The
history of the Catholic Church is integral to the
history of Christianity as a whole. It is also, according to church historian, Mark A. Noll, the "world's oldest continuously functioning international institution." This article covers a period of just under two thousand years.
Over time,
schisms
A schism ( , , or, less commonly, ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, suc ...
have disrupted the unity of Christianity. The Catholic Church considers that major divisions occurred in c. 144 with
Marcionism
Marcionism was an early Christian dualistic belief system that originated with the teachings of Marcion of Sinope in Rome around the year 144. Marcion was an early Christian theologian, evangelist, and an important figure in early Christiani ...
, 318 with
Arianism
Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God ...
, 451 with the
Oriental Orthodox
The Oriental Orthodox Churches are Eastern Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite Christology, with approximately 60 million members worldwide. The Oriental Orthodox Churches are part of the Nicene Christian tradition, and represent o ...
, 1054 to 1449 (see
East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the
filioque) and
papal primacy
Papal primacy, also known as the primacy of the bishop of Rome, is a Roman Catholic ecclesiological doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope from other bishops and their episcopal sees. The doctrine is accepted a ...
, and in 1517 with the
Protestant Reformation, of which there were many divisions, resulting in over 200 denominations.
The Catholic Church has been the driving force behind some of the major events of world history including the
Christianization
Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ...
of
Western
Western may refer to:
Places
*Western, Nebraska, a village in the US
*Western, New York, a town in the US
*Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
*Western world, countries that id ...
and
Central Europe
Central Europe is an area of Europe between Western Europe and Eastern Europe, based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) between Catholicism and Protestantism significantly shaped the ar ...
and
Latin America, the spreading of literacy and the foundation of the universities, hospitals, the Western tradition of
monasticism, the development of art and music, literature, architecture, contributions to the
scientific method,
just war theory and
trial by jury. It has played a powerful role in global affairs, including the
Reconquista, the
Crusades, the
Inquisition, the
Investiture Controversy, the establishment of the
Holy Roman Empire, and the
Fall
Autumn, also known as fall in American English and Canadian English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March ( Southe ...
of
Communism in
Eastern Europe in the late 20th century.
Ministry of Jesus and founding
:
* 4 BC:
Nativity of Jesus
The nativity of Jesus, nativity of Christ, birth of Jesus or birth of Christ is described in the biblical gospels of Luke and Matthew. The two accounts agree that Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judaea, his mother Mary was engaged to a man na ...
. According to the Gospel of Luke, his birth occurred in the town of
Bethlehem
Bethlehem (; ar, بيت لحم ; he, בֵּית לֶחֶם '' '') is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000,Amara, 1999p. 18.Brynen, 2000p. 202. and it is the capital of ...
during the reigns of King
Herod the Great of
Judaea
Judea or Judaea ( or ; from he, יהודה, Standard ''Yəhūda'', Tiberian ''Yehūḏā''; el, Ἰουδαία, ; la, Iūdaea) is an ancient, historic, Biblical Hebrew, contemporaneous Latin, and the modern-day name of the mountainous sou ...
and the Roman Emperor
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...
, and he was the son of the
Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jews, Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Jose ...
, who conceived him by the power of the
Holy Spirit. Christians see Him as the Divine
Son of God incarnate
Incarnation literally means ''embodied in flesh'' or ''taking on flesh''. It refers to the conception and the embodiment of a deity or spirit in some earthly form or the appearance of a god as a human. If capitalized, it is the union of divinit ...
or
God the Son.
:*The calculations of
Dionysius Exiguus
Dionysius Exiguus (Latin for "Dionysius the Humble", Greek: Διονύσιος; – ) was a 6th-century Eastern Roman monk born in Scythia Minor. He was a member of a community of Scythian monks concentrated in Tomis (present day Constanța ...
put the birth of Jesus in the year that in consequence is called 1 BC; most historians place his birth between 6 and 4 BC.
* 28 AD: Jesus' baptism, start of ministry, and selection of the Apostles. The Gospel of Luke indicates that Jesus was baptized during the 15th year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar which is dated in 28 AD (found in Luke 3:1,21,22). Christian Gospels strongly suggest Peter as leader and spokesman of the Apostles of Jesus, being mentioned the most number of times in the Gospels. Peter and the sons of Zebedee, James and John, constitute the inner circle of the Apostles of Jesus, being witnesses to specific important events of the life of Jesus: preachings of Jesus such as the
Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount (anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: ) is a collection of sayings attributed to Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7). that emphasizes his moral teachings. It is ...
and performance of miracles mainly involving cures and driving out demons, inaugurating the
Messianic Age.
* 30 AD: Peter declares and other followers believe Jesus of Nazareth to be the Jewish Messiah promised by Yahweh according to the Jewish Scriptures and the predictions of the Hebrew prophets. Entry into Jerusalem, start of Passion of Christ. Jesus of Nazareth is
crucified
Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the victim is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross or beam and left to hang until eventual death from exhaustion and asphyxiation. It was used as a punishment by the Persians, Carthagin ...
in
Jerusalem under
Pontius Pilate,
procurator of
Judea during the reign of
Tiberius and
Herod Antipas, after the
Sanhedrin, under the High Priest
Caiaphas
Joseph ben Caiaphas (; c. 14 BC – c. 46 AD), known simply as Caiaphas (; grc-x-koine, Καϊάφας, Kaïáphas ) in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest who, according to the gospels, organized a plot to kill Jesus. He famously pr ...
, accuse Jesus of blasphemy. He was then crucified under
Pontius Pilate. According to his followers, three days later, God raised him from the dead. Forty days after his
resurrection (
Ascension), the Christian Gospels narrate that
Jesus instructed His disciples thus: "All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of time." (Matthew 28:18–20). Ten days later (
Pentecost) Peter makes the first sermon converting 3,000 to be baptized.
First millennium
Early Christianity
Dates in the Apostolic Age are mostly approximate, and all
AD, mostly based on tradition or the New Testament.
*34 AD:
Saint Stephen
Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ''Stéphanos'', meaning "wreath, crown" and by extension "reward, honor, renown, fame", often given as a title rather than as a name; c. 5 – c. 34 AD) is traditionally venerated as the protomartyr or first ...
, the first Christian
martyr, is stoned to death in Jerusalem according to the New Testament.
*40: Traditional date of
Our Lady of the Pillar showing up to
James the Great
James the Great, also known as James, son of Zebedee, Saint James the Great, Saint James the Greater, Saint James the Elder, or Saint Jacob (Aramaic ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܪ ܙܒܕܝ, Arabic يعقوب, Hebrew בן זבדי , '' Yaʿăqōḇ'', Latin '' ...
in
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of S ...
,
Spain.
* 46: Paul begin his missionary journeys, with
Barnabas
Barnabas (; arc, ܒܪܢܒܐ; grc, Βαρνάβας), born Joseph () or Joses (), was according to tradition an early Christian, one of the prominent Christian disciples in Jerusalem. According to Acts 4:36, Barnabas was a Cypriot Jew. Nam ...
.
*50:
Council of Jerusalem
The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council was held in Jerusalem around AD 50. It is unique among the ancient pre-ecumenical councils in that it is considered by Catholics and Eastern Orthodox to be a prototype and forerunner of the later ...
determines that
Gentile converts to Christianity do not have to abide by
Mosaic Laws
The Law of Moses ( he, תֹּורַת מֹשֶׁה ), also called the Mosaic Law, primarily refers to the Torah or the first five books of the Hebrew Bible. The law revealed to Moses by God.
Terminology
The Law of Moses or Torah of Moses (Hebrew ...
. This will gradually lead to the separation of Christianity from Judaism.
[Chadwick, Henry, pp. 23–24.]
*50-58: Paul' seven undisputed epistles written
* 52: Traditional arrival of St.
Thomas the Apostle to
Kerala, marking the founding of the
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church.
* 64: The Neronian Persecution begins under
Nero after the
Great Fire of Rome
The Great Fire of Rome ( la, incendium magnum Romae) occurred in July AD 64. The fire began in the merchant shops around Rome's chariot stadium, Circus Maximus, on the night of 19 July. After six days, the fire was brought under control, but before ...
. Martyrdom of Saint Peter. Persecution of Christians continues intermittently until 313 AD.
* 67: Martyrdom of Saint Paul outside of Rome.
Pope Linus, according to Catholic tradition, becomes the next pope.
* 68: Neronian Persecution ends with the suicide of
Nero.
* 69:
Gospel of Mark completed.
*70: Fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the
Temple.
* 72: Martyrdom of
Saint Thomas the Apostle
Thomas the Apostle ( arc, 𐡀𐡌𐡅𐡕𐡌, hbo, תוֹמא הקדוש or תוֹמָא שליחא (''Toma HaKadosh'' "Thomas the Holy" or ''Toma Shlikha'' "Thomas the Messenger/Apostle" in Hebrew-Aramaic), syc, ܬܐܘܡܐ, , meaning "twi ...
at
Mylapore.
* 76: Martyrdom of Pope Linus.
* 80s
Gospel of Matthew completed.
*80s:
Gospel of Luke and
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message ...
completed
*90-96
Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian
*95
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book of ...
written. (2nd).
*96: Traditional date of
First Epistle of Clement
The First Epistle of Clement ( grc, Κλήμεντος πρὸς Κορινθίους, Klēmentos pros Korinthious, Clement to Corinthians) is a letter addressed to the Christians in the city of Corinth. Based on internal evidence some scholars sa ...
attributed to
Pope Clement I
Pope Clement I ( la, Clemens Romanus; Greek: grc, Κλήμης Ῥώμης, Klēmēs Rōmēs) ( – 99 AD) was bishop of Rome in the late first century AD. He is listed by Irenaeus and Tertullian as the bishop of Rome, holding office from 88 AD t ...
written to the church in Corinth.
*100:
St. John, the last of the Apostles, dies in Ephesus.
* 100:
Gospel of John completed
*110:
Ignatius of Antioch uses the term Catholic Church in a letter to the church at
Smyrna, in one of the letters of undisputed authenticity attributed to him. In this and other genuine letters he insists on the importance of the
bishop
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
s in the church and speaks harshly about
heretics
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. The term is usually used in reference to violations of important religi ...
and
Judaizers.
* 150:
Latin translations (the ''
Vetus Latina
''Vetus Latina'' ("Old Latin" in Latin), also known as ''Vetus Itala'' ("Old Italian"), ''Itala'' ("Italian") and Old Italic, and denoted by the siglum \mathfrak, is the collective name given to the Latin translations of biblical texts (both ...
'') from the Greek texts of the
Scriptures are circulated among non-Greek-speaking Christian communities.
* 154: The teachings of
Marcion, the
gnostic Valentinus and
pentecostal Montanists
Montanism (), known by its adherents as the New Prophecy, was an early Christian movement of the late 2nd century, later referred to by the name of its founder, Montanus. Montanism held views about the basic tenets of Christian theology simi ...
cause disruptions in the Roman community. Persecution of Christians in the
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...
continues.
* 155:
Justin Martyr composes his ''First Apology'' in Rome.
* 156:
Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, disciple of John, and teacher of
Irenaeus
Irenaeus (; grc-gre, Εἰρηναῖος ''Eirēnaios''; c. 130 – c. 202 AD) was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the dev ...
, is martyred.
* 177:
Irenaeus
Irenaeus (; grc-gre, Εἰρηναῖος ''Eirēnaios''; c. 130 – c. 202 AD) was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the dev ...
becomes bishop of
Lyons
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...
,
France.
* 180: Irenaeus's ''
Adversus Haereses
''Adversus Haereses'' is the commonly used Latin title for a book by the Church Father Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in Gaul (now France). It is also often cited as ''Against Heresies'' or ''On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis''. I ...
'' brings the concept of "
heresy" to the fore in the first systematic attempt to counter
Gnostic and other aberrant teachings. In the same work, he taught that the most reliable source of apostolic guidance was the episcopacy of Rome.
* 195:
Pope Victor I, first African Pope, excommunicated the
Quartodecimans
Quartodecimanism (from the Vulgate Latin ''quarta decima'' in Leviticus 23:5, meaning fourteenth) is the practice of celebrating Easter on the 14th of Nisan being on whatever day of the week, practicing Easter around the same time as the Passove ...
in an
Easter controversy
The controversy over the correct date for Easter began in Early Christianity as early as the 2nd century AD. Discussion and disagreement over the best method of computing the date of Easter Sunday has been ongoing ever since and remain unresolved ...
.
* 200:
Tertullian
Tertullian (; la, Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; 155 AD – 220 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of La ...
, first great Christian Latin writer, coined for Christian concepts Latin terms such as
"Trinitas",
"Tres Personae",
"Una Substantia",
"Sacramentum"
* 248:
Origen of Alexandria writes ''
Contra Celsum
''Against Celsus'' (Greek: Κατὰ Κέλσου ''Kata Kelsou''; Latin: ''Contra Celsum''), preserved entirely in Greek, is a major apologetics work by the Church Father Origen of Alexandria, written in around 248 AD, countering the writings ...
'', the most important apologetic writing of antiquity alongside
Augustine
Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...
's
City of God.
* 249:
Pope Fabian is said to have sent out seven bishops from Rome to
Gaul to preach the Gospel:
Gatien to
Tours
Tours ( , ) is one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole metrop ...
,
Trophimus
Trophimus ( el, Τρόφιμος, ''Tróphimos'') or Trophimus the Ephesian ( el, Τρόφιμος ὁ Ἐφέσιος, ''Tróphimos ho Ephésios'') was a Christian who accompanied Paul during a part of his third missionary journey. He was wi ...
to
Arles
Arles (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Arle ; Classical la, Arelate) is a coastal city and commune in the South of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of ...
,
Paul
Paul may refer to:
* Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
* Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chr ...
to
Narbonne,
Saturnin to
Toulouse,
Denis to Paris,
Austromoine
Stremonius or Saint Austremonius or Saint Stramonius or Austromoine, the "apostle of Auvergne," was the first Bishop of Clermont. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Legend
During the consulship (in 250 AD) of the Emperor Decius ...
to
Clermont, and
Martial
Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial ; March, between 38 and 41 AD – between 102 and 104 AD) was a Roman poet from Hispania (modern Spain) best known for his twelve books of ''Epigrams'', published in Rome between AD 86 and ...
to Limoges.
