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''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily
newspaper A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, spor ...
based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid digital subscribers. It also is a producer of popular podcasts such as '' The Daily''. Founded in 1851 by
Henry Jarvis Raymond Henry Jarvis Raymond (January 24, 1820 – June 18, 1869) was an American journalist, politician, and co-founder of ''The New York Times'', which he founded with George Jones. He was a member of the New York State Assembly, Lieutenant Governor o ...
and George Jones, it was initially published by Raymond, Jones & Company. The ''Times'' has won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded as a national " newspaper of record". For print it is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S. The paper is owned by the New York Times Company, which is publicly traded. It has been governed by the Sulzberger family since 1896, through a dual-class share structure after its shares became publicly traded.
A. G. Sulzberger Arthur Gregg Sulzberger (born August 5, 1980) is an American journalist serving as chairman of The New York Times Company and publisher of its flagship newspaper, '' The New York Times''. Early life and education Sulzberger was born in Washin ...
, the paper's publisher and the company's chairman, is the fifth generation of the family to head the paper. Since the mid-1970s, ''The New York Times'' has expanded its layout and organization, adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news, editorials, sports, and features. Since 2008, the ''Times'' has been organized into the following sections: News, Editorials/ Opinions- Columns/ Op-Ed, New York (metropolitan), Business, Sports, Arts, Science, Styles, Home, Travel, and other features. On Sundays, the ''Times'' is supplemented by the ''
Sunday Review Sunday Review is the opinion section of '' The New York Times''. It contains columns by a number of regular contributors (such as David Brooks and Paul Krugman), and usually includes op-eds by the Editorial Board. References The New York Times ...
'' (formerly the ''Week in Review''), '' The New York Times Book Review'', '' The New York Times Magazine'', and '' T: The New York Times Style Magazine''. The editorial pages of ''The New York Times'' are typically liberal in their positions.


History


Origins

''The New York Times'' was founded as the ''New-York Daily Times'' on September 18, 1851. Founded by journalist and politician
Henry Jarvis Raymond Henry Jarvis Raymond (January 24, 1820 – June 18, 1869) was an American journalist, politician, and co-founder of ''The New York Times'', which he founded with George Jones. He was a member of the New York State Assembly, Lieutenant Governor o ...
and former banker George Jones, the ''Times'' was initially published by Raymond, Jones & Company. Early investors in the company included
Edwin B. Morgan Edwin Barber Morgan (May 2, 1806 – October 13, 1881) was an entrepreneur and politician from the Finger Lakes region of western New York. He was the first president of Wells Fargo & Company, founder of the United States Express Company, and ...
, Christopher Morgan, and Edward B. Wesley. Sold for a penny (), the inaugural edition attempted to address various speculations on its purpose and positions that preceded its release: In 1852, the newspaper started a western division, ''The Times of California'', which arrived whenever a mail boat from New York docked in California. The effort failed once local California newspapers came into prominence. On September 14, 1857, the newspaper officially shortened its name to ''The New-York Times''. The hyphen in the city name was dropped on December 1, 1896. On April 21, 1861, ''The New York Times'' began publishing a Sunday edition to offer daily coverage of the Civil War. The main office of ''The New York Times'' was attacked during the New York City draft riots. The riots, sparked by the institution of a draft for the Union Army, began on July 13, 1863. On " Newspaper Row", across from City Hall, co-founder Henry Raymond stopped the rioters with Gatling guns, early machine guns, one of which he wielded himself. The mob diverted, instead attacking the headquarters of abolitionist publisher Horace Greeley's '' New York Tribune'' until being forced to flee by the Brooklyn City Police, who had crossed the East River to help the Manhattan authorities. In 1869, Henry Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. The newspaper's influence grew in 1870 and 1871, when it published a series of exposés on
William Tweed William Magear Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878), often erroneously referred to as William "Marcy" Tweed (see below), and widely known as "Boss" Tweed, was an American politician most notable for being the political boss of Tammany ...
, leader of the city's Democratic Party — popularly known as " Tammany Hall" (from its early-19th-century meeting headquarters) — that led to the end of the Tweed Ring's domination of New York's City Hall. Tweed had offered ''The New York Times'' five million dollars (equivalent to  million dollars in ) to not publish the story. In the 1880s, ''The New York Times'' gradually transitioned from supporting
Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa * Republican Party (Liberia) *Republican Party ...
candidates in its editorials to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland (former mayor of Buffalo and governor of New York) in his first presidential campaign. While this move cost ''The New York Times'' a portion of its readership among its more Republican readers (revenue declined from $188,000 to $56,000 from 1883 to 1884), the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years.


Ochs era

After George Jones died in 1891,
Charles Ransom Miller Charles Ransom Miller (January 17, 1849 – July 18, 1922) was an editor-in-chief of ''The New York Times''. He was born in Hanover, New Hampshire to Elijah and Chastina Hoyt Miller. Miller attended Dartmouth College and graduated in 1872. After wo ...
and other ''New York Times'' editors raised $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to buy the ''Times'', printing it under the New York Times Publishing Company. The newspaper found itself in a financial crisis by the Panic of 1893, and by 1896, the newspaper had a circulation of less than 9,000 and was losing $1,000 a day. That year, Adolph Ochs, the publisher of the ''
Chattanooga Times The ''Chattanooga Times Free Press'' is a daily broadsheet newspaper published in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and is distributed in the metropolitan Chattanooga region of southeastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia. It is one of Tennessee's ma ...
'', gained a controlling interest in the company for $75,000. Shortly after assuming control of the paper, Ochs coined the paper's slogan, "All The News That's Fit To Print". This slogan has endured, appearing in the paper since September 1896, and has been printed in a box in the upper left hand corner of the front page since early 1897. The slogan was seen as a jab at competing publications, such as Joseph Pulitzer's '' New York World'' and William Randolph Hearst's ''
New York Journal :''Includes coverage of New York Journal-American and its predecessors New York Journal, The Journal, New York American and New York Evening Journal'' The ''New York Journal-American'' was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 t ...
'', which were known for a lurid, sensationalist and often inaccurate reporting of facts and opinions, described by the end of the century as " yellow journalism". Under Ochs' guidance, aided by Carr Van Anda, ''The New York Times'' achieved international scope, circulation, and reputation; Sunday circulation went from under 9,000 in 1896 to 780,000 in 1934. Van Anda also created the newspaper's photo library, now colloquially referred to as "
the morgue ''The Morgue'' is a 2008 direct-to-DVD horror film directed by Halder Gomes and Gerson Sanginitto, and written by Najla Ann Al-Doori and Andrew Pletcher. Plot synopsis The protagonist Margo Dey is paying her way through college by working part ...
." In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, ''The New York Times'', along with '' The Times'', received the first on-the-spot wireless telegraph transmission from a naval battle: a report of the destruction of the Russian Navy's Baltic Fleet, at the
Battle of Port Arthur The of 8–9 February 1904 marked the commencement of the Russo-Japanese War. It began with a surprise night attack by a squadron of Japanese destroyers on the neutral Russian fleet anchored at Port Arthur, Manchuria, and continued with an ...
, from the press-boat ''
Haimun SS ''Haimun'' was a Chinese steamer ship commanded by war correspondent Lionel James in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War for '' The Times'' of London. It is the first-known instance of a "press boat" dedicated to war correspondence during nava ...
''. In 1910, the first air delivery of ''The New York Times'' to Philadelphia began. In 1919, ''The New York Times'' first trans-Atlantic delivery to
London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
occurred by
dirigible balloon An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power. Aerostats gain their lift from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air. In early ...
. In 1920, during the 1920 Republican National Convention, a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent to
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
by plane, so it could be in the hands of convention delegates by evening. In 1920, Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz published A Test of the News, about New York Times coverage of the Russian Revolution. They concluded that its news stories were not based on facts, but "were determined by the hopes of the men who made up the news organisations." The newspaper referred to events that had not taken place, atrocities that did not exist, and reported no fewer than 91 times that the Bolshevik regime was on the verge of collapse.


