The Latin patriarch of Antioch was a prelate of the

Latin Church , native_name_lang = la , image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran , caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...

created in 1098 by

Bohemond I of Taranto Bohemond I of Antioch (5 or 7 March 1111), also known as Bohemond of Taranto, was the prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the First Crusade, leading a contingent of Normans on the q ...

, founder of the

Principality of Antioch The Principality of Antioch was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria. The principality was much smaller than the County of Edessa or the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It extende ...

, one of the

crusader states The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political in ...

. The jurisdiction of the Latin patriarchs in Antioch extended over the three feudal principalities of Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Towards the end of the twelfth century the island of Cyprus was added. In practice they were far more dependent upon the popes than their predecessors, the Greek patriarchs. After the fall of Antioch (1268) the popes still appointed patriarchs, who, however, were unable to take possession of the see. Since the middle of the fourteenth century they were only titular dignitaries. The title was last conferred in 1925. The recipient resided in Rome and was a member of the chapter of the

basilica of St. Mary Major The Basilica of Saint Mary Major ( it, Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, ; la, Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris), or church of Santa Maria Maggiore, is a Major papal basilica as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome and the large ...

. The Basilica of St. Mary Major was the Antioch patriarchium, or papal major basilica assigned to the patriarch of Antioch, where he officiated when in Rome and near which they resided.

Background

The seat of the

patriarch of Antioch Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya, Turkey). As the traditional "overseer" (ἐπίσκοπος, ''episkopos'', from which the word ''bishop'' is derived) of the first gentile Christian c ...

was one of the oldest and most prestigious in Christendom. At one time it was the principal city of Syria; the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria. When the

East–West Schism The East–West Schism (also known as the Great Schism or Schism of 1054) is the ongoing break of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054. It is estimated that, immediately after the schism occurred, a ...

took place in 1054, the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

patriarchs of

Antioch Antioch on the Orontes (; grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου, ''Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou'', Learned ; also Syrian Antioch) grc-koi, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπ� ...

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

, and

Alexandria Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria ...

sided with the

patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch ( el, Οἰκουμενικός Πατριάρχης, translit=Oikoumenikós Patriárchēs) is the archbishop of Constantinople (Istanbul), New Rome and '' primus inter pares'' (first among equals) among the heads of th ...

. After 1054, the See of Antioch came under the influence of the

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

. As part of his

grand strategy Grand strategy or high strategy is a state's strategy of how means can be used to advance and achieve national interests. Issues of grand strategy typically include the choice of primary versus secondary theaters in war, distribution of resource ...

, the

Byzantine Emperor This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as le ...

Alexios I Komnenos Alexios I Komnenos ( grc-gre, Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, 1057 – 15 August 1118; Latinized Alexius I Comnenus) was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during ...

sought to utilize the military elan and prowess of the Frankish and European princes of the

First Crusade The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic ru ...

in recovering for him the

Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

, including Antioch and its See. However, after the

Siege of Antioch The siege of Antioch took place during the First Crusade in 1097 and 1098, on the crusaders' way to Jerusalem through Syria. Two sieges took place in succession. The first siege, by the crusaders against the city held by the Seljuk Empire, last ...

in 1098,

refused to submit Antioch to Byzantine rule and set himself up as

prince of Antioch Prince of Antioch was the title given during the Middle Ages to Normans, Norman rulers of the Principality of Antioch, a region surrounding the city of Antioch, now known as Antakya in Turkey. The Princes originally came from the County of Sicil ...

History

The crusaders reinstated at first the Greek patriarch, then John IV as long as the Orthodox patriarch remained there they tried to make him a Catholic instead of appointing a rival. However, when at last he fled to Constantinople they considered the see vacant. Thereupon the Latin Christians elected (1100) a patriarch of their own, an ecclesiastic by the name of

Bernard Bernard (''Bernhard'') is a French and West Germanic masculine given name. It is also a surname. The name is attested from at least the 9th century. West Germanic ''Bernhard'' is composed from the two elements ''bern'' "bear" and ''hard'' "brav ...

who had come to the Orient with the crusaders. From that time Antioch had its Latin patriarchs until the last incumbent Christian was put to death by the

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...