* 250: Emperor
Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
Pope Fabian is martyred. Afterwards the
Donatist controversy over readmitting lapsed Christians disaffects many in North Africa.
* 312:
Emperor Constantine
Constantine I ( , ; la, Flavius Valerius Constantinus, ; ; 27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337, the first one to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterran ...
leads the forces of the Roman Empire to victory at the
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine the Great, Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber. Constantine won the battle ...
. Tradition has it that, the night before the battle, Constantine had a vision that he would achieve victory if he fought under the symbol of Christ; accordingly, his soldiers bore on their shields the
Chi-Rho
The Chi Rho (☧, English pronunciation ; also known as ''chrismon'') is one of the earliest forms of Christogram, formed by superimposing the first two (capital) letters—chi and rho (ΧΡ)—of the Greek word ( Christos) in such a way th ...
sign composed of the first two letters of the Greek word for "Christ" (ΧΡΙΣΤΌΣ).
313–476
* 313: The
Edict of Milan
The Edict of Milan ( la, Edictum Mediolanense; el, Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, ''Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn'') was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. Frend, W. H. C. ( ...
declares the Roman Empire neutral towards religious views, in effect ending the persecution of Christians.
* 318:
Arius
Arius (; grc-koi, Ἄρειος, ; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter, ascetic, and priest best known for the doctrine of Arianism. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead in Christianity, which emphasized God the Father's un ...
condemned and excommunicated by a council convened by
Alexander, bishop of Alexandria.
[De Imperatoribus Romanis – Constantine I](_blank)
retrieved February 23, 2007
* 321: Granting the Church the right to hold property, Constantine donates the palace of the Laterani to
Pope Miltiades
Pope Miltiades ( grc-gre, Μιλτιάδης, ''Miltiádēs''), also known as Melchiades the African ( ''Melkhiádēs ho Aphrikanós''), was the bishop of Rome from 311 to his death on 10 or 11 January 314. It was during his pontificate that Emp ...
. The
Lateran Basilica (Basilica of Our Savior) becomes the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Rome.
*November 3, 324: Constantine lays the foundations of the new capital of the Roman Empire in
Byzantium
Byzantium () or Byzantion ( grc, Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul today. The Greek name ''Byzantion'' and its Latinization ''Byzantium'' con ...
, later to be known as ''
Constantinople''.
* 323
Pope Sylvester I in his calendar lists Sunday (rather than the Jewish Saturday) as the first day of the week, names it "the Lord's day", and commands church members to keep it as a holy day.
* 325: The
Arian controversy
The Arian controversy was a series of Christian disputes about the nature of Christ that began with a dispute between Arius and Athanasius of Alexandria, two Christian theologians from Alexandria, Egypt. The most important of these controversies ...
erupts in Alexandria, causing widespread violence and disruptions among Christians.
* 325: The
First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea, convened as a response to the Arian controversy, establishes the
Nicene Creed, declaring the belief of orthodox
Trinitarian Christians in the
Trinity.
*November 18, 326:
Pope Sylvester I consecrates the
Basilica of St. Peter built by Constantine the Great over the tomb of the Apostle.
* 336: Date of the first recorded celebration of Christmas in Rome.
* 345:
Pope Julius I officially sets the date of December 25 for the celebration of the Nativity or Christmas.
* 360:
Julian the Apostate
Julian ( la, Flavius Claudius Julianus; grc-gre, Ἰουλιανός ; 331 – 26 June 363) was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplaton ...
becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor.
* February, 380: Emperor
Theodosius I issues an edict, ''De Fide Catolica'', in Thessalonica, published in Constantinople, declaring Catholic Christianity as the
state religion of the Roman Empire.
* 381:
First Ecumenical Council of Constantinople.
* 382: The
Council of Rome
The Council of Rome was a meeting of Catholic Church officials and theologians which took place in AD 382 under the authority of Pope Damasus I, the then-Bishop of Rome. According to the (a work written by an anonymous scholar between AD 519 and ...
under
Pope Damasus I
Pope Damasus I (; c. 305 – 11 December 384) was the bishop of Rome from October 366 to his death. He presided over the Council of Rome of 382 that determined the canon or official list of sacred scripture. He spoke out against major heresies (i ...
sets the
Canon
Canon or Canons may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base
* Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture
** Western can ...
of the
Bible, listing the accepted books of the
Old Testament and the
New Testament. No others are to be considered scripture.
* July, 387:
Ambrose
Ambrose of Milan ( la, Aurelius Ambrosius; ), venerated as Saint Ambrose, ; lmo, Sant Ambroeus . was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promot ...
,
bishop of Milan
The Archdiocese of Milan ( it, Arcidiocesi di Milano; la, Archidioecesis Mediolanensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Italy which covers the areas of Milan, Monza, Lecco and Varese. It has lo ...
, baptizes
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...
, along with his son, Adeodatus, in Milan.
* 391: The
Theodosian decrees
The persecution of pagans under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign as co-emperor in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated the ban of Constantine the Great on animal sacri ...
outlaw most
pagan rituals still practiced in Rome, thereby encouraging much of the population to convert to Christianity.
* 400:
Jerome's
Vulgate
The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.
The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels us ...
Latin Bible translation is published, declared "authentic" by the
Council of Trent. This remained the standard text in the Catholic world until the
Renaissance, and was standard in Catholic services until the
Second Vatican Council.
* August 24, 410: Sack of Rome.
Alaric and his
Visigoths
The Visigoths (; la, Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is kno ...
burst in by the Porta Salaria on the northeast of the city of Rome.
* 431: The Ecumenical
Council of Ephesus declares that Jesus existed both as Man and God simultaneously, clarifying his status in the Holy Trinity. The meaning of the Nicene Creed is also declared a permanent holy text of the church.
* October 8, 451: Ecumenical
Council of Chalcedon opens.
* November 1, 451: The Council of Chalcedon, the fourth ecumenical council, closes. The
Chalcedonian Creed
The Chalcedonian Definition (also called the Chalcedonian Creed or the Definition of Chalcedon) is a declaration of Christ's nature (that it is dyophysite), adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451. Chalcedon was an early centre of Christ ...
is issued, which re-asserts Jesus as True God and True Man and the dogma of the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God. The council
excommunicates Eutyches, leading to the schism with
Oriental Orthodoxy.
* 452:
Pope Leo I
Pope Leo I ( 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Leo the Great, was bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 until his death. Pope Benedict XVI said that Leo's papacy "was undoubtedly one of the most important in the Church's history."
Leo was ...
(the Great) meets
Attila the Hun and dissuades him from sacking Rome.
* 455:
Sack of Rome by the
Vandals. The spoils of the
Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by
Titus are allegedly among the treasures taken to
Carthage
Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classi ...
.
* September 4, 476: Emperor
Romulus Augustus is deposed in Rome, marked by many as the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The focus of the early Church switches to expanding in the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
, with its capital at
Constantinople.
477–799
* 480: Traditional birth of
St Benedict
Benedict of Nursia ( la, Benedictus Nursiae; it, Benedetto da Norcia; 2 March AD 480 – 21 March AD 548) was an Christianity in Italy, Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian who is venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Ortho ...
, author of a
Monastic Rule, setting out regulations for the establishment of monasteries.
* 496:
Clovis I
Clovis ( la, Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: ; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single k ...
pagan King of the
Franks, converts to the Catholic faith.
* 502:
Pope Symmachus
Pope Symmachus (died 19 July 514) was the bishop of Rome from 22 November 498 to his death. His tenure was marked by a serious schism over who was elected pope by a majority of the Roman clergy.
Early life
He was born on the Mediterranean isla ...
ruled that laymen should no longer vote for the popes and that only higher clergy should be considered eligible.
* 529: The Codex Justinianus (
Code of Justinian) completed. First part of Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law).
* January 2, 533: Mercurius becomes
Pope John II
Pope John II ( la, Ioannes II; died 8 May 535), born Mercurius, was the bishop of Rome from 2 January 533 to his death. As a priest at St. Clement's Basilica, he endowed that church with gifts and commissioned stone carvings for it. Mercurius ...
. He becomes the first Successor of Peter to take a new name as pope. John II obtains valuable gifts as well as a profession of orthodox faith from the Byzantine emperor
Justinian
Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565.
His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized '' renov ...
.
* 533: The Digest, or Pandects, was issued; second part of Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law). The Institutes, third part of Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), comes into force of law.
* 536:
Belisarius
Belisarius (; el, Βελισάριος; The exact date of his birth is unknown. – 565) was a military commander of the Byzantine Empire under the emperor Justinian I. He was instrumental in the reconquest of much of the Mediterranean terri ...
recaptures Rome.
* 553:
Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople condemned the errors of
Origen of Alexandria, the ''
Three Chapters'', and confirmed the first four general councils.
* 590:
Pope Gregory the Great
Pope Gregory I ( la, Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. He is known for instigating the first recorded large-scale mission from Rome, the Gregoria ...
. Reforms
ecclesiastical structure and administration. Establishes
Gregorian chant.
* 595: In a deed of manumission that freed two Roman slaves,
Pope Gregory I declared that no heathen who wished to become a Christian should continue to be held a slave.
* 596: Saint
Augustine of Canterbury
Augustine of Canterbury (early 6th century – probably 26 May 604) was a monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church.Delaney '' ...
sent by Pope Gregory I to evangelize the pagan English.
* 638: Christian
Jerusalem and
Syria conquered by Muslims.
* 642:
Egypt falls to the Muslims, followed by the rest of North Africa.
* 664: The
Synod of Whitby
In the Synod of Whitby in 664, King Oswiu of Northumbria ruled that his kingdom would calculate Easter and observe the monastic tonsure according to the customs of Rome rather than the customs practiced by Irish monks at Iona and its satellite ins ...
unites the
Celtic Church in England with the Catholic Church.
* 680:
Third Council of Constantinople
The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches, as well by certain other Western Churches, met in 680–681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical a ...
puts an end to
Monothelitism.
* 685: The Maradites used their power and importance to choose
John Maron
John Maron ( ar, يوحنا مارون, ''Youhana Maroun''; la, Ioannes Maronus; syc, ܝܘܚܢܢ ܡܪܘܢ, label=Syriac) (628, Sirmaniyah or Sarmin, present Syria – 707, Kfarhy, Lebanon), was a Syriac monk, and the first Maronite Patriarch. ...
, one of their own, as Patriarch of Antioch and all the East. John received the approval of
Pope Sergius I, and became the first
Maronite Patriarch.
* 698: St
Willibrord
Willibrord (; 658 – 7 November AD 739) was an Anglo-Saxon missionary and saint, known as the "Apostle to the Frisians" in the modern Netherlands. He became the first bishop of Utrecht and died at Echternach, Luxembourg.
Early life
His fathe ...
commissioned by
Pope Sergius I as bishop of the Frisians (Netherlands). Willibrord establishes a church in
Utrecht.
* 711: Muslim armies invade Spain.
* 718:
Saint Boniface, an Englishman, commissioned by
Pope Gregory II
Pope Gregory II ( la, Gregorius II; 669 – 11 February 731) was the bishop of Rome from 19 May 715 to his death. to evangelise the
Germans.
* 726:
Iconoclasm begins in the eastern Empire. The destruction of images persists until 843.
* 731:
Venerable Bede,
Benedictine
, image = Medalla San Benito.PNG
, caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal
, abbreviation = OSB
, formation =
, motto = (English: 'Pray and Work')
, found ...
monk and only English born
Doctor of the Church (St.
Anselm of Canterbury
Anselm of Canterbury, OSB (; 1033/4–1109), also called ( it, Anselmo d'Aosta, link=no) after his birthplace and (french: Anselme du Bec, link=no) after his monastery, was an Italian Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of th ...
being Italian born), completes his
Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
* 732: Muslim advance into Western Europe halted by
Charles Martel
Charles Martel ( – 22 October 741) was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death. He was a son of the Frankish states ...
at
Poitiers
Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomer ...
, France.
* 751: Lombards abolish the Exarchate of Ravenna effectively ending last vestiges of Byzantine rule in central Italy and Rome.
* 756: Popes granted independent rule of Rome by King
Pepin the Short of the
Franks, in the
Donation of Pepin. Birth of the
Papal States.
* 787: Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea resolved
Iconoclasm.
* 793: Sacking of the monastery of
Lindisfarne marks the beginning of
Viking raids on Christian Europe.
800–1001
* December 25, 800: King
Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( , ) or Charles the Great ( la, Carolus Magnus; german: Karl der Große; 2 April 747 – 28 January 814), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the first Em ...
of the
Franks is crowned
Holy Roman Emperor of the West by
Pope Leo III
Pope Leo III (died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death. Protected by Charlemagne from the supporters of his predecessor, Adrian I, Leo subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position ...
in
St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal en ...
.
* 829:
Ansgar
Ansgar (8 September 801 – 3 February 865), also known as Anskar, Saint Ansgar, Saint Anschar or Oscar, was Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in the northern part of the Kingdom of the East Franks. Ansgar became known as the "Apostle of the North" ...
begins missionary work in Sweden near
Stockholm.
* 859:
Pope Leo IV confirms and anoints
Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (alt. Ælfred 848/849 – 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who b ...
king of
Wessex, according to the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the ''Chronicle'' was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alf ...
.
* 863:
Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius
Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs".
They are credited wit ...
sent by the
Patriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the
Slavic peoples. They translate the Bible into
Slavonic.
* 869:
Fourth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople condemns
Photius
Photios I ( el, Φώτιος, ''Phōtios''; c. 810/820 – 6 February 893), also spelled PhotiusFr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materia ...
. This council and succeeding general councils are denied by the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
* 910: Great
Benedictine
, image = Medalla San Benito.PNG
, caption = Design on the obverse side of the Saint Benedict Medal
, abbreviation = OSB
, formation =
, motto = (English: 'Pray and Work')
, found ...
monastery of
Cluny
Cluny () is a commune in the eastern French department of Saône-et-Loire, in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is northwest of Mâcon.