Post-war expansion

Ochs died in 1935 and was succeeded as publisher by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. Under his leadership, and that of his son-in-law (and successor),
Orvil Dryfoos Orvil Eugene Dryfoos (November 8, 1912 – May 25, 1963) was the publisher of '' The New York Times'' from 1961 to his death. He entered ''The Times'' family via his marriage to Marian Sulzberger, daughter of then-publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberge ...
, the paper extended its breadth and reach, beginning in the 1940s. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the fashion section first appeared in 1946. ''The New York Times'' began an international edition in 1946. (The international edition stopped publishing in 1967, when ''The New York Times'' joined the owners of the '' New York Herald Tribune'' and '' The Washington Post'' to publish the '' International Herald Tribune'' in Paris.) After only two years as publisher, Dryfoos died in 1963 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger, who led the ''Times'' until 1992 and continued the expansion of the paper.


''New York Times v. Sullivan'' (1964)

The paper's involvement in a 1964 libel case helped bring one of the key United States Supreme Court decisions supporting freedom of the press, ''New York Times Co. v. Sullivan''. In it, the United States Supreme Court established the "
actual malice Actual malice in United States law is a legal requirement imposed upon public officials or public figures when they file suit for libel (defamatory printed communications). Compared to other individuals who are less well known to the general pu ...
" standard for press reports about public officials or
public figure A public figure is a person who has achieved notoriety, prominence or fame within a society, whether through achievement, luck, action, or in some cases through no purposeful action of their own, In the context of defamation actions (libel and ...
s to be considered defamatory or libelous. The malice standard requires the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case to prove the publisher of the statement knew the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity. Because of the high burden of proof on the plaintiff, and difficulty proving malicious intent, such cases by public figures rarely succeed.


The ''Pentagon Papers'' (1971)

In 1971, the ''Pentagon Papers'', a secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1967, were given ("leaked") to Neil Sheehan of ''The New York Times'' by former State Department official Daniel Ellsberg, with his friend Anthony Russo assisting in copying them. ''The New York Times'' began publishing excerpts as a series of articles on June 13. Controversy and lawsuits followed. The papers revealed, among other things, that the government had deliberately expanded its role in the war by conducting airstrikes over Laos, raids along the coast of North Vietnam, and offensive actions were taken by the U.S. Marines well before the public was told about the actions, all while President Lyndon B. Johnson had been promising not to expand the war. The document increased the credibility gap for the U.S. government, and hurt efforts by the Nixon administration to fight the ongoing war. When ''The New York Times'' began publishing its series, President Richard Nixon became incensed. His words to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger included "People have gotta be put to the torch for this sort of thing" and "Let's get the son-of-a-bitch in jail." After failing to get ''The New York Times'' to stop publishing, Attorney General John Mitchell and President Nixon obtained a federal court injunction that ''The New York Times'' cease publication of excerpts. The newspaper appealed and the case began working through the court system. On June 18, 1971, ''The Washington Post'' began publishing its own series.
Ben Bagdikian Ben-hur Haig Bagdikian (January 30, 1920 – March 11, 2016) was an Armenian-American journalist, news media critic and commentator, and university professor. An Armenian genocide survivor, Bagdikian moved to the United States as an infant and ...
, a ''Post'' editor, had obtained portions of the papers from Ellsberg. That day the ''Post'' received a call from William Rehnquist, an assistant U.S. Attorney General for the
Office of Legal Counsel The Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) is an office in the United States Department of Justice that assists the Attorney General's position as legal adviser to the President and all executive branch agencies. It drafts legal opinions of the Attorney ...
, asking them to stop publishing. When the ''Post'' refused, the U.S. Justice Department sought another injunction. The U.S. District court judge refused, and the government appealed. On June 26, 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take both cases, merging them into '' New York Times Co. v. United States''. On June 30, 1971, the Supreme Court held in a 6–3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the burden of proof required. The justices wrote nine separate opinions, disagreeing on significant substantive issues. While it was generally seen as a victory for those who claim the
First Amendment First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...
enshrines an absolute right to free speech, many felt it a lukewarm victory, offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security were at stake.


Late 1970s–1990s

In the 1970s, the paper introduced a number of new lifestyle sections, including Weekend and Home, with the aim of attracting more advertisers and readers. Many criticized the move for betraying the paper's mission. On September 7, 1976, the paper switched from an eight-column format to a six-column format. The overall page width stayed the same, with each column becoming wider. On September 14, 1987, the ''Times'' printed the heaviest-ever newspaper, at over and 1,612 pages. In 1992, "Punch" Sulzberger stepped down as publisher; his son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., succeeded him, first as publisher and then as chairman of the board in 1997. The ''Times'' was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography, with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on October 16, 1997.


Digital era


Early digital content

''The New York Times'' switched to a digital production process sometime before 1980, but only began preserving the resulting digital text that year. In 1983, the ''Times'' sold the electronic rights to its articles to LexisNexis. As the online distribution of news increased in the 1990s, the ''Times'' decided not to renew the deal and in 1994 the newspaper regained electronic rights to its articles. On January 22, 1996, NYTimes.com began publishing.


2000s

In August 2007, the paper reduced the physical size of its print edition, cutting the page width from to a . This followed similar moves by a roster of other newspapers in the previous ten years, including ''
USA Today ''USA Today'' (stylized in all uppercase) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15, 1982, the newspaper operates from Gannett's corporate headquarters in Tysons, Virgini ...
'', ''
The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
'', and '' The Washington Post''. The move resulted in a 5% reduction in news space, but (in an era of dwindling circulation and significant advertising revenue losses) also saved about $12 million a year. In September 2008, ''The New York Times'' announced that it would be combining certain sections effective October 6, 2008, in editions printed in the New York metropolitan area. The changes folded the Metro Section into the main International / National news section and combined Sports and Business (except Saturday through Monday, while Sports continues to be printed as a standalone section). This change also included having the Metro section called New York outside of the Tri-State Area. The presses used by ''The New York Times'' can allow four sections to be printed simultaneously; as the paper includes more than four sections on all days except for Saturday, the sections were required to be printed separately in an early press run and collated together. The changes allowed ''The New York Times'' to print in four sections Monday through Wednesday, in addition to Saturday. ''The New York Times'' announcement stated that the number of news pages and employee positions would remain unchanged, with the paper realizing cost savings by cutting overtime expenses. Because of its declining sales largely attributed to the rise of online news sources, favored especially by younger readers, and the decline of advertising revenue, the newspaper had been going through a downsizing for several years, offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses, in common with a general trend among print news media. Following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. In 2009, the newspaper began production of local inserts in regions outside of the New York area. Beginning October 16, 2009, a two-page "Bay Area" insert was added to copies of the Northern California edition on Fridays and Sundays. The newspaper commenced production of a similar Friday and Sunday insert to the Chicago edition on November 20, 2009. The inserts consist of local news, policy, sports, and culture pieces, usually supported by local advertisements.