Baibars Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( ar, الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري, ''al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī'') (1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), of Turkic Kipchak ...

during the conquest of the city in 1268. The Greeks also continued to choose their patriarchs of Antioch, but these lived generally in Constantinople. The

was greatly offended by this and tried to re-establish either a Greek patriarchate or a joint patriarchate. Though the

Treaty of Devol The Treaty of Devol ( el, συνθήκη της Δεαβόλεως) was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of ...

in 1108 nominally restored a Greek patriarch, the treaty was never enforced. Under

Manuel I Komnenos Manuel I Komnenos ( el, Μανουήλ Κομνηνός, translit=Manouíl Komnenos, translit-std=ISO; 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180), Romanization of Greek, Latinized Comnenus, also called Porphyrogennetos (; "born in the purple"), w ...

there was briefly a joint patriarchate when

fell under Byzantine control, but for the most part there was only a Latin patriarch. The Byzantine Empire recognized this de facto control of the See of Antioch and the Latin Patriarch soon played a key role in solidifying ties between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire. This represented one of the sole instances of coordinated action by Byzantine and the Franks throughout the crusader period, and led to a number of joint political, diplomatic, military, and marriage alliances. The Latin Patriarch of Antioch was established to serve the Catholic members of the diocese and represent all Christians living in its territory and was one of the major ecclesiastical authorities in the

Crusader states The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political in ...

. Throughout the Crusader period both Greeks and Latins served under its hierarchy which included numerous suffragan bishops, abbots, cathedrals, monasteries, and churches under its ecclesiastical rule. In 1206, seeing that the Byzantine Empire was no longer a threat and wanting to gain the goodwill of his Greek subjects as he feared the Armenians of Cilicia, Prince

Bohemond IV Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (french: Bohémond le Borgne; 1175–1233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233. He was the younger son of Bohemond III ...

restored a Greek Patriarch to Antioch for a short period. The

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...

also favored a Greek Patriarch, but Latin Patriarchs held the see until the Crusaders had been ousted. In 1342, the Greek Patriarchate transferred his seat to Damascus which grew in prominence as the city of Antioch's Christian and overall population declined. Both Latin and Greek Patriarchs continued to be appointed by the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor respectively during the following centuries. However, the Latin Patriarch was a

titular Titular may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * Title character in a narrative work, the character referred to in its title Religion * Titular (Catholicism), a cardinal who holds a titulus, one of the main churches of Rome ** Titular bisho ...

office, with its seat at the

Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore The Basilica of Saint Mary Major ( it, Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, ; la, Basilica Sanctae Mariae Maioris), or church of Santa Maria Maggiore, is a Major papal basilica as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome and the larges ...

in Rome. It continued to play a role in helping to protect various isolated Christian communities in the Near East and eventually secured their unity with Rome. The last holder of this office was

Roberto Vicentini Roberto Vicentini (30 June 1878 – 10 October 1953) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who spent his career in the Roman Curia. He also worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1921 to 1924. Biography Roberto Vicentini was ...

, who held it until his death 1953. It remained vacant until the title was suppressed in January 1964, along with the titles of Latin Patriarchs of Alexandria and Constantinople.

List of Latin religious heads of Antioch

Peter I of Narbonne Peter of Narbonne was Bishop of Albara south east of Antioch from 1098–1100 after the Crusaders led by Robert of Normandy captured the city mostly inhabited by Muslims. Peter was ordained bishop as Peter I of Narbonne by John VII the Oxite, the ...

(1098–1100) (Bishop of Albara, ordained by

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Secon ...

, the Greek Patriarch)The First Crusade
Steven Runciman, page 164, Cambridge University Press, 2005

Latin patriarchs of Antioch

Bernard of Valence Bernard of Valence (died 1135) was the Latin Patriarch of Antioch from 1100 to 1135. Originally from Valence, Bernard was part of the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles and attended the Battle of Harran, and Battle of Sarmada with Roger of Salerno. H ...

(1100–1135) * Ralph I of Domfront (1135–1139) *

Aimery of Limoges Aimery or Aymery of Limoges (died 1196), also ''Aimericus'' in Latin, ''Aimerikos'' in Greek and ''Hemri'' in Armenian, was a Roman Catholic ecclesiarch in Frankish Outremer and the fourth Latin Patriarch of Antioch from c. 1140 until his death. ...