The town grew up around the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny, founded by Duke William I of Aquitaine in 9 ...
rejuvenates western
monasticism. Monasteries spread throughout the isolated regions of Western Europe.
* 962: King
Otto the Great
Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Große, it, Ottone il Grande), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973. He was the oldest son of Hen ...
of Germany (
East Francia) was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by
Pope John XII
Pope John XII ( la, Ioannes XII; c. 930/93714 May 964), born Octavian, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 16 December 955 to his death in 964. He was related to the counts of Tusculum, a powerful Roman family which had do ...
in
St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal en ...
.
* 966:
Mieszko I of Poland converts to Catholicism, beginning the
Baptism of Poland
The Christianization of Poland ( pl, chrystianizacja Polski) refers to the introduction and subsequent spread of Christianity in Poland. The impetus to the process was the Baptism of Poland ( pl, chrzest Polski), the personal baptism of Mies ...
.
* 988:
Vladimir I the Great is baptized; becomes the first Christian Grand Duke of
Kiev.
* 1000/1001
Stephen I of Hungary becomes
King of Hungary, He would later convert to Roman Catholicism becoming the Founder of the
Catholic Church in Hungary
The Catholic Church in Hungary or Hungarian Catholic Church ( hu, Magyar Katolikus Egyház) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
According to a 2019 survey by Eurobarometer, 62% of Hunga ...
.
Second millennium
1001-1453
* 1012:
Burchard of Worms
Burchard of Worms ( 950/965 – August 20, 1025) was the bishop of the Imperial City of Worms, in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the author of a canon law collection of twenty books known as the '' Decretum'', ''Decretum Burchardi'', or ''Decreto ...
completes his twenty-volume ''Decretum'' of
Canon law
Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...
.
* April 1033/1034: Saint
Anselm of Canterbury
Anselm of Canterbury, OSB (; 1033/4–1109), also called ( it, Anselmo d'Aosta, link=no) after his birthplace and (french: Anselme du Bec, link=no) after his monastery, was an Italian Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of th ...
is born
* July 16, 1054:
Liturgical, linguistic, and political divisions cause a permanent split between the Eastern and Western Churches, known as the
East–West Schism or the Great Schism. The three legates,
Humbert of Mourmoutiers,
Frederick of Lorraine, and
Peter, Archbishop of Amalfi, entered the Cathedral of the
Hagia Sophia during Mass on a Saturday afternoon and placed a
papal Bull of Excommunication on the altar against the Patriarch
Michael I Cerularius
Michael I Cerularius or Keroularios ( el, Μιχαήλ Α΄ Κηρουλάριος; 1000 – 21 January 1059 AD) was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD. His disputes with Pope Leo IX over church practices in the 11th century p ...
. The legates left for Rome two days later, leaving behind a city near riots.
* November 27, 1095:
Pope Urban II preaches to defend the eastern Christians, and
pilgrims to the
Holy Land, at the
Council of Clermont
The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban II and held from 17 to 27 November 1095 at Clermont, Auvergne, at the time part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
Pope Urban's speec ...
.
* 1098: Foundation of the reforming monastery of
Cîteaux, leads to the growth of the
Cistercian order.
* 1099:
Retaking of Jerusalem by the 1st Crusade, followed by a massacre of the remaining non-Christian inhabitants, and the establishment of the
Crusader kingdoms
The Crusader States, also known as Outremer, were four Catholic realms in the Middle East that lasted from 1098 to 1291. These feudal polities were created by the Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade through conquest and political in ...
; Latin bishops are appointed to dioceses still largely populated by the Orthodox.
* 1123:
First Ecumenical Lateran Council. Among other internal issues it tackled, Canon 3 of the council (in response to widespread abuse among the clergy) forbade priests, deacons, and sub-deacons to associate with concubines or women in general other than with female family members.
* 1139:
Second Ecumenical Lateran Council, promulgated a rule forbidding diocesan or secular priests to marry.
* 1144: The
Saint Denis Basilica
The Basilica of Saint-Denis (french: Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, links=no, now formally known as the ) is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the commune of Saint-Denis, a northern suburb of Paris. The building ...
of
Abbot Suger
Suger (; la, Sugerius; 1081 – 13 January 1151) was a French abbot, statesman, and historian. He once lived at the court of Pope Calixtus II in Maguelonne, France. He later became abbot of St-Denis, and became a close confidant to King Lou ...
is the first major building in the style of
Gothic architecture.
* 1150: Publication of ''
Decretum Gratiani
The ''Decretum Gratiani'', also known as the ''Concordia discordantium canonum'' or ''Concordantia discordantium canonum'' or simply as the ''Decretum'', is a collection of canon law compiled and written in the 12th century as a legal textbook b ...
'' furnishing a guide to canon law for centuries, until 1918.
* 1179:
Third Ecumenical Lateran Council.
* 1182: The
Maronite Church reaffirms its unbroken communion with the
Holy See.
*1184:
Pope Lucius III
Pope Lucius III (c. 1097 – 25 November 1185), born Ubaldo Allucingoli, reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185. Born of an aristocratic family of Lucca, prior to being elected pope, he had a long career as a papal diplomat. His p ...
bans the
Waldensians.
* October 2, 1187: The
Siege of Jerusalem.
Ayyubid
The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...
forces led by
Saladin capture Jerusalem, prompting the
Third Crusade.
* 1188:
Pope Innocent III issued a bull that proclaimed the emancipation of all slaves.
* January 8, 1198: Lotario de' Conti di Segni elected
Pope Innocent III. His pontificate is often considered the height of the temporal power of the papacy.
* April 13, 1204:
Sack of Constantinople by the
Fourth Crusade. Beginning of
Latin Empire of Constantinople
The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzanti ...
.
* 1205:
Saint Francis of Assisi
Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, better known as Saint Francis of Assisi ( it, Francesco d'Assisi; – 3 October 1226), was a mystic Italian Catholic friar, founder of the Franciscans, and one of the most venerated figures in Christianit ...
becomes a
hermit, founding the
Franciscan
, image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg
, image_size = 200px
, caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans
, abbreviation = OFM
, predecessor =
, ...
order of
friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders founded in the twelfth or thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the o ...
s.
* November 11, 1215:
Fourth Ecumenical Lateran Council opened by Pope Innocent III.
* November 30, 1215: Fourth Ecumenical Lateran Council is closed by Pope Innocent III. Seventy decrees were approved, the
pre-Thomistic definition of
transubstantiation
Transubstantiation (Latin: ''transubstantiatio''; Greek: μετουσίωσις ''metousiosis'') is, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, "the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of the ...
being among them.
* 1215:
Cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to:
Animals
* Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**'' Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae
**'' Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, t ...
Stephen Langton
Stephen Langton (c. 1150 – 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228. The dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III over his ...
, one of the early Catholic
English cardinals
This is a list of cardinals of the Catholic Church from England. It does not include cardinals of non-English national origin appointed to English ecclesiastical offices such as the cardinal protectors of England.
Dates in parentheses are the d ...
, became an important player in the dispute between
King John and
Pope Innocent III. The tense situation led to the signing and promulgation of the
Magna Charta.
* 1216: The
Order of Preachers (Dominican Order) founded by
Saint Dominic
Saint Dominic ( es, Santo Domingo; 8 August 1170 – 6 August 1221), also known as Dominic de Guzmán (), was a Castilian Catholic priest, mystic, the founder of the Dominican Order and is the patron saint of astronomers and natural scien ...
is approved as a body of Canons Regular by
Pope Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death. A canon at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, he came to hold a number of importa ...
on December 22 (Pope Innocent III having died in July).
* 1229:
Inquisition founded in response to the
Cathar heresy, at the
Council of Toulouse
The Council of Toulouse (1229) was a Council of the Roman Catholic Church called by Folquet de Marselha the Bishop of Toulouse in 1229 AD. The council forbade laity to read vernacular translations of the Bible. The Council of Toulouse was a local ...
.
* 1231: Charter of the
University of Paris granted by
Pope Gregory IX.
* 1233: In a papal bull or charter,
Pope Gregory IX gave graduates of
Cambridge University
, mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts.
Non literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge.
, established =
, other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Schola ...
the right to teach "everywhere in Christendom". Other popes encouraged researchers and scholars from other universities to visit Cambridge, study there, and give lecture courses.
* 1241: The death of
Ögedei Khan, the Great Khan of the
Mongols, prevented the Mongols from further advancing into Europe after their easy victories over the combined Christian armies in the
Battle of Liegnitz (in present-day Poland) and
Battle of Mohi
The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241), also known as Battle of the Sajó River''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279; "Although Mongol losses in t ...
(in present-day Hungary).
* 1245:
First Council of Lyon. Excommunicated and deposed Emperor
Frederick II.
* 1248: Commencement year of the building of
Cologne Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (german: Kölner Dom, officially ', English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a Catholic cathedral in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne and of the administration of the Archdiocese ...
; later finished in 1880.
* 1254:
Pope Innocent IV grants to
Oxford University a charter (via the papal bull, ''Querentes in argo'').
* 1274:
Second Council of Lyon
:''The First Council of Lyon, the Thirteenth Ecumenical Council, took place in 1245.''
The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arl ...
; Catholic and Orthodox Churches temporarily reunited.
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known w ...
dies.
* 1295:
Marco Polo
Marco Polo (, , ; 8 January 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295. His travels are recorded in ''The Travels of Marco Polo'' (also known as ''Book of the Marv ...
arrives home in Venice.
* February 22, 1300:
Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII ( la, Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani, c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. The Caetani family was of baronial ...
published the Bull ''Antiquorum fida relatio''; first recorded Holy Year of the Jubilee celebrated.
* 1298:
St. Gregory the Great,
St. Ambrose
Ambrose of Milan ( la, Aurelius Ambrosius; ), venerated as Saint Ambrose, ; lmo, Sant Ambroeus . was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promot ...
,
St. Augustine, and
St. Jerome
Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is comm ...
are made Doctors of the Church.
* November 18, 1302: Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull ''
Unam sanctam
' is a papal bull that was issued by Pope Boniface VIII on 18 November 1302. It laid down dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church, the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation, the position of the Pope as supreme hea ...
''.
* 1305: French influence causes the Pope to move from Rome to
Avignon
Avignon (, ; ; oc, Avinhon, label= Provençal or , ; la, Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône, the commune ha ...
.
* August 12, 1308: Pope Clement V issues the Bull ''Regnans in coelis'' calling a general council to meet on October 1, 1310, at Vienne in France for the purpose "of making provision in regard to the Order of Knights Templar, both the individual members and its lands, and in regard to other things in reference to the Catholic Faith, the Holy Land, and the improvement of the Church and of ecclesiastical persons".
* 1308:
Meister Eckhart, Dominican mystic, composes his ''Book of Spiritual Consolations'' for Agnes, Queen of
Hungary.
* August 17–20, 1308: The leaders of the
Knights Templar are
secretly absolved by Pope Clement V after their interrogation was carried out by papal agents to verify claims against the accused in the castle of Chinon in the
diocese of Tours.
* October 16, 1311: The first formal session of the
Ecumenical Council of Vienne begins under Pope Clement V.
* March 22, 1312: Clement V promulgates the Bull ''Vox in excelsis'' suppressing the
Knights Templar.
* May 6, 1312: The Ecumenical
Council of Vienne
The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France. One of its principal acts was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar at the instigation of Phili ...
is closed on the third formal session.
* 1320:
Dante Alighieri completes the
Divine Comedy
The ''Divine Comedy'' ( it, Divina Commedia ) is an Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun 1308 and completed in around 1321, shortly before the author's death. It is widely considered the pre-eminent work in Italian literature a ...
, one of the greatest works of world literature.
* May 26, 1328:
William of Ockham flees Avignon. Later, he was excommunicated by Pope John XXII, whom Ockham accused of heresy.
* 1370: Saint
Catherine of Siena
Catherine of Siena (Italian: ''Caterina da Siena''; 25 March 1347 – 29 April 1380), a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic, was a mystic, activist, and author who had a great influence on Italian literature and on the Catholic Church. ...
calls on the Pope to return to Rome.
* 1378:
Antipope Clement VII
Robert of Geneva, (french: Robert de Genève; 1342 – 16 September 1394) elected to the papacy as Clement VII (french: Clément VII) by the cardinals who opposed Pope Urban VI, was the first antipope residing in Avignon, France. His election l ...
(Avignon) elected against
Pope Urban VI (Rome) precipitating the
Western Schism.
* 1387:
Lithuanians were the last in Europe to accept the Catholic faith.
* 1395:
Julian of Norwich, mystic and contemplative, writes her ''Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1400:
Geoffrey Chaucer finishes
The Canterbury Tales, a compilation of stories told by pilgrims on a journey to the shrine of
St. Thomas Becket of Canterbury.
* c. 1412–1431: St.
Joan of Arc, a peasant girl from France, has visions from God telling her to lead her countrymen to reclaim their land from the English. After success in battle she is captured by the English in 1431 and is condemned as a heretic and executed by burning, at the age of 19. Later investigation authorized by Pope Callixtus III would conclude she was innocent and a martyr.
* c. 1414-1418: The
Council of Constance
The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany. The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the re ...
occurs, formally ending the
Western Schism and condemning
Jan Hus as a heretic.
* 1425: The
Catholic University of Louvain
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
is founded in
Louvain
Leuven (, ) or Louvain (, , ; german: link=no, Löwen ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic c ...
,
Belgium.
* 1440:
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (; – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-type printing press. Though not the first of its kind, earlier designs ...
completes his wooden
printing press using movable metal type, revolutionizing the spread of knowledge by cheaper and faster means of reproduction. This soon leads to the large scale production of religious books including Bibles, more accessible now to the laity.
* May 29, 1453:
Fall of Constantinople.
1454–1599
* 1462:
Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II ( la, Pius PP. II, it, Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini ( la, Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus, links=no; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 Augu ...
issued a bill in which he declared the Church's opposition to the slave trade. The pope's primary concern was that prisoners captured during the European wars should not be enslaved by the victorious powers.
* 1492:
Christopher Columbus reaches the Americas.