2010s

In December 2012, the ''Times'' published "
Snow Fall Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout ...
", a six-part article about the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche which integrated videos, photos, and interactive graphics and was hailed as a watershed moment for online journalism. In 2013,
How Y’all, Youse and You Guys Talk
" an interactive quiz created by intern Josh Katz, based on the Harvard Dialect Survey, which collected responses of more than 50,000 people answering 122 questions about the way they said different things across the United States became the ''Times'' most popular piece of content of the year. In 2016, reporters for the newspaper were reportedly the target of cybersecurity breaches. The Federal Bureau of Investigation was reportedly investigating the attacks. The cybersecurity breaches have been described as possibly being related to cyberattacks that targeted other institutions, such as the Democratic National Committee. During the 2016 presidential election, the ''Times'' played an important role in elevating the Hillary Clinton emails controversy into the most important subject of media coverage in the election which Clinton would lose narrowly to Donald Trump. The controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the presidential campaign. Clinton and other observers argue that coverage of the emails controversy contributed to her loss in the election. According to a Columbia Journalism Review analysis, "''in just six days,'' The New York Times ''ran as many cover stories about Hillary Clinton's emails as they did about all policy issues combined in the 69 days leading up to the election'' (and that does not include the three additional articles on October 18, and November 6 and 7, or the two articles on the emails taken from John Podesta)." In October 2018, the ''Times'' published a 14,218-word investigation into Donald Trump's "self-made" fortune and tax avoidance, an 18-month project based on examination of 100,000 pages of documents. The extensive article ran as an eight-page feature in the print edition and also was adapted into a shortened 2,500 word listicle featuring its key takeaways. After the midweek front-page story, the ''Times'' also republished the piece as a 12-page "special report" section in the Sunday paper. During the lengthy investigation, Showtime cameras followed the ''Times'' three investigative reporters for a half-hour documentary called ''The Family Business: Trump and Taxes'', which aired the following Sunday. The report won a
Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting The Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting has been presented since 1998, for a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject, lucid writing and clear pr ...
. In May 2019, ''The New York Times'' announced that it would present a television news program based on news from its individual reporters stationed around the world and that it would premiere on FX and Hulu.


2020s

In August 2021, the paper announced an effort to make 18 newsletters available only to subscribers, even though some of the most popular ones would remain free. Part of this was in response to competition from Substack. In January 2022, the New York Times Company announced that it would acquire '' The Athletic'', a subscription-based sports news website. The $550 million deal is expected to close in the first quarter of 2022, and ''The Athletic'''s co-founders, Alex Mather and Adam Hansmann, would stay with the publication, which would continue to be run separately from the ''Times''. Recode/ Vox reported that this acquisition was part of an effort for the paper to get a younger, more diverse readership, as were offerings like games, cooking, and audio. The same month, the paper announced it was acquiring Wordle, a relatively new game that became popular rather quickly and that would remain free "initially." In April 2022, ''The New York Times'' published a three-part 20,000-word investigative series on Fox News host Tucker Carlson called "American Nationalist". The investigative series documents Carlson's rise to prominence and his rhetoric on immigration, race relations and the COVID-19 pandemic. Carlson responded by saying that he has not read "American Nationalist" and does not plan to. He also denied allegations from the ''Times'' about obsessing over ratings, saying that "I've never read the ratings a single day in my life. I don't even know how. Ask anyone at Fox." and that "Most of the big positions I've taken in the past five years — against the neocons, the vax and the war
n Ukraine N, or n, is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''en'' (pronounced ), plural ''ens''. History ...
— have been very unpopular with our audience at first." In December 2022, over 1,000 ''New York Times'' staffers staged a strike for the first time in over 40 years.


Headquarters building

The newspaper's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street in New York City. In 1854, it moved to 138 Nassau Street, and in 1858 to 41 Park Row, making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use. The newspaper moved its headquarters to the Times Tower, located at 1475 Broadway in 1904, in an area then called Longacre Square, that was later renamed Times Square in the newspaper's honor. The top of the building — now known as One Times Square — is the site of the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a lighted ball, which was begun by the paper. The building is also known for its electronic news ticker — popularly known as "The Zipper" — where headlines crawl around the outside of the building. It is still in use, but has been operated by Dow Jones & Company since 1995. After nine years in its Times Square tower, the newspaper had an annex built at
229 West 43rd Street 229 West 43rd Street (formerly The New York Times Building, The New York Times Annex, and the Times Square Building) is an 18-story office building in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Opened in 1913 and expanded ...
. After several expansions, the 43rd Street building became the newspaper's main headquarters in 1960 and the Times Tower on Broadway was sold the following year. It served as the newspaper's main printing plant until 1997, when the newspaper opened a state-of-the-art printing plant in the College Point section of Queens. A decade later, ''The New York Times'' moved its newsroom and businesses headquarters from West 43rd Street to a new tower at 620 Eighth Avenue between West 40th and 41st Streets, in Manhattan, directly across Eighth Avenue from the
Port Authority Bus Terminal The Port Authority Bus Terminal (colloquially known as the Port Authority and by its acronym PABT) is a bus terminal located in Manhattan in New York City. It is the busiest bus terminal in the world by volume of traffic, serving about 8,000 bus ...
. The new headquarters for the newspaper, known officially as The New York Times Building but unofficially called the new "Times Tower" by many New Yorkers, is a skyscraper designed by
Renzo Piano Renzo Piano (; born 14 September 1937) is an Italian architect. His notable buildings include the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (with Richard Rogers, 1977), The Shard in London (2012), the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City (2 ...
.


Gender discrimination in employment

Discriminatory practices used by the paper long restricted women in appointments to editorial positions. The newspaper's first general female reporter was Jane Grant, who described her experience afterward: "In the beginning I was charged not to reveal the fact that a female had been hired". Other reporters nicknamed her Fluff and she was subjected to considerable hazing. Because of her gender, any promotion was out of the question, according to the then-managing editor. She remained on the staff for fifteen years, interrupted by World War I. In 1935, Anne McCormick wrote to Arthur Hays Sulzberger: "I hope you won't expect me to revert to 'woman's-point-of-view' stuff." Later, she interviewed major political leaders and appears to have had easier access than her colleagues. Even witnesses of her actions were unable to explain how she gained the interviews she did.
Clifton Daniel Elbert Clifton Daniel, Jr. (September 19, 1912 – February 21, 2000) was an American newspaperman who was the managing editor of '' The New York Times'' from 1964 to 1969. Before assuming the top editorial job at the paper, he served as t ...
said, " fter World War II,I'm sure Adenauer called her up and invited her to lunch. She never had to grovel for an appointment." Covering world leaders' speeches after World War II at the
National Press Club Organizations A press club is an organization for journalists and others professionally engaged in the production and dissemination of news. A press club whose membership is defined by the press of a given country may be known as a National Pre ...
was limited to men by a club rule. When women were eventually allowed to hear the speeches directly, they were still not allowed to ask the speakers questions. Men were allowed and did ask, even though some of the women had won Pulitzer Prizes for prior work. ''Times'' reporter Maggie Hunter refused to return to the club after covering one speech on assignment. Nan Robertson's article on the Union Stock Yards,
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
, was read aloud as anonymous by a professor, who then said: "'It will come as a surprise to you, perhaps, that the reporter is a ''girl,'' he began... sps; amazement in the ranks. 'She had used all her senses, not just her eyes, to convey the smell and feel of the stockyards. She chose a difficult subject, an offensive subject. Her imagery was strong enough to revolt you.'" ''The New York Times'' hired Kathleen McLaughlin after ten years at the '' Chicago Tribune'', where " e did a series on maids, going out herself to apply for housekeeping jobs."


Slogan

''The New York Times'' has had one slogan. Since 1896, the newspaper's slogan has been "All the News That's Fit to Print." In 1896, Adolph Ochs held a competition to attempt to find a replacement slogan, offering a $100 prize for the best one. Though he later announced that the original would not be changed, the prize would still be awarded. Entries included "News, Not Nausea"; "In One Word: Adequate"; "News Without Noise"; "Out Heralds '' The Herald'', Informs ''
The World In its most general sense, the term "world" refers to the totality of entities, to the whole of reality or to everything that is. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the worl ...
'', and Extinguishes '' The Sun''"; "The Public Press is a Public Trust"; and the winner of the competition, "All the world's news, but not a school for scandal." On May 10, 1960,
Wright Patman John William Wright Patman (August 6, 1893 – March 7, 1976) was an American politician. First elected in 1928, Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texas's 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1 ...
asked the FTC to investigate whether ''The New York Times's'' slogan was misleading or false advertising. Within 10 days, the FTC responded that it was not. Again in 1996, a competition was held to find a new slogan, this time for NYTimes.com. Over 8,000 entries were submitted, with "All the News That's Fit to Print" found to be the best.