(1139–1193) * Ralph II (1193–1196) *

Peter of Angoulême Peter of Angoulême (died July 1208), also called Peter of Lydda, was a French prelate who served successively as the chancellor of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, bishop of Tripoli until 1196 and Latin patriarch of Antioch from 1196 to 1208. He was imp ...

(1196–1208) *

Peter of Ivrea Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a su ...

(1209–1216) ** ''vacant'' (1216–1219) * '' Peter of Capua'' (1219), never consecrated * Rainier (1219–1225) *

Albert Rezzato Albert may refer to: Companies * Albert (supermarket), a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic * Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands * Albert Market, a street market in The Gambia * Albert Productions, a record label * Albert ...

(1226–1245) * Opizo Fieschi (1247–1292), in exile after 1268

Titular Latin patriarchs of Antioch

** ''Unknown'' *

Gerardus Odonis Geraldus Odonis, Guiral Ot in Occitan, (1285, Camboulit, department of Lot – 1349, Catania, Sicily) was a French theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order. Life His name appears in medieval manuscripts as Geraldus slightly more ...

(1342–1349) * Pedro Amariz (Pedro Clasquerin) (1375–1380 Died)"Patriarch Pedro Amariz (Clasquerin)"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 :... * Václav Králík z Buřenic (1397–1416) * Ludovico (1476) :... *

Gerard de Crussol Gerard is a masculine forename of Proto-Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages. Like many other early Germanic names, it is dithematic, consisting of two meaningful constituents put together. In this ca ...

(Bastet de Crussol) (1471–1472 Died)"Patriarch Gerard (Bastet) de Crussol"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 *

Lorenzo Zanni Lorenzo Zanni or Lorenzo Zane (died 1485) was a Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia (1478–1480), ''(in Latin)'' Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1473–1478), ''(in Latin)'' Bishop of Treviso (1473–1478), ''(in Latin)'' Titular Pat ...

(Lorenzo Zane) (1473–1485 Died)"Patriarch Lorenzo Zanni (Zane)"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 *

Giovanni Michiel Giovanni Michiel (* 1446 or 1447, died 1503) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop. Biography Giovanni Michiel was born in Venice sometime between April 1446 and April 1447, the son of Lorenzo Michiel and Nicolosa Barbo, sister of t ...

(1497–1503 Died)"Giovanni Cardinal Michiel"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 *

Alfonso Carafa (bishop) Alfonso Carafa (died 1534) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lucera (1512–1534), ''(in Latin)'' Bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti (1505–1512), ''(in Latin)'' and Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1504–1505). ''(in Latin)'' Bi ...

(1504–1505) :... * St.

Juan de Ribera Juan de Ribera (Seville, Spain, 20 March 1532 – Valencia, 6 January 1611) was an influential figure in 16th and 17th century Spain. Ribera held appointments as Archbishop and Viceroy of Valencia, Latin Patriarchate of Antioch, Commander in ...

(1568–1611 Died)"Archbishop St. Juan de Ribera"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 *

Tomás Dávalos de Aragón Tomás Dávalos de Aragón (died 1621) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1611–1621). ''(in Latin)'' Biography Tomás Dávalos de Aragón was born in Spain. On 21 Feb 1611, he was appointed during the pa ...

(1611– 1621 Died)"Patriarch Tomás Dávalos de Aragón"
'' Catholic–Hierarchy.org''. David M. Cheney. Retrieved September 28, 2016 *

Luigi Caetani Luigi Caetani (July 1595 – 15 April 1642) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Biography Caetani was born in Piedimonte. Son of Filippo I Caetani, duke of Sermoneta, and Camilla Gaetani dell'Aquila d'Aragona, of the duke ...

(1622–1626) * Giovanni Battista Pamphili (1626–1629), later Pope Innocent X of Rome *

Cesare Monti Cesare Monti (5 May 1593 – 16 August 1650) was an Italian Cardinal who served as Latin Patriarch of Antioch and Archbishop of Milan. Early life Cesare Monti was born on 5 May 1593 in Milan to the patrician family of Princivalle Monti an ...