* 1493: With the ''
Inter caetera
''Inter caetera'' ('Among other orks) was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May () 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of ...
'',
Pope Alexander VI awards sole
colonial rights over most of the New World to Spain.
* 1495:
Leonardo da Vinci started to paint
The Last Supper.
* 1497:
John Cabot lands in
Newfoundland,
Canada, to claim land for King
Henry VII and to recognize the religious tradition of the Catholic Church.
* 1498:
Vasco da Gama reaches
Calicut
Kozhikode (), also known in English as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. It has a corporation limit population of 609,224 and a metropolitan population of more than 2 million, making it the second la ...
,
India.
*January 22, 1506: Kaspar von Silenen and first contingent of Swiss mercenaries enter the Vatican during the reign of Pope Julius II. Traditional date of founding of the
Swiss Guards.
* April 18, 1506:
Pope Julius II lays cornerstone of New Basilica of St. Peter.
* 1508:
Michelangelo starts painting the
Sistine Chapel ceiling.
* October 31, 1517:
Martin Luther posts his
95 Theses
The ''Ninety-five Theses'' or ''Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences''-The title comes from the 1517 Basel pamphlet printing. The first printings of the ''Theses'' use an incipit rather than a title which summarizes the content ...
, protesting the sale of
indulgences.
* 1516: Saint Sir
Thomas More publishes ''
Utopia'' in Latin.
* 1520: Pope Leo X, release a Papal Bull, "Debitum Pastoralis" which conceded that neither the Bishop of Utrecht nor any of his successors, nor any of their clergy or laity, should ever have his cause taken to an external tribunal (Rome or anywhere else) for any reason. Any such proceeding would be null and void.
* January 3, 1521:
Martin Luther excommunicated by
Pope Leo X in the bull ''
Decet Romanum Pontificem
(from Latin: "It Befits the Roman Pontiff"; 1521) is the papal bull which excommunicated the German theologian Martin Luther; its title comes from the first three Latin words of its text. It was issued on January 3, 1521, by Pope Leo X to e ...
''.
* March 31, 1521: Baptism of the first Catholics in the Philippines, the first Christian nation in Southeast Asia. This event is commemorated with the feast of the
Sto. Niño.
* April 14, 1521: The
Sto. Niño as gift by Hara Humamay (Juana) and Rajah Humabon to
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan ( or ; pt, Fernão de Magalhães, ; es, link=no, Fernando de Magallanes, ; 4 February 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He is best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition to the East ...
.
* October 17, 1521: Pope Leo X confers the title
Fidei Defensor to
Tudor King Henry VIII of England for his defense of the seven sacraments and the supremacy of the pope in ''
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum'' against
Protestantism.
* 1525: Arrival of the Spanish Catholic Missionaries in the
Philippines.
* May 6, 1527:
Sack of Rome.
* 1527:
Bartolome de las Casas Bartolome is a Tagalog surname and may refer to:
* Donnalyn Bartolome
Donnalyn Bartolome(born July 9, 1994) is a Filipino internet personality, vlogger, singer, songwriter and rapper
Discography
Albums
*2014: Kakaibabe
*2015: Happy Break ...
,
Dominican friar
The Order of Preachers ( la, Ordo Praedicatorum) abbreviated OP, also known as the Dominicans, is a Catholic mendicant order of Pontifical Right for men founded in Toulouse, France, by the Spanish priest, saint and mystic Dominic of Cal ...
, begins working on his ''History of the Indies''.
* 1531:
Our Lady of Guadalupe appears to
Juan Diego in Mexico.
* April 27, 1533:
Juan de Zumarraga
''Juan'' is a given name, the Spanish and Manx versions of ''John''. It is very common in Spain and in other Spanish-speaking communities around the world and in the Philippines, and also (pronounced differently) in the Isle of Man. In Spanish, t ...
is consecrated first bishop of Mexico.
* August 15, 1534:
Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; eu, Ignazio Loiolakoa; es, Ignacio de Loyola; la, Ignatius de Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, ...
and six others, including
Francis Xavier, met in
Montmartre near Paris and form a group that would become the non-monastic religious order, the
Society of Jesus.
* 1534: The
Diocese of Goa is created by Portuguese missionaries to serve the Western Coast of
India.
* October 30, 1534:
English Parliament passes
Act of Supremacy
The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the En ...
making the King of England
Supreme Head of the Church of England, a national church canonically alienated from the bishop of Rome, the pope. The hegemony of one form of liturgy and order within the pre-Reformation English church is eventually broken or altered among ecclesial fractions, notably Dissenters, Anglicans (Church of England) and Catholics.
* 1535:
Michelangelo starts painting the ''
Last Judgement'' in the
Sistine Chapel.
* 1536 To 1540:
Dissolution of the Monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland. Public strangulation and burning at the stake of
William Tyndale, Protestant Reformist.
* 1537:
Pope Paul III issued a bull in which he declared the Catholic Church's opposition to the slave trade. The pope's concern was similar to the concerns of his predecessor, Pius II, that prisoners captured during European wars should not be enslaved by victorious powers. He also issued the bull ''Veritas Ipsa'', which decreed that indigenous people in the Americas were not to be enslaved.
* December 17, 1538:
Pope Paul III definitively excommunicates King
Henry VIII of England in papal bull, ''Cum redemptor noster''.
* 1540: Pope Paul III confirmed the order of the
Society of Jesus.
* 1541 The
Archdiocese of Lima
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima ( la, Archidioecesis Limana) is part of the Roman Catholic Church in Peru which enjoys full communion with the Holy See. The Archdiocese was founded as the Diocese of Lima on 14 May 1541. The diocese was r ...
is founded as the diocese of Lima,
Peru.
* July 21, 1542: Pope Paul III, with the Constitution ''Licet ab initio'', established the
.
* 1543: The
Polish scientist-cleric, Nicolaus
Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (; pl, Mikołaj Kopernik; gml, Niklas Koppernigk, german: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulate ...
, published a full account of the heliocentric
Copernican theory titled, "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" (''De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium''). Considered as the start of the scientific revolution.
* December 13, 1545: Ecumenical
Council of Trent convened during the pontificate of Paul III, to prepare the Catholic response to the
Protestant Reformation. Its rulings set the Counter-Reformation tone of Catholic Church for four centuries until the
Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).
* July 27, 1549: St.
Francis Xavier, S.J., reaches
Japan and goes ashore at
Kagoshima, August 15.
* 1551: The first diocese of
Brazil is created with a Portuguese appointed bishop reaching
Bahia
Bahia ( , , ; meaning "bay") is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro) and the 5th-largest by ...
, Brazil, a year later.
* 1562:
Palestrina finishes ''
Missa Papae Marcelli''.
* December 4, 1563: Ecumenical Council of Trent closed. The decrees were confirmed on January 26, 1564, by Pius IV in the Bull ''Benedictus Deus''.
* April 28, 1565: The
Basilica Minore del Santo Niño
In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name t ...
is the first
Roman Catholic Church in the
Philippines.
* 1568:
St. John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (; gr, Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; 14 September 407) was an important Early Church Father who served as archbishop of Constantinople. He is known for his preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of a ...
,
St. Basil
Basil of Caesarea, also called Saint Basil the Great ( grc, Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, ''Hágios Basíleios ho Mégas''; cop, Ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ Ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟⲥ; 330 – January 1 or 2, 379), was a bishop of Cae ...
,
St. Gregory Nazianzus,
St. Athanasius
Athanasius I of Alexandria, ; cop, ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲓⲕⲟⲥ or Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲁ̅; (c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, ...
and
St. Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas, OP (; it, Tommaso d'Aquino, lit=Thomas of Aquino; 1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest who was an influential philosopher, theologian and jurist in the tradition of scholasticism; he is known wit ...
are made
Doctors of the Church.
* July 14, 1570: Pope Pius V issues the Apostolic Constitution on the
Tridentine Mass, ''Quo Primum''.
* October 7, 1571: Christian fleet of the Holy League defeats the Ottoman Turks in the
Battle of Lepanto
The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states (comprising Spain and its Italian territories, several independent Italian states, and the Sovere ...
.
* 1571: The French government of
King Charles IX decreed that "all prisoners are free in this kingdom, as soon as a slave has reached these frontiers and becomes baptized, he is free."
* 1577:
Teresa of Ávila
Teresa of Ávila, OCD (born Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada; 28 March 15154 or 15 October 1582), also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, was a Spanish Carmelite nun and prominent Spanish mystic and religious reformer.
Active during t ...
writes ''The Interior Castle'', one of the classic works of Catholic
mysticism.
* December 21, 1581: The construction of
Manila Cathedral in
Intramuros, Manila
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
,
Philippines.
* February 24, 1582: Pope Gregory XIII issues the Bull ''
Inter gravissimas
''Inter gravissimas'' (English: "Among the most serious...") was a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XIII on 24 February 1582. '' reforming the
Julian calendar.
* October 15, 1582: The
Gregorian calendar is first adopted by Italy, Spain, and Portugal. October 4 (Julian) is followed by October 15 (Gregorian) – ten days are removed.
* 1582:
John of the Cross
John of the Cross, OCD ( es, link=no, Juan de la Cruz; la, Ioannes a Cruce; born Juan de Yepes y Álvarez; 24 June 1542 – 14 December 1591) was a Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and a Carmelite friar of converso origin. He is a major figu ...
begins his ''Dark Night of the Soul'', a classic works of Catholic
mysticism.
* 1582:
Matteo Ricci
Matteo Ricci, SJ (; la, Mattheus Riccius; 6 October 1552 – 11 May 1610), was an Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. He created the , a 1602 map of the world written in Chinese characters. ...
, S.J., arrives at
Macau to begin his missionary work in
China.
* September 28, 1586: Domenico Fontana successfully finished re-erecting the Vatican Obelisk at its present site in St. Peter's Square. Hailed as a great technical achievement of its time.
* 1589-91:
William Byrd composed his ''Cantiones sacrae''. His music, according to the ''
Encyclopedia Britannica'', has "an intensity unrivaled in England and a breadth of scale unknown on the Continent." Byrd and his teacher,
Thomas Tallis, though both Catholic, were allowed to compose and perform music during the reign of
Elizabeth I.
* 1593:
Robert Bellarmine
Robert Bellarmine, SJ ( it, Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino; 4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) was an Italian Jesuit and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was canonized a saint in 1930 and named Doctor of the Church, one of only 37. ...
finishes his ''Disputationes de controversiis christianae fidei''.
* 1593 - 1596: Spanish Governor-General
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas y Páez de Sotomayor was a Spanish soldier and governor of the Philippines from December 3, 1593 to July 14, 1596. In 1596, he sent unsuccessful expeditions to conquer Cambodia and Mindanao.
Pérez Dasmariñas was a knight ...
commissioned the image of
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila in
Manila, Philippines.
* August 21, 1595:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila established in
Manila, Philippines.
* 1596: The signing of the
Union of Brest between the See of Rome and the
Ruthenian Orthodox Church.
* 1598: Papal role in
Peace of Vervins
The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, norther ...
.
1600–1699
* 1600:
Pope Clement VIII
Pope Clement VIII ( la, Clemens VIII; it, Clemente VIII; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death in March 1605.
Born ...
sanctions use of coffee despite petition by priests to ban the Muslim drink as "the devil's drink". The Pope tried a cup and declared it "so delicious that it would be a pity to let the infidels have exclusive use of it. We shall cheat Satan by baptizing it."
* 1606: Arrival of the
Black Nazarene
The Black Nazarene ( es, El Nazareno Negro, Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno; fil, Poóng Itím na Nazareno, Hesus Nazareno) is a life-sized image of a dark-skinned, kneeling Jesus Christ carrying the Cross enshrined in the Minor Basilica of the ...
in
Manila, Philippines from
Acapulco
Acapulco de Juárez (), commonly called Acapulco ( , also , nah, Acapolco), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semicircular bay and has bee ...
,
Mexico, is the home of
Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene/Parish of Saint John the Baptist in Quiapo district.
* 1609:
Francis de Sales publishes his ''Introduction to the Devout Life.'' Later, in 1616, he publishes ''the Treatise on the Love of God.''
* 1610:
Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is considered ...
's
Vespro della Beata Vergine
''Vespro della Beata Vergine'' (''Vespers for the Blessed Virgin''), Stattkus-Verzeichnis, SV 206, is a musical setting by Claudio Monteverdi of the evening vespers on Marian feasts, scored for soloists, choirs, and orchestra. It is an ambitiou ...
is performed.
* 1610: Apparition of
Our Lady of Manaoag
Our Lady of Manaoag (formal title: Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of Manaoag; Spanish: ''Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario de Manaoag'') is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary venerated in Manaoag, Pangasinan, the Philipp ...
in
Manaoag, Pangasinan
Manaoag, officially the Municipality of Manaoag ( pag, Baley na Manaoag; ilo, Ili ti Manaoag; tgl, Bayan ng Manaoag), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 76 ...
,
Philippines.
* April 28, 1611:
University of Santo Tomas
The University of Santo Tomas (also known as UST and officially as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila) is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines. Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Migu ...
established in
Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines.
* 1614:
Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow ...
bans Christianity from Japan.
* 1620:
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
The Colegio de San Juan de Letran, (transl: College of San Juan de Letran) also referred to by its acronym CSJL, is a private Catholic coeducational basic and higher education institution owned and run by the friars of the Order of Preachers i ...
established in
Intramuros
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
,
Manila, Philippines.
* April 19, 1622:
Pope Gregory XV makes Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu a cardinal upon the nomination of King
Louis XIII of France
Louis XIII (; sometimes called the Just; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown ...
– becoming
Cardinal Richelieu
Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu (; 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman and statesman. He was also known as ''l'Éminence rouge'', or "the Red Eminence", a term derived from the ...
. His influence and policies greatly impact the course of European politics.
* March 25, 1626: The arrival of
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage
Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage ( es, Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje; fil, Mahal na Birhen ng Kapayapaan at Mabuting Paglalakbay), also known as Our Lady of Antipolo and the Virgin of Antipolo ( fil, Birhen ng Antipolo), is a 17th-centur ...
from Manila going to
Antipolo, Rizal
Antipolo, officially known as the City of Antipolo ( fil, Lungsod ng Antipolo), is a 1st class component city and capital of the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 887,399 people. It is the mos ...