Organization

Meredith Kopit Levien has been president and chief executive officer since September 2020.


News staff

In addition to its New York City headquarters, the paper has newsrooms in
London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
and
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
. Its Paris newsroom, which had been the headquarters of the paper's international edition, was closed in 2016, although the city remains home to a news bureau and an advertising office. The paper also has an editing and wire service center in Gainesville,
Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...
. , the newspaper had six news bureaus in the New York region, 14 elsewhere in the United States, and 24 in other countries. In 2009, Russ Stanton, editor of the ''
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' (abbreviated as ''LA Times'') is a daily newspaper that started publishing in Los Angeles in 1881. Based in the LA-adjacent suburb of El Segundo since 2018, it is the sixth-largest newspaper by circulation in the ...
'', a competitor, stated that the newsroom of ''The New York Times'' was twice the size of the ''Los Angeles Times'', which had a newsroom of 600 at the time. To facilitate their reporting and to hasten an otherwise lengthy process of reviewing many documents during preparation for publication, their interactive news team has adapted optical character recognition technology into a proprietary tool known as ''Document Helper''. It enables the team to accelerate the processing of documents that need to be reviewed. During March 2019, they documented that this tool enabled them to process 900 documents in less than ten minutes in preparation for reporters to review the contents. The newspaper's editorial staff, including over 3,000 reporters and media staff, are unionized with
NewsGuild The NewsGuild-CWA is a labor union founded by newspaper journalists in 1933. In addition to improving wages and working conditions, its constitution says its purpose is to fight for honesty in journalism and the news industry's business practic ...
. In 2021, the ''Times'' digital technology staff formed a union with NewsGuild, which the company declined to
voluntarily recognize The National Labor Relations Board, an agency within the United States government, was created in 1935 as part of the National Labor Relations Act. Among the NLRB's chief responsibilities is the holding of elections to permit employees to vote wh ...
.


Ochs-Sulzberger family

In 1896, Adolph Ochs bought ''The New York Times'', a money-losing newspaper, and formed the New York Times Company. The Ochs-Sulzberger family, one of the United States' newspaper dynasties, has owned ''The New York Times'' ever since. The publisher went public on January 14, 1969, trading at $42 a share on the American Stock Exchange. After this, the family continued to exert control through its ownership of the vast majority of Class B voting shares. Class A shareholders are permitted restrictive voting rights, while Class B shareholders are allowed open voting rights. The Ochs-Sulzberger family trust controls roughly 88 percent of the company's class B shares. Any alteration to the dual-class structure must be ratified by six of eight directors who sit on the board of the Ochs-Sulzberger family trust. The trust board members are Daniel H. Cohen, James M. Cohen, Lynn G. Dolnick, Susan W. Dryfoos, Michael Golden, Eric M. A. Lax, Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr., and Cathy J. Sulzberger. Turner Catledge, the top editor at ''The New York Times'' from 1952 to 1968, wanted to hide the ownership influence. Arthur Sulzberger routinely wrote memos to his editor, each containing suggestions, instructions, complaints, and orders. When Catledge would receive these memos, he would erase the publisher's identity before passing them to his subordinates. Catledge thought that if he removed the publisher's name from the memos, it would protect reporters from feeling pressured by the owner.


Public editors

The position of public editor was established in 2003 to "investigate matters of journalistic integrity"; each public editor was to serve a two-year term. The post "was established to receive reader complaints and question ''Times'' journalists on how they make decisions."Daniel Victor
New York Times Will Offer Employee Buyouts and Eliminate Public Editor Role
, ''The New York Times'' (May 31, 2017).
The impetus for the creation of the public editor position was the Jayson Blair affair. Public editors were: Daniel Okrent (2003–2005),
Byron Calame Byron "Barney" Calame (born April 14, 1939, in Appleton City, Missouri) is an American journalist. He worked at ''The Wall Street Journal'' for 39 years, retiring as deputy managing editor in 2004. In 2005, he became the second public editor of ' ...
(2005–2007), Clark Hoyt (2007–2010) (served an extra year), Arthur S. Brisbane (2010–2012), Margaret Sullivan (2012–2016) (served a four-year term), and Elizabeth Spayd (2016–2017). In 2017, the ''Times'' eliminated the position of public editor.


Content


Editorial stance

The editorial pages of ''The New York Times'' are typically liberal in their position. In mid-2004, the newspaper's then public editor ( ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote that "the Op-Ed page editors do an evenhanded job of representing a range of views in the essays from outsiders they publish – but you need an awfully heavy counterweight to balance a page that also bears the work of seven opinionated columnists, only two of whom could be classified as conservative (and, even then, of the conservative subspecies that supports legalization of gay unions and, in the case of William Safire, opposes some central provisions of the Patriot Act)." ''The New York Times'' has not endorsed a Republican Party member for president since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956; since 1960, it has endorsed the Democratic Party nominee in every presidential election (see New York Times presidential endorsements). ''The New York Times'' did endorse incumbent moderate Republican mayors of New York City Rudy Giuliani in 1997, and Michael Bloomberg in 2005 and 2009. The ''Times'' also endorsed Republican New York state governor George Pataki for re-election in 2002.


Style

Unlike most U.S. daily newspapers, the ''Times'' relies on its own in-house
stylebook A style guide or manual of style is a set of standards for the writing, formatting, and design of documents. It is often called a style sheet, although that term also has multiple other meanings. The standards can be applied either for gener ...
rather than
The Associated Press Stylebook The ''AP Stylebook'', also known by its full name ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law'', is an American English grammar style and usage guide created by American journalists working for or connected with the Associated P ...
. When referring to people, ''The New York Times'' generally uses honorifics rather than unadorned last names (except in the sports pages, pop culture coverage, and the Book Review and Magazine). ''The New York Times'' printed a display advertisement on its first page on January 6, 2009, breaking tradition at the paper. The advertisement, for CBS, was in color and ran the entire width of the page. The newspaper promised it would place first-page advertisements on only the lower half of the page. In August 2014, the ''Times'' decided to use the word " torture" to describe incidents in which interrogators "inflicted pain on a prisoner in an effort to get information." This was a shift from the paper's previous practice of describing such practices as "harsh" or "brutal" interrogations. The paper maintains a strict profanity policy. A 2007 review of a concert by the punk band Fucked Up, for example, completely avoided mention of the group's name. The ''Times'' has on occasion published unfiltered video content that includes profanity and slurs where it has determined that such video has news value. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, the ''Times'' did print the words "fuck" and " pussy," among others, when reporting on the vulgar statements made by Donald Trump in a 2005 recording. Then-''Times'' politics editor Carolyn Ryan said: "It's a rare thing for us to use this language in our stories, even in quotes, and we discussed it at length." Ryan said the paper ultimately decided to publish it because of its news value and because " leave it out or simply describe it seemed awkward and less than forthright to us, especially given that we would be running a video that showed our readers exactly what was said."