(1629–1633) *

Fabio Lagonissa Fabio Lagonissa (1584/85–1659) was an Italian bishop and papal diplomat. Life Lagonissa was born in Naples in 1584, or possibly 1585, a son of Giovanni Battista Lagonissa and Feliciana Caracciolo. After studying civil and canon law at the Unive ...

(1634–1652) ** ''Unknown'' *

Giacomo Altoviti Giacomo Altoviti (1604 – 18 May 1693) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of '' Antiochia'' (1667–1693), Apostolic Nuncio to Venice (1658–1666), and Titular Archbishop of ''Athenae'' (1658–1667). ''(in Latin)'' '' ...

(1667–1693) * Michelangelo Mattei (1693–1699) * Charles Thomas Maillard de Tournon (1701–1710) * Giberto Bartolomeo Borromeo (1711–1717) *

Filippo Anastasio Filippo Anastasio (1656–1735) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1724–1735) and Archbishop of Sorrento (1699–1724). ''(in Latin)''Joaquín Fernández Portocarrero Joaquín Fernández de Portocarrero y Mendoza, 4th Marquis of Almenara, 9th Count of Palma del Río (27 March 1681 – 22 June 1760) was a Grandee of Spain who served Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor as Viceroy of Sicily and interim Viceroy of N ...

(1735–1760?) *

Giulio Maria della Somaglia Giulio Maria della Somaglia (29 July 1744 – 2 April 1830) was an Italian cardinal. He was, in his later life — a staunch '' zelante'' cardinal who, as Secretary of State under Pope Leo XII, helped enforce an authoritarian regime in the ...

(1788–1795) ** ''Unknown'' * Antonio Despuig y Dameto (1799–1813) ** ''Vacant'' (1813–1822) *

Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei (29 May 1748, Rome - 24 July 1833) was an Italian cardinal from the house of Mattei. He was promoted to cardinal by pope Gregory XVI in the consistory of 15 April 1833. He was also nominal Latin Patriarch of Antioch Ant ...

(1822–1833) ** ''Unknown'' – possibly

Fabio Maria Asquini Fabio Maria Asquini (14 August 1802 – 22 December 1878) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and Sacred Relics and Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He was born on 14 August ...

listed as the Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (Antioch) from 1837 and was later

Latin Patriarch of Constantinople The Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople was an office established as a result of the Fourth Crusade and its conquest of Constantinople in 1204. It was a Roman Catholic replacement for the Eastern Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ...

. * Albert Barbolani di Montauto (1856–1857) * Iosephus Melchiades Ferlisi (1858–1860, became titular

** ''Vacant'' (1860–1862) * Carolus Belgrado (1862–1866) * Paulus Brunoni (1868–1877) ** ''Vacant'' (1877–1879) * Petrus De Villanova (1879–1881) * Placidus Ralli (1882–1884) ** ''Vacant'' (1884–1886) * Vencentius Tizzani (1886–1892) ** ''Vacant'' (1892–1895) *

Francesco di Paola Cassetta Francesco di Paola Cassetta (12 August 1841 – 23 March 1919) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1 ...

(1895–1899) *

Carlo Nocella Carlo Nocella (25 November 1826 – 22 July 1908) was an Italian cardinal. He was Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation (1892–1899), Latin Patriarch of Antioch (1899–1901), and Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (1901–190 ...

(1899–1901), died 1903, became titular

. * Lorenzo Passarini (1901–1915) *

Ladislao Michele Zaleski Wladyslaw Michal Bonifacy Zaleski (also called ''Vladislovas Mykolas Zaleskis'' in Lithuanian or ''Ladislao Michele Zaleski'' in English, 1852 – 1925) was a Catholic archbishop, pioneer missionary, Apostolic Delegate to the East Indies an ...

(1916–1925) *

(1925–1953) * ''Vacancy from 1953 until the Latin titular patriarchate was officially abolished in 1964''.

References

Sources and external links

List of Latin Patriarchs of Antioch
by GCatholic.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Antioch, Latin Patriarchate Roman Catholic dioceses in the Crusader states Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Asia Principality of Antioch Lists of popes, primates, and patriarchs Latin Patriarch Roman Catholic archbishops in Asia