,
Philippines is the home of
Antipolo Cathedral
Antipolo Cathedral, formally known as the International Shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage and the Immaculate Conception Parish, is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Antipolo in the Philippines. It enshrines the Marian image of Our ...
.
* November 18, 1626:
Pope Urban VIII solemnly dedicates the New Basilica of St. Peter 1,300 years after the first Constantinian basilica was consecrated by
Pope Sylvester I.
* 1633: Trial of
Galileo, after which he is sentenced to
house arrest.
* 1637:
Lorenzo Ruiz
Lorenzo Ruiz ( fil, Lorenzo Ruiz ng Maynila; zh, link=no, 李樂倫; es, link=no, Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila; November 28, 1594 – September 29, 1637), also called Saint Lorenzo of Manila, is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church. ...
is a Filipino martyr of the Philippines and his companions martyred in Nishizuka Hill,
Nagasaki,
Japan.
* 1638:
Shimabara Rebellion
The , also known as the or , was an uprising that occurred in the Shimabara Domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan from 17 December 1637 to 15 April 1638.
Matsukura Katsuie, the ''daimyō'' of the Shimabara Domain, enforced unpopular po ...
leads to a further repression of Catholics, and all Christians, in Japan.
* March 15, to October 4, 1646:
Battles of La Naval de Manila
The Battles of La Naval de Manila ( es, Batallas de las marinas de Manila) were a series of five naval battles fought in the waters of the Spanish East Indies in the year 1646, in which the forces of the Spanish Empire repelled various attempt ...
off
Manila Bay,
Philippines, was fought between the Spanish and Dutch naval warships.
* 1653: The
Coonan Cross Oath
The Coonan Cross Oath ( mal, കൂനൻ കുരിശ് സത്യം, Kūnan Kuriśŭ Satiaṁ), also known as the Great Oath of Bent Cross, the Leaning Cross Oath or the Oath of the Slanting Cross, taken on 3 January 1653 in Mattanch ...
was taken by a group of
Saint Thomas Christians against the Portuguese.
* 1671:
Rose of Lima, Peruvian lay member of the
Order of Preachers (Dominican order) and mystic, is canonized by Pope
Clement IX
Pope Clement IX ( la, Clemens IX; it, Clemente IX; 28 January 1600 – 9 December 1669), born Giulio Rospigliosi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 20 June 1667 to his death in December 1669.
Biography
Ea ...
.
* 1672:
Pedro Calungsod
Pedro Calungsod ( es, Pedro Calúñgsod or archaically ; mid-1650s – April 2, 1672), also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish ...
of the Philippines and Father
Diego Luis de San Vitores
Diego Luis de San Vitores, SJ (November 12, 1627 – April 2, 1672) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary who founded the first Catholic church on the island of Guam. He is responsible for establishing the Christian presence in the Mariana Islands. He ...
is the Spanish Jesuit Missionary martyred in
Tumon, Guam
Tumon ( ch, Tomhom) is a district located on Tumon Bay along the northwest coast of the United States unincorporated territory of Guam. Located in the municipality of Tamuning, it is the center of Guam's tourist industry.
History
Tumon Bay or ...
.
* 1674:
Quebec City,
Canada, is elevated to a diocese with its own bishop, St.
Francois de Montmorency-Laval. At one time (1712), the Quebec diocese covered most of the American continent (French, English and Native American territories/colonies) to the
Gulf of Mexico. No other Christian community, Catholic or otherwise, had a bishop in those territories at the time.
* September 12, 1683:
Battle of Vienna
The Battle of Vienna; pl, odsiecz wiedeńska, lit=Relief of Vienna or ''bitwa pod Wiedniem''; ota, Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası, lit=siege of Beç; tr, İkinci Viyana Kuşatması, lit=second siege of Vienna took place at Kahlenberg Mou ...
. Decisive victory of the army of the
Holy League, under King
John III Sobieski
John III Sobieski ( pl, Jan III Sobieski; lt, Jonas III Sobieskis; la, Ioannes III Sobiscius; 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696.
Born into Polish nobility, Sobie ...
of Poland, over the Ottoman Turks, under Grand Vizier Merzifonlu
Kara Mustafa
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha ( ota, مرزيفونلى قره مصطفى پاشا, tr, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa; "Mustafa Pasha the Courageous of Merzifon"; 1634/1635 – 25 December 1683) was an Ottoman nobleman, military figure and Gr ...
Pasha. The Turks do not threaten Western Europe militarily again.
* 1685:
Louis XIV revokes the
Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes () was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights in the nation, which was in essence completely Catholic. In the edict, Henry aimed pr ...
, and large numbers of
Huguenot
The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Bez ...
refugees leave France.
* 1687:
John Dryden
''
John Dryden (; – ) was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who in 1668 was appointed England's first Poet Laureate.
He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the p ...
, dominant English literary figure and influence of his age, publishes
The Hind and the Panther
''The Hind and the Panther: A Poem, in Three Parts'' (1687) is an allegory in heroic couplets by John Dryden. At some 2600 lines it is much the longest of Dryden's poems, translations excepted, and perhaps the most controversial. The critic Marg ...
to celebrate his conversion to Catholicism.
* 1691:
Pope Innocent XII declares against
nepotism and
simony.
1700–1799
* 1713:
Encyclical ''
Unigenitus
''Unigenitus'' (named for its Latin opening words ''Unigenitus dei filius'', or "Only-begotten son of God") is an apostolic constitution in the form of a papal bull promulgated by Pope Clement XI in 1713. It opened the final phase of the Jansenis ...
'' condemns
Jansenism.
* 1715:
Pope Clement XI rules against the Jesuits in the
Chinese Rites controversy
The Chinese Rites controversy () was a dispute among Roman Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries. The debate discussed whether Chinese ritual practices of honoring fam ...
. Reversed by
Pius XII
Pius ( , ) Latin for "pious", is a masculine given name. Its feminine form is Pia.
It may refer to:
People Popes
* Pope Pius (disambiguation)
* Antipope Pius XIII (1918-2009), who led the breakaway True Catholic Church sect
Given name
* Piu ...
in 1939.
* 1720:
St. Anselm
Anselm of Canterbury, OSB (; 1033/4–1109), also called ( it, Anselmo d'Aosta, link=no) after his birthplace and (french: Anselme du Bec, link=no) after his monastery, was an Italian Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the ...
of Canterbury made Doctor of the Church.
* 1721:
Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
bans Christian missions in China.
* 1729:
Pope Benedict XIII
Pope Benedict XIII ( la, Benedictus XIII; it, Benedetto XIII; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini and later called Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 May ...
recognized
Cyril VI as the legitimate
Patriarch of Antioch
Patriarch of Antioch is a traditional title held by the bishop of Antioch (modern-day Antakya, Turkey). As the traditional "overseer" (ἐπίσκοπος, ''episkopos'', from which the word ''bishop'' is derived) of the first gentile Christian c ...
and recognized his followers as being in
full communion with the Catholic Church.
* 1737:
Vincent de Paul
Vincent de Paul, CM (24 April 1581 – 27 September 1660), commonly known as Saint Vincent de Paul, was a Occitan French Catholic priest who dedicated himself to serving the poor.
In 1622 Vincent was appointed a chaplain to the galleys. After ...
, French priest who dedicated his life and ministry to serving the poor, is canonized by Pope Clement XII.
* April 28, 1738:
Pope Clement XII publishes the Bull
In Eminenti' forbidding Catholics from joining, aiding, socializing or otherwise directly or indirectly helping the organizations of
Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities ...
and Freemasons under pain of excommunication. Membership to any secret society would also incur the penalty of excommunication.
* 1738:
Grey Nuns
The Sisters of Charity of Montreal, formerly called The Sisters of Charity of the Hôpital Général of Montreal and more commonly known as the Grey Nuns of Montreal, is a Canadian religious institute of Roman Catholic religious sisters, found ...
founded.
* 1740: Publication of
Richard Challoner
Richard Challoner (29 September 1691 – 12 January 1781) was an English Roman Catholic bishop, a leading figure of English Catholicism during the greater part of the 18th century. The titular Bishop of Doberus, he is perhaps most famous for h ...
's ''Garden of the Soul.''
* 1740–1758:
Pope Benedict XIV appointed first women as professors to Papal Universities in Bologna, reformed canonization procedures: an intellectual open to all sciences;
* 1769:
Passionist religious institute granted full rights by
Pope Clement XIV
Pope Clement XIV ( la, Clemens XIV; it, Clemente XIV; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in Sep ...
.
* 1769:
Junípero Serra establishes
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá ( es, Misión San Diego de Alcalá) was the second Franciscan founded mission in The Californias (after San Fernando de Velicata), a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, ...
, the first of the
Spanish missions in Alta California
The Spanish missions in California ( es, Misiones españolas en California) comprise a
series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California. Founded by Catholic priests o ...
. The Jesuits had founded missions in
Baja California
Baja California (; 'Lower California'), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California), is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 federal entities of Mex ...
from 1684.
* 1773:
Suppression of the Jesuits
The suppression of the Jesuits was the removal of all members of the Society of Jesus from most of the countries of Western Europe and their colonies beginning in 1759, and the abolishment of the order by the Holy See in 1773. The Jesuits were ...
by
Pope Clement XIV
Pope Clement XIV ( la, Clemens XIV; it, Clemente XIV; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in Sep ...
, already excluded from many states. Only in the
Russian Empire are they able to remain.
* 1784: Baptism of the first Korean Catholic.
* 1789:
John Carroll becomes the
Bishop of Baltimore
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Baltimore ( la, link=no, Archidiœcesis Baltimorensis) is the premier (or first) see of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in the United States. The archdiocese comprises the City of Baltimore and nine of M ...
, the first bishop in the United States.
* 1789:
Georgetown University is founded as Georgetown College. It is the oldest Catholic university in the
United States and the first of 28 colleges and universities founded by the Jesuits in the US.
* 1791:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composes
Ave verum corpus
"" is a short Eucharistic chant that has been set to music by many composers. It dates to the 13th century, first recorded in a central Italian Franciscan manuscript (Chicago, Newberry Library, 24). A Reichenau manuscript of the 14th century attr ...
and his unfinished
Requiem
A Requiem or Requiem Mass, also known as Mass for the dead ( la, Missa pro defunctis) or Mass of the dead ( la, Missa defunctorum), is a Mass of the Catholic Church offered for the repose of the soul or souls of one or more deceased persons, ...
.
* 1793:
French Revolution institutes
anti-clerical
Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to ...
measures.
* 1798:
Joseph Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn ( , ; 31 March 173231 May 1809) was an Austrian composer of the Classical period. He was instrumental in the development of chamber music such as the string quartet and piano trio. His contributions to musical form have led ...
,
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
composer and teacher of
Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classical ...
, composed
The Creation (Haydn)
''The Creation'' (german: Die Schöpfung) is an oratorio written between 1797 and 1798 by Joseph Haydn ( Hob. XXI:2), and considered by many to be one of his masterpieces. The oratorio depicts and celebrates the creation of the world as described ...
, an oratorio that celebrates and portrays the creation as recounted in the
Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from Greek ; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, ( "In the beginning"). ...
.
* 1798:
Pope Pius VI taken prisoner by the armies of
Napoleon I, dies in captivity in France.
19th century
* 1800–1823:
Pope Pius VII
* 1801:
Queen Dowager Jeongsun bans Christianity from Korea.
* July 16, 1802: French Concordat of 1801. The Catholic Church re-established in France.
* December 2, 1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French in the Cathedral of
Notre Dame, Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris (; meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité (an island in the Seine River), in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. The cathedral, dedicated to the ...
, in the presence of Pope Pius VII.
* August 6, 1806:
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
* 1823:
Ludwig van Beethoven finishes his
Missa solemnis
{{Audio, De-Missa solemnis.ogg, Missa solemnis is Latin for Solemn Mass, and is a genre of musical settings of the Mass Ordinary, which are festively scored and render the Latin text extensively, opposed to the more modest Missa brevis. In Frenc ...
, started in 1819, and dedicates it to his friend and pupil,
Archduke Rudolf of Austria
Rudolph Johann Joseph Rainier, Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, Cardinal-Archbishop of Olomouc (8 January 1788 – 24 July 1831), was a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and an Austrian clergyman and noble. He was ...
, archbishop of
Olomouc.
* 1829: The
Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, also known as the Catholic Emancipation Act 1829, is passed by Parliament in the United Kingdom.
* 1830: the Chaldean Church leaves the Nestorians to reunite with the Roman Catholic Church
* 1837: Arrival of the French Catholic Missionaries in Korea.
* 1839: In a papal letter,
Pope Gregory XVI
Pope Gregory XVI ( la, Gregorius XVI; it, Gregorio XVI; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1 June 1846. He h ...
declared the official opposition of the Church to the slave trade and to slavery. In the
United States, Catholic slaveholders generally ignored the papal pronouncement and continued to participate in the institution of slavery.
* 1842: The
University of Notre Dame is founded in
South Bend
South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total of 103,453 residents and is the fourt ...
,
Indiana, by Father
Edward Sorin
Edward Frederick Sorin (French: Édouard Sorin), C.S.C. (February 6, 1814October 31, 1893) was a French-born priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross and the founder of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana and of St. Edward's University in Au ...
of the
Congregation of Holy Cross
, image = Congregation of Holy Cross.svg
, image_size = 150px
, abbreviation = CSC
, formation =
, founder = Blessed Fr. Basile-Antoine Marie Moreau, C.S.C.
, founding_location = L ...
.
* 1846:
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
begins his reign. During his reign he asks that an anti-Catholic document written by Freemasons known as the ''
Alta Vendita'' be distributed to alert Catholic officials of possible Masonic infiltration.
* 1847: The
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem resumes residence in Jerusalem.
* 1848:
John Bosco
John Melchior Bosco ( it, Giovanni Melchiorre Bosco; pms, Gioann Melchior Bòsch; 16 August 181531 January 1888), popularly known as Don Bosco , was an Italian Catholic priest, educator, writer and saint of the 19th century.