Products


Print newspaper

In the absence of a major headline, the day's most important story generally appears in the top-right column, on the main page. The typefaces used for the headlines are custom variations of Cheltenham. The running text is set at 8.7 point
Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texas ...
. The newspaper is organized into three sections, including the magazine: # News: Includes International, National,
Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...
, Business, Technology, Science, Health, Sports, The Metro Section, Education, Weather, and Obituaries. # Opinion: Includes Editorials, Op-eds and Letters to the Editor. # Features: Includes Arts, Movies, Theater, Travel, NYC Guide, Food, Home & Garden, Fashion & Style, Crossword, ''The New York Times Book Review'','' T: The New York Times Style Magazine'', ''The New York Times Magazine'', and Sunday Review. Some sections, such as Metro, are only found in the editions of the paper distributed in the New York–New Jersey–Connecticut Tri-state area and not in the national or Washington, D.C., editions. Aside from a weekly roundup of reprints of editorial cartoons from other newspapers, ''The New York Times'' does not have its own staff editorial cartoonist, nor does it feature a
comics page The comics page of a daily newspaper is a page largely or entirely devoted to comic strips. Summary Some other features that frequently appear on the comics page are crossword puzzles and horoscopes. Other special pages in newspapers include th ...
or Sunday comics section. From 1851 to 2017, ''The New York Times'' published around 60,000 print issues containing about 3.5 million pages and 15 million articles. Like most other
American newspapers Newspapers in the United States have been published since the 18th century and are an integral part of the culture of the United States. Although a few newspapers including ''The New York Times'', ''USA Today'', and ''The Wall Street Journal'' ar ...
, ''The New York Times'' has experienced a decline in circulation. Its printed weekday circulation dropped by percent to 540,000 copies from 2005 to 2017.


''International Edition''

'' The New York Times International Edition'' is a print version of the paper tailored for readers outside the United States. Formerly a joint venture with '' The Washington Post'' named The International Herald Tribune, ''The New York Times'' took full ownership of the paper in 2002 and has gradually integrated it more closely into its domestic operations.


Website

''The New York Times'' began publishing daily on the World Wide Web on January 22, 1996, "offering readers around the world immediate access to most of the daily newspaper's contents." The website had 555 million pageviews and 15 million unique visitors in March 2005. By March 2020, this had risen to 2.5 billion pageviews and 240 million unique visitors. , nytimes.com produced 22 of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs. As of August 2020, the company had 6.5 million paid subscribers, out of which 5.7 million were subscribed to its digital content. In the period April–June 2020, it added 669,000 new digital subscribers.


Food section

The food section is supplemented on the web by properties for home cooks and for out-of-home dining. ''The New York Times'' Cooking (cooking.nytimes.com; also available via iOS app) provides access to more than 17,000 recipes on file , and availability of saving recipes from other sites around the web. The newspaper's restaurant search (nytimes.com/reviews/dining) allows online readers to search NYC area restaurants by cuisine, neighborhood, price, and reviewer rating. ''The New York Times'' has also published several cookbooks, including '' The Essential New York Times Cookbook: Classic Recipes for a New Century'', published in late 2010.


''TimesSelect''

In September 2005, the paper decided to begin subscription-based service for daily columns in a program known as ''TimesSelect'', which encompassed many previously free columns. Until being discontinued two years later, ''TimesSelect'' cost $7.95 per month or $49.95 per year, though it was free for print copy subscribers and university students and faculty. To avoid this charge, bloggers often reposted TimesSelect material, and at least one site once compiled links of reprinted material. On September 17, 2007, ''The New York Times'' announced that it would stop charging for access to parts of its Web site, effective at midnight the following day, reflecting a growing view in the industry that subscription fees cannot outweigh the potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site. ''Times'' columnists including Nicholas Kristof and
Thomas Friedman Thomas Loren Friedman (; born July 20, 1953) is an American political commentator and author. He is a three-time Pulitzer Prize winner who is a weekly columnist for '' The New York Times''. He has written extensively on foreign affairs, global ...
had criticized ''TimesSelect'', with Friedman going so far as to say "I hate it. It pains me enormously because it's cut me off from a lot, a lot of people, especially because I have a lot of people reading me overseas, like in India ... I feel totally cut off from my audience."


Paywall and digital subscriptions

In 2007, in addition to opening almost the entire site to all readers, ''The New York Times'' news archives from 1987 to the present were made available at no charge to non-subscribers, as well as those from 1851 to 1922, which are in the public domain. Falling print advertising revenue and projections of continued decline resulted in a "metered paywall" being instituted in March 2011, limiting non-subscribers to a monthly allotment of 20 free on-line articles per month. This measure was regarded as modestly successful after garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions and about $100 million in revenue . Beginning in April 2012, the number of free-access articles was halved from 20 to 10 articles per month. Any reader who wanted to access more would have to pay for a digital subscription. This plan allowed free access for occasional readers. Digital subscription rates for four weeks ranged from $15 to $35 depending on the package selected, with periodic new subscriber promotions offering four-week all-digital access for as low as 99¢. Subscribers to the paper's print edition got full access without any additional fee. Some content, such as the front page and section fronts remained free, as well as the Top News page on mobile apps. In January 2013, ''The New York Times'' Public Editor
Margaret M. Sullivan Margaret M. Sullivan is an American journalist who is the former media columnist for '' The Washington Post''. She was the fifth public editor of '' The New York Times'' and the first woman to hold the position. In that role, she reported dire ...
announced that for the first time in many decades, the paper generated more revenue through subscriptions than through advertising. In December 2017, the number of free articles per month was reduced from 10 to 5, the first change to the metered paywall since April 2012. An executive of the New York Times Company stated that the decision was motivated by "an all-time high" in the demand for journalism. A digital subscription to ''The New York Times'' cost $16 a month in 2017. , ''The New York Times'' had a total of 3.5 million paid subscriptions in both print and digital versions, and about 130 million monthly readers, more than double its audience two years previously. In February 2018, the New York Times Company reported increased revenue from the digital-only subscriptions, adding 157,000 new subscribers to a total of 2.6 million digital-only subscribers. Digital advertising also saw growth during this period. At the same time, advertising for the print version of the journal fell.


Mobile presence


Apps

In 2008, ''The New York Times'' was made available as an app for the iPhone and iPod Touch; as well as publishing an iPad app in 2010. The app allowed users to download articles to their mobile device enabling them to read the paper even when they were unable to receive a signal. , ''The New York Times'' iPad app is
ad-supported Online advertising, also known as online marketing, Internet advertising, digital advertising or web advertising, is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to promote products and services to audiences and platform users. ...
and available for free without a paid subscription, but translated into a subscription-based model in 2011. In 2010, ''The New York Times'' editors collaborated with students and faculty from New York University's Studio 20 Journalism Masters program to launch and produce "The Local East Village", a
hyperlocal Hyperlocal is information oriented around a well-defined community with its primary focus directed toward the concerns of the population in that community. The term can be used as a noun in isolation or as a modifier of some other term (e.g. new ...
blog designed to offer news "by, for and about the residents of the East Village". That same year, reCAPTCHA helped to digitize old editions of ''The New York Times''. In 2010, the newspaper also launched an app for Android smartphones, followed later by an app for Windows Phones. Moreover, the ''Times'' was the first newspaper to offer a video game as part of its editorial content, ''Food Import Folly'' by
Persuasive Games Persuasive Games is a video game developer founded by Ian Bogost and Gerard LaFond in 2003. The company focuses on making advergames with strong opinions. Their first game, ''Howard Dean for Iowa'' is about trying to get Howard Dean to win the Iow ...
.


