of World War II