While working ...
, priest, writer and educator, founds the
Salesians
, image = File:Stemma big.png
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of arms
, abbreviation = SDB
, formation =
, founder = John Bosco
, founding_location = Valdocco, Turi ...
, a religious community based on the spirituality and the philosophy of St.
Francis de Sales, a Catholic bishop of
Geneva
* 1850: The
Archdiocese of Westminster
The Catholic Diocese of Westminster is an archdiocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in England. The diocese consists of most of London north of the River Thames and west of the River Lea, the borough of Spelthorne (in Surrey), and t ...
and twelve other dioceses are set up, re-establishing a Catholic hierarchy for the Catholic public in the United Kingdom against intense political opposition.
Westminster Cathedral is formally consecrated 53 years later, in 1903.
* 1852: The First
Plenary Council of Baltimore is held in the United States.
* 1854:
Dogma of the
Immaculate Conception by
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
* 1856:
Gregor Mendel,
Augustinian friar, scientist, and father of
genetics, begins experiments that lead to the fundamental laws of inheritance.
* 1858: Apparitions in
Lourdes
Lourdes (, also , ; oc, Lorda ) is a market town situated in the Pyrenees. It is part of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. Prior to the mid-19th century, the town was best known for the Châ ...
.
* 1859:
Ateneo de Manila
, mottoeng = Light in the Lord
, type = Private university, Private, Research university, research, non-profit, coeducational basic and higher education institution
, established = December 10, 1859
, religious_affiliation = ...
established in
Intramuros, Manila
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
,
Philippines. But later the Ateneo is located at Loyola Heights,
Quezon City.
* 1862:
Paulo Miki and his companions, martyred in
Nagasaki,
Japan (1597), are canonized by
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
.
* 1863: La Salle University (now.
De La Salle University) established in
Manila, Philippines.
* 1865: The Society of African Missions of
Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of th ...
establishes a mission in
Lagos,
Nigeria. The same Society establishes a mission in
Benin
Benin ( , ; french: Bénin , ff, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (french: République du Bénin), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north ...
, five years later.
* 1866:
Cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to:
Animals
* Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**'' Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae
**'' Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, t ...
John Henry Newman finishes his autobiography, ''
Apologia Pro Vita Sua
''Apologia Pro Vita Sua'' (Latin: ''A defence of one's own life'') is John Henry Newman's defence of his religious opinions, published in 1864 in response to Charles Kingsley of the Church of England after Newman quit his position as the Anglican ...
''.
* December 8, 1869:
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
opens the
First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican
* July 18, 1870 – The Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ from the fourth session of Vatican I, ''Pastor Aeternus'', issues the dogma of
papal infallibility among other issues before the fall of Rome in the
Franco-Prussian War causes it to end prematurely and brings an end to the
Papal States. Controversy over several issues leads to the formation of the
Old Catholic Church
The terms Old Catholic Church, Old Catholics, Old-Catholic churches or Old Catholic movement designate "any of the groups of Western Christians who believe themselves to maintain in complete loyalty the doctrine and traditions of the undivide ...
. This council was not formally closed until 1960 by Pope John XXIII in preparation for the Second Vatican Council.
* 1873-75: The enactment of the
Falk Laws, legislation in Germany during the
Kulturkampf conflict with the Church which led to the expulsion of some religious orders from Germany. English poet and Jesuit,
Gerard Manley Hopkins
Gerard Manley Hopkins (28 July 1844 – 8 June 1889) was an English poet and Jesuit priest, whose posthumous fame placed him among leading Victorian poets. His prosody – notably his concept of sprung rhythm – established him as an innovat ...
, dedicated his famous poem "
The Wreck of the Deutschland
''The Wreck of the Deutschland'' is a 35-stanza ode by Gerard Manley Hopkins with Christian themes, composed in 1875 and 1876, though not published until 1918. The poem depicts the shipwreck of the SS ''Deutschland''. Among those killed in th ...
" to five nuns who were forced to flee Germany because of the Laws and later drowned in a shipwreck.
* 1877:
St. Francis de Sales
Francis de Sales (french: François de Sales; it, Francesco di Sales; 21 August 156728 December 1622) was a Bishop of Geneva and is revered as a saint in the Catholic Church. He became noted for his deep faith and his gentle approach to ...
is made a
Doctor of the Church.
* 1878:
Cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to:
Animals
* Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**'' Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae
**'' Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, t ...
Charles Lavigerie
Charles Martial Allemand Lavigerie (31 October 1825 – 26 November 1892) was a French cardinal, archbishop of Carthage and Algiers and primate of Africa. He also founded the White Fathers.
A Catholic priest who became a bishop in France, Laviger ...
, archbishop of
Algiers
Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques d ...
and
Carthage
Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classi ...
, sends ten missionaries to
East Africa.
* 1879: Encyclical ''
Aeterni Patris
''Aeterni Patris'' (English: Of the Eternal Father) was an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in August 1879, (not to be confused with the apostolic letter of the same name written by Pope Pius IX in 1868 calling the First Vatican Council). It ...
'', by
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-old ...
, prepares a revival of
Thomism.
* 1888: The
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is founded. In 2018, it ranked #1 university of
Latin America by QS rankings.
* 1891:
San Sebastian Church completed in
Quiapo, Manila,
Philippines.
* May 15, 1891:
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-old ...
issues encyclical ''
Rerum novarum'' (Of New Things).
* November 30, 1894: Pope Leo XIII publishes the
Encyclical Orientalium Dignitas' (On the Churches of the East) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church.
* 1895:
Mark Twain's ''Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc'' is published by Harper's Magazine.
* 1896:
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII ( it, Leone XIII; born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was the head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 to his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the second-old ...
formally declares Anglican orders "absolutely null and void" in
papal bull, ''
Apostolicae Curae
''Apostolicae curae'' is the title of a papal bull, issued in 1896 by Pope Leo XIII, declaring all Anglican ordinations to be "absolutely null and utterly void". The Anglican Communion made no official reply, but the archbishops of Canterbury ...
''.
* 1897:
Thérèse of Lisieux
Thérèse of Lisieux (french: Thérèse de Lisieux ), born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin (2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), also known as Saint Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face (), was a French Catholic Discalced Carmelite ...
dies.
* 1898: Secondo Pia takes the first photographs of the
Shroud of Turin.
20th century
* 1900:
Edward Elgar sets to music Cardinal
John Henry Newman's ''
The Dream of Gerontius
''The Dream of Gerontius'', Op. 38, is a work for voices and orchestra in two parts composed by Edward Elgar in 1900, to text from the poem by John Henry Newman. It relates the journey of a pious man's soul from his deathbed to his judgment b ...
''.
* 1903–1914:
Pope Pius X
Pope Pius X ( it, Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of ...
publishes ''
Lamentabili sane exitu
''Lamentabili sane exitu'' ("with truly lamentable results") is a 1907 syllabus, prepared by the Roman Inquisition and confirmed by Pope Pius X, which condemns errors in the exegesis of Holy Scripture and in the history and interpretation of dog ...
'' against Modernism, introduces frequent communion, and promotes
Gregorian chant.
* 1914–1918:
Pope Benedict XV declares neutrality during World War I. His peace initiatives are rejected by both sides as favoring the other. Massive papal charity in Europe.
* 1916:
Charles I of Austria
Charles I or Karl I (german: Karl Franz Josef Ludwig Hubert Georg Otto Maria, hu, Károly Ferenc József Lajos Hubert György Ottó Mária; 17 August 18871 April 1922) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary (as Charles IV, ), King of Croatia, ...
is crowned Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Charles attempted to negotiate peace between the warring nations during World War I. His attempts at peace are largely ignored.
* 1917:
Pope Benedict XV promulgates the
1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' for the
Latin Church
, native_name_lang = la
, image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg
, imagewidth = 250px
, alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran
, caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...
, the first official comprehensive
codification of
Catholic canon law
The canon law of the Catholic Church ("canon law" comes from Latin ') is "how the Church organizes and governs herself". It is the system of laws and ecclesiastical legal principles made and enforced by the hierarchical authorities of the Cath ...
in history. The apparition of
Our Lady of Fátima
Our Lady of Fátima ( pt, Nossa Senhora de Fátima, ); formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima) is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, based on the Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Co ...
occurs in Fátima, Portugal, over the course of six months ending in the
Miracle of the Sun
The Miracle of the Sun ( pt, Milagre do Sol), also known as the Miracle of Fátima, is a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously on 13 October 1917, attended by a large crowd who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to ...
. This apparition is very popular throughout the century.
* 1918: Persecution of the Roman Catholic Church and especially the
Eastern Catholic Churches
The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (''sui iuris'') particular churches of th ...
in the Soviet Union (until 1985).
* 1922: Emperor Charles I of Austria dies in exile and poverty in Portugal. Later to become beatified as Blessed Charles.
* 1922:
G. K. Chesterton, philosopher, poet, and writer, converts to Catholicism.
* 1925:
Holy Year proclaimed by
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI ( it, Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in February 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from ...
.
John Vianney
John Vianney (born Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney; 8 May 1786 – 4 August 1859), venerated as Saint John Vianney, was a French Catholic priest who is venerated in the Catholic Church as a saint and as the patron saint of parish priests. He is oft ...
, French priest referred to as the ''Cure d'Ars'', is canonized by Pope Pius XI.
* 1926: Beginning of
Church persecutions in Mexico until 1940, also known as the Cristero War or La Cristiada.
* March 19, 1927: Foundation of the
(SD) at Chunungumvely,
Kerala by
Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
Payyappilly Varghese Kathanar was a Syro-Malabar priest from the Indian state of Kerala and the founder of the congregation of Sisters of the Destitute. He was declared Venerable by Pope Francis on 14 April 2018.
Family
Kathanar was born as Kun ...
.
* 1927:
Georges Lemaître, Belgian priest scientist, first proposed on theoretical grounds that the universe was expanding. In addition, he was first to ascertain what is now known as
Hubble's Law. He also proposed what became known as the
Big Bang
The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the ...
.
* October 2, 1928: Saint
Josemaría Escrivá founded
Opus Dei, a worldwide organization of lay members of the Catholic Church.
*1928:
Sigrid Undset
Sigrid Undset () (20 May 1882 – 10 June 1949) was a Norwegian- Danish novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928.
Undset was born in Kalundborg, Denmark, but her family moved to Norway when she was two years old. In 1924 ...
wins the Nobel Prize in Literature..
* February 11, 1929: The
Lateran Treaty
The Lateran Treaty ( it, Patti Lateranensi; la, Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle ...
is signed by
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
and Cardinal Gasparri establishing the independent State of the
Vatican City and resolving the
Roman Question between Italy and the
Holy See since the seizure of the
Papal States in 1870.
* October 5, 1929: Death of
Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
Payyappilly Varghese Kathanar was a Syro-Malabar priest from the Indian state of Kerala and the founder of the congregation of Sisters of the Destitute. He was declared Venerable by Pope Francis on 14 April 2018.
Family
Kathanar was born as Ku ...
, founder of
.
* February 12, 1931:
Vatican Radio
Vatican Radio ( it, Radio Vaticana; la, Statio Radiophonica Vaticana) is the official broadcasting service of Vatican City.
Established in 1931 by Guglielmo Marconi, today its programs are offered in 47 languages, and are sent out on short wave, ...
is set up by
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi (; 25 April 187420 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer, known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system. This led to Marconi bei ...
and inaugurated by Pope
Pius XI. First signal broadcast is in Morse code: ''In nomine Domini, amen''.
* 1931–1936: Persecution of the Church in Spain. It is estimated that in the course of the
Red Terror (Spain), 6,832 members of the Catholic clergy were killed.
* July 20, 1933: Concordat Between the Holy See and the German Reich signed by
Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli and
Franz von Papen
Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk (; 29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German conservative politician, diplomat, Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer. He served as the chancellor of Germany in ...
on behalf of
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI ( it, Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in February 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from ...
and President
Paul von Hindenburg, respectively.
* 1933:
Dorothy Day
Dorothy Day (November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American journalist, social activist and anarchist who, after a bohemian youth, became a Catholic without abandoning her social and anarchist activism. She was perhaps the best-know ...
co-founded the
Catholic Worker with
Peter Maurin
Peter Maurin (; May 9, 1877 – May 15, 1949) was a French Catholic social activist, theologian, and De La Salle Brother who founded the Catholic Worker Movement in 1933 with Dorothy Day.
Maurin expressed his philosophy through short pieces of ...
.
* December 8, 1933: Pope Pius XI canonized
Bernadette Soubirous
Bernadette Soubirous (; ; oc, Bernadeta Sobirós ; 7 January 184416 April 1879), also known as Saint Bernadette of Lourdes, was the firstborn daughter of a miller from Lourdes (''Lorda'' in Occitan), in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées in F ...
of
Lourdes
Lourdes (, also , ; oc, Lorda ) is a market town situated in the Pyrenees. It is part of the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. Prior to the mid-19th century, the town was best known for the Châ ...
.
* 1935: Sir
Thomas More and
John Fisher, English martyrs, executed under the reign of
Henry VIII, are canonized by
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI ( it, Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in February 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from ...
.
* 1937: ''
Mit brennender Sorge''
encyclical against
National Socialism
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Naz ...
by
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI ( it, Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in February 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City from ...
, written by Cardinals
Eugenio Pacelli
Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...
and
Michael von Faulhaber
Michael Cardinal ''Ritter'' von Faulhaber (5 March 1869 – 12 June 1952) was a German Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Munich for 35 years, from 1917 to his death in 1952. Created Cardinal in 1921, von Faulhaber criticized the Weim ...
.
* February 3–7, 1937: The 33rd
International Eucharistic Congress held in
Manila, Philippines. The first congress in Asia and the first congress held in the Philippines.
* September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland, start of the Second World War. The Vatican, after trying to avoid the war, declares neutrality to avoid being drawn into the conflict. Massive Vatican relief intervention for displaced persons, prisoners of war and needy civilians in Europe.
*1939:
St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne
The Cathedral Church and Minor Basilica of Saint Patrick (colloquially St Patrick's Cathedral) is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, and seat of its archbishop, currently Peter Comensoli. ...