The ''Times Reader''

The ''Times Reader'' is a digital version of ''The New York Times'', created via a collaboration between the newspaper and Microsoft. ''Times Reader'' takes the principles of print journalism and applies them to the technique of online reporting, using a series of technologies developed by Microsoft and their Windows Presentation Foundation team. It was announced in Seattle in April 2006, by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., Bill Gates, and
Tom Bodkin Tom Bodkin is the Design Director at '' The New York Times''. Bodkin, who hails from Great Neck, New York, graduated from John L. Miller Great Neck North High School in 1971. Editor-in-chief of the award-winning school newspaper "Guide Post," he ...
. In 2009, the ''Times Reader'' 2.0 was rewritten in Adobe AIR. In December 2013, the newspaper announced that the ''Times Reader'' app would be discontinued as of January 6, 2014, urging readers of the app to instead begin using the subscription-only ''Today's Paper'' app.


Podcasts

''The New York Times'' began producing podcasts in 2006. Among the early podcasts were ''Inside The Times'' and ''Inside The New York Times Book Review''. Several of the ''Times''' podcasts were cancelled in 2012. The ''Times'' returned to launching new podcasts in 2016, including ''Modern Love'' with
WBUR WBUR-FM (90.9 FM) is a public radio station located in Boston, Massachusetts, owned by Boston University. It is the largest of three NPR member stations in Boston, along with WGBH and WUMB-FM and produces several nationally distributed program ...
. On January 30, 2017, ''The New York Times'' launched a news podcast, '' The Daily''. In October 2018, NYT debuted ''The Argument'' with opinion columnists Ross Douthat,
Michelle Goldberg Michelle Goldberg (born 1975)"Michelle Goldberg". Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2016. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, January 28, 2017. is an American journalist and author, and an op-ed columnist for '' The New York Ti ...
and David Leonhardt. It is a weekly discussion about a single issue explained from the left, center, and right of the political spectrum.


Non-English versions


Chinese-language

In June 2012, ''The New York Times'' introduced its first official foreign-language variant, cn.nytimes.com, a Chinese-language news site viewable in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters. The project was led by
Craig S. Smith Craig S. Smith (born October 13, 1955, in Spokane, Washington) is an American journalist and former executive of '' The New York Times''. Until January, 2000, he wrote for '' The Wall Street Journal'', most notably covering the rise of the relig ...
on the business side and
Philip P. Pan Philip P. Pan (born 20th century) is an American journalist, author, and International Editor at '' The New York Times.'' He previously worked as bureau chief in Moscow and Beijing for '' The Washington Post''. Early life Pan was born and rais ...
on the editorial side, with content created by staff based in
Shanghai Shanghai (; , , Standard Chinese, Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four Direct-administered municipalities of China, direct-administered municipalities of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the ...
, Beijing, and
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a List of cities in China, city and Special administrative regions of China, special ...
, though the server was placed outside of China to avoid censorship issues. The site's initial success was interrupted in October that year following the publication of an investigative article by David Barboza about the finances of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao's family. In retaliation for the article, the Chinese government blocked access to both ''nytimes.com'' and ''cn.nytimes''.com inside the People's Republic of China (PRC). Despite Chinese government interference, the Chinese-language operations continued to develop, briefly adding a second site, cn.nytstyle.com, iOS and Android apps, and newsletters, some of which are accessible inside the PRC. The China operations also produce print publications in Chinese. Traffic to ''cn.nytimes.com'', meanwhile, has risen due to the widespread use of VPN technology in the PRC and to a growing Chinese audience outside mainland China. ''The New York Times'' articles are also available to users in China via the use of mirror websites, apps, domestic newspapers, and social media. The Chinese platforms now represent one of ''The New York Times'' top five digital markets globally. The editor-in-chief of the Chinese platforms is Ching-Ching Ni.


''The New York Times en Español'' (Spanish-language)

Between February 2016 and September 2019, ''The New York Times'' launched a standalone Spanish-language edition, ''The New York Times en Español''. The Spanish-language version featured increased coverage of news and events in Latin America and
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
. The expansion into Spanish language news content allowed the newspaper to expand its audience into the
Spanish speaking world Hispanophone and Hispanic refers to anything relating to the Spanish language (the Hispanosphere). In a cultural, rather than merely linguistic sense, the notion of "Hispanophone" goes further than the above definition. The Hispanic culture is th ...
and increase its revenue. The Spanish-language version was seen as a way to compete with the established El País newspaper of
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
, which bills itself the "global newspaper in Spanish." Its Spanish version has a team of journalists in Mexico City as well as correspondents in Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Miami, and Madrid, Spain. It was discontinued in September 2019, citing lack of financial success as the reason. In March 2013, ''The New York Times'' and National Film Board of Canada announced a partnership titled ''A Short History of the Highrise'', which will create four short documentaries for the Internet about life in high rise buildings as part of the NFB's '' Highrise'' project, utilizing images from the newspaper's photo archives for the first three films, and user-submitted images for the final film. The third project in the ''Short History of the Highrise'' series won a Peabody Award in 2013.


TimesMachine

The TimesMachine is a
Web Web most often refers to: * Spider web, a silken structure created by the animal * World Wide Web or the Web, an Internet-based hypertext system Web, WEB, or the Web may also refer to: Computing * WEB, a literate programming system created by ...
-based archive of scanned issues of ''The New York Times'' from 1851 through 2002. Unlike ''The New York Times'' online archive, the TimesMachine presents scanned images of the actual newspaper. All non-advertising content can be displayed on a per-story basis in a separate PDF display page and saved for future reference. The archive is available to ''The New York Times'' subscribers, whether via home delivery or digital access.


Interruptions

Because of holidays, no editions were printed on November 23, 1851; January 2, 1852; July 4, 1852; January 2, 1853; and January 1, 1854. Because of strikes, the regular edition of ''The New York Times'' was not printed during the following periods: * September 19, 1923, to September 26, 1923. An unauthorized local union strike prevented the publication of several New York papers, among them ''The New York Times''. During this period "The Combined New York Morning Newspapers," were published with summaries of the news. * December 12, 1962, to March 31, 1963. Only a western edition was printed because of the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike. * September 17, 1965, to October 10, 1965. An international edition was printed, and a weekend edition replaced the Saturday and Sunday papers. * August 10, 1978, to November 5, 1978. The multi-union 1978 New York City newspaper strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers. No editions of ''The New York Times'' were printed. Two months into the strike, a parody of ''The New York Times'' called ''
Not The New York Times ''Not The New York Times'' was a parody newspaper of '' The New York Times'' created by Christopher Cerf, George Plimpton, Freddy Plimpton, Rusty Unger, and Tony Hendra, and published during the 1978 New York City newspaper strike. Backgro ...
'' was distributed in the city, with contributors such as Carl Bernstein, Christopher Cerf,
Tony Hendra Anthony Christopher "Tony" Hendra (10 July 1941 – 4 March 2021) was an English satirist, actor and writer who worked mostly in the United States. Educated at St Albans School (where he was a classmate of Stephen Hawking) and at St John's C ...
and George Plimpton. The newspaper's website was hacked on August 29, 2013, by the Syrian Electronic Army, a hacking group that supports the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. The SEA managed to penetrate the paper's domain name registrar,
Melbourne IT Webcentral, formerly known as Melbourne IT Group, is an Australian digital services provider. It is a publicly-traded company that was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange () in December 1999. It provides internet domain registration, ...
, and alter DNS records for ''The New York Times'', putting some of its websites out of service for hours.