, Victoria, Australia, was finished being built.
* 1940:
Graham Greene
Henry Graham Greene (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was an English writer and journalist regarded by many as one of the leading English novelists of the 20th century. Combining literary acclaim with widespread popularity, Greene acquir ...
publishes ''The Power and the Glory''.
* During World War II: Convents, monasteries, and the Vatican are used to hide Jews and others targeted by the Nazis for extermination (see
The Myth of Hitler's Pope
''The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis'' is a 2005 book by American historian and Rabbi David G. Dalin. It was published by Regnery Publishing.
Background
In 2001 Joseph Bottum, the Literary Editor of ''The ...
). St.
Maximilian Kolbe
Maximilian Maria Kolbe (born Raymund Kolbe; pl, Maksymilian Maria Kolbe; 1894–1941) was a Polish Catholic priest and Conventual Franciscan friar who volunteered to die in place of a man named Franciszek Gajowniczek in the German death cam ...
is martyred in Auschwitz concentration camp after volunteering to die in place of a stranger. The Nazis imprison and at times execute Catholic clergy, monks and nuns who criticize Nazi ideology.
* 1943: Encyclical of
Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City, Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. ...
''
Mystici corporis
''Mystici corporis Christi'' (English: 'The Mystical Body of Christ') is a papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII on 29 June 1943 during World War II. It is principally remembered for its statement that the Mystical Body of Christ is the Cat ...
'' describing the Catholic Church as the Body of Christ;
* 1943: Encyclical ''
Divino afflante Spiritu'', opening biblical research to Catholic scholars
* 1943: Year of the founding of the lay association
Focolare Movement
The Focolare Movement is an international organization that promotes the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood. Founded in Trent, northern Italy, in 1943 by Chiara Lubich as a Catholic movement, it remains largely Roman Catholic but has ...
by
Chiara Lubich
Chiara Lubich (born Silvia Lubich; January 22, 1920, Trento – March 14, 2008, Rocca di Papa), was an Italian teacher and author who founded the Focolare Movement, which aims to bring unity among people and promote universal family.
She was a c ...
. The Movement promotes the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood.
* 1944: The German Army occupies Rome.
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then ...
proclaims he will respect Vatican neutrality; however several incidents, such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen, nearly cause
Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican. Rome is liberated by the Allies after only a few weeks of occupation.
* 1945:
Evelyn Waugh publishes ''
Brideshead Revisited
''Brideshead Revisited: The Sacred & Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder'' is a novel by English writer Evelyn Waugh, first published in 1945. It follows, from the 1920s to the early 1940s, the life and romances of the protagonist Charles ...
.''
* 1945: The Eight Churches in
Intramuros, Manila
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
, destroyed during the
1945 Battle of Manila.
* February 15, 1945: The
Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines
The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines; ceb, Hugpong sa mga Obispo nga Katoliko sa Pilipinas;
bcl, Komperensya kan mga Obispo Katoliko kan Pilipinas; hil, Komperensya sang mga Obispo Katoliko sang Pilipinas; ilo, Kumperensya ti ...
(CBCP) is founded in
Manila.
*1945:
Battle of Manila: turning point in war in the Pacific; heavy losses of life and property.
* 1948:
Thomas Merton,
Trappist
The Trappists, officially known as the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance ( la, Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae, abbreviated as OCSO) and originally named the Order of Reformed Cistercians of Our Lady of La Trappe, are a ...
contemplative, publishes ''The Seven Storey Mountain''.
* August 18, - September 26, 1948: The Marian Apparitions of
Our Lady, Mediatrix of All Grace in
Lipa City, Batangas,
Philippines, are witnessed to Sis.
Teresita Castillo.
* October 14, 1949:
Gabriel Reyes is the First Filipino Archbishop of the
Archdiocese of Manila
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associat ...
in the
Philippines.
* 1950:
Holy Year declared by
Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City, Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. ...
, who announced on December 25, 1950, that the Tomb of Saint Peter had been identified by archeologists underneath Saint Peter Basilica; canonization of
Pope Pius X
Pope Pius X ( it, Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of ...
and
Maria Goretti
Maria Teresa Goretti (; October 16, 1890 – July 6, 1902) is an Italian virgin-martyr of the Catholic Church, and one of the youngest saints to be canonized. She was born to a farming family. Her father died when she was nine, and the family ...
; encyclical ''
Humani generis
''Humani generis'' is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of Catholic Doctrine". Theological opinions and doctrines known as ''Nouvelle Théol ...
''
* 1950: The
Assumption of Mary
The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Pope Pius XII defined it in 1950 in his apostolic constitution ''Munificentissimus Deus'' as follows:
We proclaim and define it to be a dogma revealed by Go ...
is defined as dogma by
Pius XII
Pius ( , ) Latin for "pious", is a masculine given name. Its feminine form is Pia.
It may refer to:
People Popes
* Pope Pius (disambiguation)
* Antipope Pius XIII (1918-2009), who led the breakaway True Catholic Church sect
Given name
* Piu ...
* 1952:
Francois Mauriac wins Nobel Prize in Literature. He wrote the foreword to
Elie Wiesel's book ''
Night'', having encouraged Wiesel earlier to write about his experiences as a Jew during the
Holocaust.
* January 7–29, 1953: First Plenary Council of the Philippines.
* 1954: First
Marian year
A Marian year is a designation given by the Catholic Church to calendar years in which Mary the mother of Jesus is to be particularly reverenced and celebrated. Marian years do not follow a set pattern; they may be declared by a bishop for his di ...
in Church history proclaimed by Pius XII; new feast
Queenship of Mary
Queen of Heaven ( la, Regina Caeli) is a title given to the Virgin Mary, by Christians mainly of the Catholic Church and, to a lesser extent, in Anglicanism, Lutheranism, and Eastern Orthodoxy.
The Catholic teaching on this subject is expresse ...
.
* 1954:
J.R.R. Tolkien
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (, ; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works ''The Hobbit'' and '' The Lord of the Rings''.
From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was the Rawli ...
publishes ''
The Lord of the Rings'', filled with Christian and Catholic themes.
* 1954: Lay ecclesial movement
Communion and Liberation
Communion and Liberation (Italian: Comunione e Liberazione, often shortened to CL) is an International Catholic movement founded in 1954 by Fr. Luigi Giussani. The official name is the Fraternity of Communion and Liberation. Its aim is to pres ...
founded.
* 1957:
Bernard Lonergan
Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan (17 December 1904 – 26 November 1984) was a Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian, regarded by many as one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.
Lonergan's works include ''Insight: A ...
, S.J., publishes ''Insight: A Study of Human Understanding''.
* 1957:
Francis Poulenc
Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; 7 January 189930 January 1963) was a French composer and pianist. His compositions include mélodie, songs, solo piano works, chamber music, choral pieces, operas, ballets, and orchestral concert music. Among th ...
, composes his opera,
Dialogues des Carmelites and two years later, the
Gloria.
* 1958: The Post-War
Manila Cathedral in
Intramuros, Manila
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
,
Philippines, is completed after the
Allied Liberation of Manila.
* 1960: Senator
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination i ...
is elected, the first Roman Catholic president in United States history.
* October 11, 1962:
Pope John XXIII opens the
Second Ecumenical Vatican Council. The 21st
ecumenical council of the Catholic Church emphasized the
universal call to holiness The universal call to holiness is a teaching of the Roman Catholic Church that all people are called to be holy, and is based on Matthew 5:48: "Be you therefore perfect, as also your heavenly Father is perfect" (). In the first book of the Bible, th ...
and brought many changes in practices, including an increased emphasis on
ecumenism
Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
; fewer rules on penances, fasting and other devotional practices; and initiating a revision of the Mass, which was made more accessible by allowing the use of native languages instead of
Latin. Opposition to changes inspired by the Council gives rise to the movement of
Traditionalist Catholics who disagree with changing the old forms of worship and disagree with the rise of previously condemned philosophies. End of
Oath against modernism.
* 1962:
Martin de Porres, a Peruvian lay brother, is canonized by
Pope John XXIII.
* 1964:
Charles Lwanga
Charles Lwanga (Luganda: Kaloli Lwanga; 1 January 18603 June 1886) was a Ugandan convert to the Catholic Church who was martyred with a group of his peers and is revered as a saint by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.
A me ...
and his companions, martyred in Namugongo,
Uganda (1885–87), are canonized by
Pope Paul VI.
* 1964: Year of the founding of the lay movement
Neocatechumenal Way
The Neocatechumenal Way, also known as the Neocatechumenate, or NCW (colloquially, The Way or Neo-Cats) is an association of the Christian faithful within the Catholic Church. It was formed in Madrid in 1964 by Kiko Argüello and Carmen Hern ...
by Kiko Argnello and Carmen Hernandez.
* December 7, 1965: Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of
Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch
Athenagoras I
Athenagoras I ( el, Αθηναγόρας Αʹ), born Aristocles Matthaiou ("son of Matthew", a patronymic) Spyrou ( el, Αριστοκλής Ματθαίου Σπύρου, links=no; – July 7, 1972), initially the Greek archbishop in North Amer ...
. Mutual excommunication of the Great Schism of 1054 against Catholic and Orthodox is lifted by both parties.
* December 8, 1965:
Pope Paul VI solemnly closes the Second Vatican Council.
* 1967:
Catholic Charismatic Renewal
The Catholic Charismatic Renewal is a movement within the Catholic Church that is part of the wider charismatic movement across historic Christian churches.
The Renewal has been described as a "current of grace". It began in 1967 when Cath ...
Movement is established.
* 1968:
Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America
The Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America was a bishops' conference held in 1968 in Medellín, Colombia, as a follow-up to the Second Vatican Council which it adapted in a creative way to the Latin American context. It took as the theme for ...
at
Medellín, Colombia, in follow-up to Vatican II. Latin American bishops call for "a
preferential option for the poor
The option for the poor, or the preferential option for the poor, is one of the newer principles of the Catholic social teaching, as articulated in the latter half of the 20th century; it is also a theological emphasis in Methodism. The concept ...
" and give their approval to
Christian "base communities".
*1968: Year of the founding of the international lay group
Community of Sant'Egidio
The Community of Sant'Egidio ( it, Comunità di Sant'Egidio) is a lay Catholic association dedicated to social service, founded in 1968 under the leadership of Andrea Riccardi. The group grew and in 1973 was given a home at the former Carmelit ...
by
Andrea Riccardi
Andrea Riccardi (born 16 January 1950, in Rome) is an Italian historian, professor, politician and activist, founder of the Community of Sant'Egidio. He served as minister for international cooperation without portfolio in the Monti Cabinet.
...
.
* 1970:
Revision of the Roman Missal, following on introduction of vernacular languages in celebration of
Mass.
* 1970: Pope Paul VI canonizes the
Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.
* 1970:
St. Catherine of Siena made
Doctor of the Church.
* November 27, 1970:
Pope Paul VI visits the Philippines.
* 1971:
Flannery O'Connor's ''Complete Stories'' are published.
* 1973: Sister
Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa in the remote area of Yuzawadai, near the city of Akita in Japan, reports seeing a number of apparitions now known as
Our Lady of Akita.
* 1973:
Gustavo Gutierrez
Gustavo is the Latinate form of a Germanic male given name with respective prevalence in Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian. It has been a common name for Swedish monarchs since the reign of Gustav Vasa.
It is derived from Gustav /ˈɡʊstɑːv/ ...
, Peruvian theologian, Dominican priest, and founder of ''Liberation Theology'', publishes a pivotal book, ''A Theology of Liberation: History, Politics and Salvation''.
* 1973: Year of the founding of the
Chemin Neuf Community
The Chemin Neuf Community (french: Communauté du Chemin Neuf) is a Catholic community with an ecumenical vocation. Formed from a charismatic prayer group in 1973, it has 2,000 permanent members in 30 countries, and 12,000 people serving in the co ...
by Jesuit priest, Laurent Fabre.
* 1975-83:
Olivier Messiaen composes
Saint-Francois d'Assise. He is organist at
Eglise de la Sainte-Trinite, Paris from 1931 until his death in 1992.
* August 26, 1978:
Pope John Paul I becomes the first pope to use a double regnal name. He reigns for only 33 days.
* October 16, 1978: Pope John Paul II becomes the first Polish pope and first non-Italian pope elected in 450 years; influential in overthrowing communism in Poland.
* 1979:
Mother Teresa awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
* 1979: Third Episcopal Conference of Latin America, at
Puebla, Mexico, confirms option for the poor and asks affluent nations “not to put obstacles in our way to progress.”
*March 24, 1980:
Oscar Romero
Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to:
People
* Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms.
* Oscar (Irish mythology), ...
,
archbishop of San Salvador,
El Salvador, is assassinated while celebrating Mass at the Divine Providence Hospital.
* 1980:
Czeslaw Milosz wins Nobel Prize in Literature.
* 1981:
Henryk Gorecki composes Miserere (Gorecki).
* February 17–22, 1981: Pope John Paul II second visit to Philippines.
* February 18, 1981: Beatification of
Lorenzo Ruiz
Lorenzo Ruiz ( fil, Lorenzo Ruiz ng Maynila; zh, link=no, 李樂倫; es, link=no, Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila; November 28, 1594 – September 29, 1637), also called Saint Lorenzo of Manila, is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church. ...
and companions by Pope John Paul II held at Rizal Park,
Manila, Philippines.
* 1983: Pope John Paul II
promulgates the 1983 Code of Canon Law, 1983 ''Code of Canon Law'', a new code of canon law of the Catholic Church, canon law for the
Latin Church
, native_name_lang = la
, image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg
, imagewidth = 250px
, alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran
, caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...
.
*1983: Lech Walesa awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
* 1984: First World Youth Day instituted by Pope John Paul II celebrated in Rome. Celebrated every year between Rome and a different city.
* 1984: Korean Martyrs, 103 Korean Martyrs are canonized by Pope John Paul II.
* August 19, 1984: El Shaddai (movement), El Shaddai DWXI Prayer Partners Fellowship International, largest
Catholic Charismatic Renewal
The Catholic Charismatic Renewal is a movement within the Catholic Church that is part of the wider charismatic movement across historic Christian churches.