Controversies


Ukraine

Walter Duranty Walter Duranty (25 May 1884 – 3 October 1957) was an Anglo-American journalist who served as Moscow bureau chief of '' The New York Times'' for fourteen years (1922–1936) following the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War (1918� ...
, who served as its Moscow bureau chief from 1922 through 1936, has been criticized for a series of stories in 1931 on the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
and won a Pulitzer Prize for his work at that time. Criticism rose for his denial of widespread famine, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor, in the early 1930s in which he summarized Soviet propaganda, and the ''Times'' published, as fact: "Conditions are bad, but there is no famine".Conquest, R. Reflections on a Ravaged Century. W.W. Norton & Company. New York. 2000. pp 123,156 In 2003, after the Pulitzer Board began a renewed inquiry, the ''Times'' hired Mark von Hagen, professor of Russian history at Columbia University, to review Duranty's work. Von Hagen found Duranty's reports to be unbalanced and uncritical, and that they far too often gave voice to Stalinist propaganda. In comments to the press he stated, "For the sake of The New York Times' honor, they should take the prize away." '' The Ukrainian Weekly'' covered the efforts to rescind Duranty's prize. The ''Times'' has since made a public statement and the Pulitzer committee has declined to rescind the award twice, stating that "Mr. Duranty's 1931 work, measured by today's standards for foreign reporting, falls seriously short. In that regard, the Board's view is similar to that of ''The New York Times'' itself."


World War II

Jerold Auerbach Jerold Auerbach (born 1936) is an American historian and professor emeritus of history at Wellesley College. Auerbach earned the B.A. at Oberlin College and the Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1965. He taught at Queens College and at Brandeis Un ...
, a Guggenheim Fellow and Fulbright Lecturer, wrote in ''Print to Fit, The New York Times, Zionism and Israel, 1896–2016'' that it was of utmost importance to Adolph Ochs, the first Jewish owner of the paper, that in spite of the persecution of Jews in Germany, ''The Times'', through its reporting, should never be classified as a "Jewish newspaper". After Ochs' death in 1935, his son-in-law Arthur Hays Sulzberger became the publisher of ''The New York Times'' and maintained the understanding that no reporting should reflect on ''The Times'' as a Jewish newspaper. Sulzburger shared Ochs' concerns about the way Jews were perceived in American society. His apprehensions about judgement were manifested positively by his strong fidelity to the United States. At the same time, within the pages of ''The New York Times,'' Sulzburger refused to bring attention to Jews, including the refusal to identify Jews as major victims of Nazi genocide. Instead, many reports of Nazi-ordered slaughter identified Jewish victims as "persons." ''The Times'' even opposed the rescue of Jewish refugees. On November 14, 2001, in ''The New York Times'' 150th-anniversary issue, in an article entitled "Turning Away From the Holocaust," former executive editor Max Frankel wrote:
And then there was failure: none greater than the staggering, staining failure of ''The New York Times'' to depict Hitler's methodical extermination of the Jews of Europe as a horror beyond all other horrors in World War II – a Nazi war within the war crying out for illumination.
According to Frankel, harsh judges of ''The New York Times'' "have blamed 'self-hating Jews' and '
anti-Zionists Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism. Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the modern State of Israel, and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestine ...
' among the paper's owners and staff." Frankel responded to this criticism by describing the fragile sensibilities of the Jewish owners of ''The New York Times'':
Then, too, papers owned by Jewish families, like ''The Times'', were plainly afraid to have a society that was still widely anti-Semitic misread their passionate opposition to Hitler as a merely parochial cause. Even some leading Jewish groups hedged their appeals for rescue lest they be accused of wanting to divert wartime energies. At ''The Times'', the reluctance to highlight the systematic slaughter of Jews was undoubtedly influenced by the views of the publisher, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. He believed strongly and publicly that Judaism was a religion, not a race or nationality – that Jews should be separate only in the way they worshiped. He thought they needed no state or political and social institutions of their own. He went to great lengths to avoid having ''The Times'' branded a ''Jewish newspaper.'' He resented other publications for emphasizing the Jewishness of people in the news.
In the same article, Frankel quotes
Laurel Leff ''Buried by the Times'' is a 2005 book by Laurel Leff. The book is a critical account of '' The New York Times''s coverage of Nazi atrocities against Jews that culminated in the Holocaust. It argues that the news was often buried in the back pa ...
, associate professor of journalism at Northeastern University, who in 2000 had described how the newspaper downplayed Nazi Germany's targeting of Jews for genocide.
November 1942 was a critical month for American Jews. After several months of delay, the U.S. State Department had confirmed already published information that Germany was engaged in the systematic extermination of European Jews. Newspaper reports put the death toll at one million and described the "most ruthless methods," including mass gassings at special camps.
Yet at the beginning of November 1942, Sulzberger lobbied U.S. government officials against the founding of a homeland for Jews to escape to. The Times was silent on the matter of an increase in U.S. immigration quotas to permit more Jews to enter, and "actively supported the British Government's restriction on legal immigration to Palestine even as the persecution of Jews intensified". Sulzberger described Jews as being of no more concern to Nazi Germany than Roman Catholic priests or Christian ministers, and that Jews certainly were not singled out for extermination. Leff's 2005 book ''
Buried by the Times ''Buried by the Times'' is a 2005 book by Laurel Leff. The book is a critical account of ''The New York Times''s coverage of Nazi atrocities against Jews that culminated in the Holocaust. It argues that the news was often buried in the back pages ...
'' documents the paper's tendency before, during, and after World War II to place deep inside its daily editions the news stories about the ongoing persecution and extermination of Jews, while obscuring in those stories the special impact of the Nazis' crimes on Jews in particular. Leff attributes this dearth in part to the complex personal and political views of Sulzberger, concerning Jewishness, antisemitism, and Zionism.


Accusations of liberal bias

In 2004, the newspaper's public editor Daniel Okrent said in an opinion piece that ''The New York Times'' did have a liberal bias in news coverage of certain social issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage. He stated that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City, writing that the coverage of the ''Times''s Arts & Leisure; Culture; and the Sunday ''Times Magazine'' trend to the left.
If you're examining the paper's coverage of these subjects from a perspective that is neither urban nor Northeastern nor culturally seen-it-all; if you are among the groups The Times treats as strange objects to be examined on a laboratory slide (devout Catholics, gun owners, Orthodox Jews, Texans); if your value system wouldn't wear well on a composite New York Times journalist, then a walk through this paper can make you feel you're traveling in a strange and forbidding world.
''Times'' public editor Arthur Brisbane wrote in 2012:
When The Times covers a national presidential campaign, I have found that the lead editors and reporters are disciplined about enforcing fairness and balance, and usually succeed in doing so. Across the paper's many departments, though, so many share a kind of political and cultural progressivism — for lack of a better term — that this worldview virtually bleeds through the fabric of The Times.
''The New York Times'' public editor ( ombudsman) Elizabeth Spayd wrote in 2016 that "Conservatives and even many moderates, see in The Times a blue-state worldview" and accuse it of harboring a liberal bias. Spayd did not analyze the substance of the claim but did opine that the ''Times'' is "part of a fracturing media environment that reflects a fractured country. That in turn leads liberals and conservatives toward separate news sources." ''Times'' executive editor Dean Baquet stated that he does not believe coverage has a liberal bias:
We have to be really careful that people feel like they can see themselves in ''The New York Times''. I want us to be perceived as fair and honest to the world, not just a segment of it. It's a really difficult goal. Do we pull it off all the time? No.


Jayson Blair plagiarism (2003)

In May 2003, ''The New York Times'' reporter Jayson Blair was forced to resign from the newspaper after he was caught
plagiarizing Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.From the 1995 '' Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary'': use or close imitation of the language and thought ...
and fabricating elements of his stories. Some critics contended that Blair's race was a major factor in his hiring and in ''The New York Times'' initial reluctance to fire him.