The Renewal has been described as a "current of grace". It began in 1967 when Cath ...
movement group in the
Philippines, is established by Brother Mike Velarde as Servant Leader and Most Reverend Teodoro C. Bacani, Jr. as Spiritual Adviser.
* February 25, 1986: Manila Archbishop Jaime Sin, Jamie Cardinal Sin mobilizes People Power in Metro Manila,
Philippines; President Ferdinand Marcos ousted.
* 1987:
Marian year
A Marian year is a designation given by the Catholic Church to calendar years in which Mary the mother of Jesus is to be particularly reverenced and celebrated. Marian years do not follow a set pattern; they may be declared by a bishop for his di ...
announced by John Paul II in the encyclical ''Redemptoris Mater.''
* October 18, 1987:
Lorenzo Ruiz
Lorenzo Ruiz ( fil, Lorenzo Ruiz ng Maynila; zh, link=no, 李樂倫; es, link=no, Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila; November 28, 1594 – September 29, 1637), also called Saint Lorenzo of Manila, is a Filipino saint venerated in the Catholic Church. ...
, layperson of the
Archdiocese of Manila
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associat ...
,
Philippines, is canonized by Pope John Paul II as the first Filipino saint.
* June 30, 1988: Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX) consecrates four men as bishops at Écône, Switzerland, without the express permission of the Pope. Lefebvre et al. automatically incur excommunication. Traditionalist bishops of the SSPX continue to be suspended ''a divinis''.
* 1990: Pope John Paul II
promulgates the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, ''Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'', a reform of Eastern Catholic canon law.
* January 1991: Australian Catholic University opens.
*January 20 – February 17, 1991: Second Plenary Council in the Philippines.
* 1991: The Soviet Union is officially dissolved. Persecuted Catholic Church re-emerges from hiding, especially in Ukraine and
Lithuania.
* Fourth Episcopal Conference of Latin America, at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, showed a discontinuity with other conferences, as it was heavily controlled by conservative elements and by Roman Curia, Rome.
* 1992: The new ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' is published, in Latin and French.
* 1993: Crossroad Publishers publishes ''Content of Faith: the Best of Karl Rahner Theological Writings''.
* 1993: Duns Scotus beatified by Pope John Paul II.
* 1994: ''Ordinatio sacerdotalis'', an Apostolic Letter upholding a prohibition against ordination of women to the priesthood, is promulgated by Pope John Paul II.
* 1995: World Youth Day 1995 in
Manila, Philippines, and third visit by Pope John Paul II.
* 1997: St. Therese of Lisieux is made a
Doctor of the Church.
Third millennium
21st century
* March 5, 2000: Beatification of
Pedro Calungsod
Pedro Calungsod ( es, Pedro Calúñgsod or archaically ; mid-1650s – April 2, 1672), also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish ...
by Pope John Paul II held at the Vatican is a second Filipino martyr of the
Philippines.
* April 30, 2000: Pope John Paul II canonizes St. Faustina and designates the Sunday after Easter as Divine Mercy Sunday in the General Roman Calendar, with effect from the following year.
* January 1, 2001: The 21st century and the new millennium begin. The Church solemnizes the start of the third Christian millennium by extending into part of the year 2001 the jubilee year that it observes at 25-year intervals and that, in the case of the year 2000, is called the Great Jubilee.
*January 6, 2001: John Paul II issues ''Novo Millennio Ineunte'', a program for the Church in the new millennium, wherein he placed sanctity through a training in prayer as the most important priority of the Catholic Church in consonance with its purpose.
* January 18, 2002: Former American priest John Geoghan is convicted of Sexual abuse#Child sexual abuse, child molestation and sentenced to ten years in prison, as part of the Roman Catholic sex abuse cases, Catholic sex abuse scandal. The Geoghan case implicated Archbishop
Cardinal
Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to:
Animals
* Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds
**'' Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae
**'' Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, t ...
Bernard Francis Law who resigned in December, and brought attention to the problem.
* 2004: Cambridge University Press publishes ''The Cambridge Companion to Hans Urs von Balthasar,'' a scholarly appraisal of Hans Urs von Balthasar, his writings.
* April 2, 2005: Pope John Paul II dies at the age of 84. His funeral is broadcast worldwide and attended by millions in Rome.
* April 19, 2005: German-born Cardinal Joseph Alois Ratzinger is elected by the College of Cardinals as Pope Benedict XVI, thus becoming the first Pope elected during the 21st century and the 3rd millennium.
* August 18, 2005: Pope Benedict XVI attends the World Youth Day in Cologne, Germany, his first trip outside Italy.
* January 9, 2006: The 400th Year Anniversary of the Translation of the
Black Nazarene
The Black Nazarene ( es, El Nazareno Negro, Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno; fil, Poóng Itím na Nazareno, Hesus Nazareno) is a life-sized image of a dark-skinned, kneeling Jesus Christ carrying the Cross enshrined in the Minor Basilica of the ...
is held at
Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene in
Quiapo, Manila, Philippines; it arrived from Acapulco, Mexico in 1606.
* September 12, 2006: Pope Benedict XVI delivers address on ''Faith, Reason and the University'' at the University of Regensburg, decrying the emphasis in the Western world on positivism, positivistic reason and philosophy, excluding the divine and dialogue with cultures. He quotes negative views of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, Manuel II Paleologus regarding Islam, creating violent reactions among Muslims in several parts of the world.
* June 11, 2007: Pope Benedict XVI reverted the decision of his predecessor regarding papal elections, and restored the traditional two-thirds majority required.
* July 7, 2007: With his ''motu proprio Summorum Pontificum'' Pope Benedict XVI explicitly allows all priests of the
Latin Church
, native_name_lang = la
, image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg
, imagewidth = 250px
, alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran
, caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...
to use the 1962 Roman Missal when celebrating
Mass privately and, under certain conditions, publicly instead of the post-Vatican II Mass, and expressed the wish that this measure would lead to healing the division between the Society of Saint Pius X and the Catholic Church.
* October 28, 2007: Pope Benedict XVI authorizes the largest beatification ceremony in Church history involving 498 Spanish Martyrs who were killed during the Civil War in Spain.
* 2007: Fifth Episcopal Conference of Latin America at Aparecida, Brazil. Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio – later Pope Francis – served as secretary and helped draft the final document which emphasized what would also be a theme of his pontificate: serving the poor in the peripheries of society.
*May 2008: A solemn declaration agreed on between Pope Benedict XVI and Muslims, led by Mahdi Mostafavi, stressed that genuine religion is essentially non-violent and that violence can be justified neither by reason nor by faith.
* July 2008: Pope Benedict XVI participates in Sydney, Australia, in the World Youth Day and announces Spain as the country to host the next one.
* January 2009: The Holy See remits the excommunications of the bishops of the Society of St. Pius X, which had had a schismatic relationship with the Catholic Magisterium.
* October 11, 2009: Father Damien, a Belgian people, Belgian priest known as the "Apostle of the Lepers", is canonized.
* October 17, 2010: Mary MacKillop, of Scottish people, Scottish descent, is the first Australians, Australian nun to be canonized. Also canonized is Holy Cross lay brother, Andre Bessette of Montreal,
Canada, whose efforts led to the building of Saint Joseph's Oratory, Montreal.
* October 21, 2012: Kateri Tekakwitha, Algonquin-Mohawk people, Mohawk laywoman known as the "Lily of the Mohawks", is canonized by Pope Benedict XVI.
* October 21, 2012:
Pedro Calungsod
Pedro Calungsod ( es, Pedro Calúñgsod or archaically ; mid-1650s – April 2, 1672), also known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a Catholic Filipino-Visayan migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist who, along with the Spanish ...
, Young Layperson of the Archdiocese of Cebu,
Philippines, is canonized by Pope Benedict XVI and becomes the Second Filipino Saint and First Visayan.
* 2012: Hildegard of Bingen is made a
Doctor of the Church.
* February 2013: Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.
* March 2013: Jorge Bergoglio of Argentina elected as Pope Francis, the first Latin American and the first Jesuit to be elected Pope.
* May 12, 2013: Pope Francis canonizes over 800 Catholics that were killed by Turks in Otranto, 1480. With this he surpassed the record of John Paul II in canonizing the most saints in a pontificate.
* October 16–18, 2013: First Philippine Conference of New Evangelization by Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle at the Quadricentennial Pavilion of the
University of Santo Tomas
The University of Santo Tomas (also known as UST and officially as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila) is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines. Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Migu ...
(UST) in Manila for the video message of Pope Francis.
* January 15–19, 2015: Pope Francis visit to the Philippines, the fourth Papal Visit.
* February 2015: Charles Maung Bo and Soane Patita Mafi are the first cardinals from Myanmar and Tonga.
* May 2015: Pope Francis in his
encyclical ''Laudato si''' (Praise be to you) drew attention to "our sin" of destroying the natural environment and met with Big Oil Chief executive officer, CEOs to drive home the message.
*May 23, 2015:
Oscar Romero
Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to:
People
* Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms.
* Oscar (Irish mythology), ...
, the assassinated Archbishop of San Salvador, is beatified by Pope Francis.
* 2015: Beatification of the Three Martyrs of Chimbote, murdered in 1991 in Chimbote,
Peru, by members of the communist guerrilla group, the Shining Path.
* April 12, 2015: on Divine Mercy Sunday, during a Mass for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, centennial of the Armenian genocide at
St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a church built in the Renaissance style located in Vatican City, the papal en ...
, Pope Francis officially proclaimed Gregory of Narek as Doctor of the Church
in the presence of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II, Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I, and Armenian Catholic Patriarch Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.
* December 8, 2015 to November 20, 2016: In The Extraordinary Jubilee Year of Mercy proclaimed by Pope Francis, Rome received 21.3 million pilgrims, shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe received 22 million pilgrims, and World Youth Day in Krakow received 3 million pilgrims. According to archbishop Fisichella, president of Pontifical Council for New Evangelization, between 56% and 62% of all Catholics participated in the events while pilgrims in Rome mostly came from Germany, US, Poland, Spanish speaking countries and many from
China, Chad, Rwanda, Nepal and Cook Islands.
* January 24–31, 2016: The 51st International Eucharistic Congress held in Cebu City,
Philippines, by Papal Legate Charles Maung Bo of Myanmar. the second time in the Philippines since 1937.
* February 12, 2016: Patriarch of Moscow, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, meets Pope Francis at José Martí International Airport near Havana, Cuba. They sign a Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill, thirty point joint declaration addressing global issues including their hope for re–establishment of full unity, the persecution of Christianity in the Middle East, Christians in the Middle East, the Syrian Civil War, and Religion in Ukraine, church organisation in Ukraine.
[ Includes full text of the Joint Declaration.] This was the first meeting between a pope and a Russian Orthodox patriarch.
* July 26, 2016: French priest Jacques Hamel is murdered in the parish of Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray by two extremists who pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The Diocese of Rouen has opened his cause for canonization.
* November 2, 2017: Pope Francis suggests recruiting "proven" married men to become priests for dioceses in the Roman/Latin/Western Church where there are few priests (as do the Eastern Catholic Churches).
* May 13, 2017: Pope Francis canonizes Francisco and Jacinta Marto, witnesses to the Marian apparitions at Fatima, Portugal.
* December 18, 2017: Pope Francis named priest-communicator Patrick Peyton, C.S.C., venerable. Fr. Peyton founded the international Family Rosary Crusade and Family Theater.
* March 19, 2018: In his apostolic exhortatio
''Gaudete et exsultate''(Rejoice and Be Glad), Pope Francis picks up on a theme of Vatican II, explaining that all are called to the same perfection of virtue.
*May 18, 2018: Bishops of Chile offer their resignations to Pope Francis owing to criminal negligence in dealing with child sexual abuse among some clerics. Francis accepts the resignations of bishops and cardinals in other countries for similar reasons. Francis faces a far worse crisis among clergy—child abuse and lack of effective episcopal oversight.
* August 2, 2018: Pope Francis declares the death penalty is unacceptable in all cases, as an attack on human dignity.
* December 17, 2018: The Holy See recognizes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.
* July 1, 2019: The canonization of
John Henry Newman authorized and the date set for October 13, 2019.
* July 2, 2019: it was announced that Pope Francis had transferred the nine bone fragments of St, Peter which were displayed during the 'Year of Faith' Mass, to Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, Bartholomew of Constantinople. Bartholomew, who serves as head of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, described the gesture as “brave and bold.”
* July 5, 2019: Pope Francis says the Russian Orthodox Church is attempting to manipulate other religions (Christian denomination, denominations) in Ukraine.
* September 17, 2019: Pope Francis lunch together with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I at Domus Sanctae Marthae.
* October 5, 2019: Pope Francis appoints 13 new cardinals during a ceremony at the Vatican.
* October 6, 2019: The Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region begins.
* October 10, 2019: The Episcopal Conference of Poland has agreed to begin the canonization process for the parents of John Paul II.
Polish bishops open beatification process for parents of St John Paul II
/ref>
* 2021: The Philippines was celebrated by the 500 Years of Christianity in the Philippines, 500th Year Anniversary of the Arrival of the Christianity since 1521 in Cebu City was arrival of the Spanish Colonizers and the commemoration of Santo Niño de Cebú under the 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines, Quincentennial Celebrations.
See also
* History of the Catholic Church
* Legal history of the Catholic Church
* History of the papacy
* Great Church
* Timeline of Christianity
* Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
* History according to the Catholic Church
References
Further reading
*''The History of the Catholic Church, From the Apostolic Age to the Third Millennium'' James Hitchcock, Ph.D. Ignatius Press, 2012
*''Triumph: The Power and the Glory of the Catholic Church.'' Crocker, H.W.
*Bokenkotter, Thomas. ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church.'' Revised and expanded ed. New York: Image Books Doubleday, 2005.
External links
History of the Catholic Church
* orthodoxwiki:Timeline of Church History, Timeline of Church History at Orthodoxwiki.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of the Catholic Church
History of the Catholic Church, *
Timelines of Christianity, Catholic Church