Iraq War (2003–06)

The ''Times'' supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq. On May 26, 2004, more than a year after the war started, the newspaper asserted that some of its articles had not been as rigorous as they should have been, and were insufficiently qualified, frequently overly dependent upon information from Iraqi exiles desiring regime change. The New York Times admitted "Articles based on dire claims about Iraq tended to get prominent display, while follow-up articles that called the original ones into question were sometimes buried. In some cases, there was no follow-up at all." The paper said it was encouraged to report the claims by "United States officials convinced of the need to intervene in Iraq". ''The New York Times'' was involved in a significant controversy regarding the allegations surrounding Iraq and weapons of mass destruction in September 2002. A front-page story was authored by Judith Miller which claimed that the Iraqi government was in the process of developing nuclear weapons was published.Michael R. Gordon and Judith Miller (September 8, 2002)
"U.S. Says Hussein Intensifies Quest for A-Bomb Parts
, ''The New York Times''
Miller's story was cited by officials such as Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld as part of a campaign to commission the Iraq War.Michael Massing (February 26, 2004)
"Now They Tell Us: The American Press and Iraq"
, '' New York Review of Books''
One of Miller's prime sources was Ahmed Chalabi, an Iraqi expatriate who returned to Iraq after the U.S. invasion and held a number of governmental positions culminating in acting oil minister and deputy prime minister from May 2005 until May 2006. In 2005, negotiating a private severance package with Sulzberger, Miller retired after criticisms that her reporting of the lead-up to the Iraq War was factually inaccurate and overly favorable to the position of the Bush administration, for which ''The New York Times'' later apologized.


Israeli–Palestinian conflict

A 2003 study in the '' Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics'' concluded that ''The New York Times'' reporting was more favorable to Israelis than to Palestinians. A 2002 study published in the journal '' Journalism'' examined Middle East coverage of the Second Intifada over a one-month period in ''The New York'' ''Times'', ''The'' ''Washington Post'' and the '' Chicago Tribune''. The study authors said that the ''Times'' was "the most slanted in a pro-Israeli direction" with a bias "reflected...in its use of headlines, photographs, graphics, sourcing practices, and lead paragraphs." For its coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, some (such as Ed Koch) have claimed that the paper is pro-Palestinian, while others (such as As'ad AbuKhalil) have claimed that it is pro-Israel. ''
The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy ''The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy'' is a book by John Mearsheimer, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, and Stephen Walt, Professor of International Relations at Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, publ ...
'', by political science professors John Mearsheimer and
Stephen Walt Stephen Martin Walt (born July 2, 1955) is the Robert and Renee Belfer Professor of International relations at the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University and a political scientist. A member of the realist school of international relatio ...
, alleges ''The New York Times'' sometimes criticizes Israeli policies but is not even-handed and is generally pro-Israel. In 2009, the Simon Wiesenthal Center criticized the newspaper for printing cartoons regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that were described as "hideously anti-Semitic". Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected a proposal to write an article for the paper on grounds of lack of objectivity. A piece in which Thomas Friedman commented that praise given to Netanyahu during a speech at the U.S. Congress was "paid for by the Israel lobby" elicited an apology and clarification from its author.


The 1619 Project

The 1619 Project The 1619 Project is a long-form journalism endeavor developed by Nikole Hannah-Jones, writers from ''The New York Times'', and ''The New York Times Magazine'' which "aims to reframe the country's history by placing the consequences of slavery an ...
, a long-form journalism project re-evaluating slavery and its legacy in the United States led by investigative journalist
Nikole Hannah-Jones Nikole Sheri Hannah-Jones (born April 9, 1976) is an American investigative journalist, known for her coverage of civil rights in the United States. In April 2015, she became a staff writer for '' The New York Times.'' In 2017 she was awarded a ...
, has received criticism from some historians. In December 2019, twelve historians wrote to '' The New York Times Magazine'', expressing concern over what they alleged were inaccuracies and falsehoods fundamental to Hannah-Jones' reporting. The magazine's editor-in-chief,
Jake Silverstein Jake Silverstein (born 1975 in California) is an American writer and magazine editor. He is the editor-in-chief of '' The New York Times Magazine'' and the author of ''Nothing Happened and Then It Did'', a novelized memoir. Early life Silverst ...
, responded to the historians' letter in an editorial, in which he called into question the historical accuracy of some of the letter's claims. In an article in '' The Atlantic'', historian Sean Wilentz responded to Silverstein, writing, "No effort to educate the public in order to advance social justice can afford to dispense with a respect for basic facts" and disputed the accuracy of Silverstein's defense of the project. In September 2020, the ''Times'' updated the opening text of the project website to remove the phrase "understanding 1619 as our true founding" without accompanying editorial notes. Times columnist Bret Stephens wrote that the differences showed that the newspaper was backing away from some of the initiative's more controversial claims. The ''Times'' defended its practices, with Hannah-Jones emphasizing how most of the project's content has remained unchanged.


Reputation

The ''Times'' has developed a national and international "reputation for thoroughness". Among journalists, the paper is held in high regard; a 1999 survey of newspaper editors conducted by the '' Columbia Journalism Review'' found that the ''Times'' was the "best" American paper, ahead of '' The Washington Post'', ''
The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
'', and ''
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' (abbreviated as ''LA Times'') is a daily newspaper that started publishing in Los Angeles in 1881. Based in the LA-adjacent suburb of El Segundo since 2018, it is the sixth-largest newspaper by circulation in the ...
''. The ''Times'' also was ranked in a 2011 "quality" ranking of U.S. newspapers by Daniel de Vise of ''The Washington Post''; the objective ranking took into account the number of recent Pulitzer Prizes won, circulation, and perceived Web site quality. A 2012 report in WNYC called the ''Times'' "the most respected newspaper in the world." Nevertheless, like many other U.S. media sources, the ''Times'' has suffered from a decline in public perceptions of credibility in the U.S. in the early 21st century. A Pew Research Center survey in 2012 asked respondents about their views on credibility of various news organizations. Among respondents who gave a rating, 49% said that they believed "all or most" of the ''Times''s reporting, while 50% disagreed. A large percentage (19%) of respondents were unable to rate believability. The ''Times''s score was comparable to that of ''
USA Today ''USA Today'' (stylized in all uppercase) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15, 1982, the newspaper operates from Gannett's corporate headquarters in Tysons, Virgini ...
''. Media analyst
Brooke Gladstone Brooke Gladstone (born 1955) is an American journalist, author and media analyst. She is the host and managing editor of the WNYC radio program '' On the Media''. Career Gladstone has covered media for much of her career. In the early 1980s, she ...
of WNYC's '' On the Media'', writing for ''The New York Times'', says that the decline in U.S. public trust of the mass media can be explained (1) by the rise of the polarized Internet-driven news; (2) by a decline in trust in U.S. institutions more generally; and (3) by the fact that "Americans say they want accuracy and impartiality, but the polls suggest that, actually, most of us are seeking affirmation."


Awards

''The New York Times'' has won 132
Pulitzer Prizes The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had ma ...
, more than any other newspaper. The prize is awarded for excellence in journalism in a range of categories. It has also, , won three Peabody Awards and jointly received two. Peabody Awards are given for accomplishments in television, radio, and online media.


See also

*
List of New York City newspapers and magazines This is a list of New York City newspapers and magazines. Largest newspapers by circulation Total circulation, as of March, 2013: # '' The Wall Street Journal'' (2,834,000 daily) # '' The New York Times'' (571,500 daily; 1,087,500 Sunday) # '' N ...
* List of ''The New York Times'' employees * ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list * The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge * '' New York Times Index''


References


Notes


Citations


Further reading

* * * *


External links

* *
Curated collection of most pre-1923 issues
at
Online Books Page The Online Books Page is an index of e-text books available on the Internet. It is edited by John Mark Ockerbloom and is hosted by the library of the University of Pennsylvania. The Online Books Page lists over 2 million books and has several fe ...
* (archives) * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:New York Times, The 1851 establishments in New York (state) Newspapers established in 1851 Daily newspapers published in New York City New York City local newspapers, in print Podcasting companies Tor onion services Gerald Loeb Award winners for Deadline and Beat Reporting National newspapers published in the United States Peabody Award winners Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism winners Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers