The New York Times

''The New York Times'' is an American daily

newspaper

based in

New York City

with a worldwide readership. Founded in 1851, the ''Times'' has since won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any newspaper, and has long been regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record". It is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S.

The paper is owned by The New York Times Company, which is publicly traded. It has been governed by the Sulzberger family since 1896, through a dual-class share structure after its shares became publicly traded. A. G. Sulzberger and his father, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.—the paper's publisher and the company's

chairman

, respectively—are the fifth and fourth generation of the family to head the paper.

Since the mid-1970s, ''The New York Times'' has expanded its

layout

and organization, adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news, editorials, sports, and features. Since 2008, the ''Times'' has been organized into the following sections:

News

,

Editorial

s/Opinions-Columns/Op-Ed, New York (metropolitan), Business, Sports, Arts, Science, Styles, Home, Travel, and other features. On Sundays, the ''Times'' is supplemented by the ''Sunday Review'' (formerly the ''Week in Review''), ''The New York Times Book Review'', ''The New York Times Magazine'', and '' T: The New York Times Style Magazine''.

History

Origins

''The New York Times'' was founded as the ''New-York Daily Times'' on September 18, 1851. Founded by journalist and politician

Henry Jarvis Raymond

and former banker George Jones, the ''Times'' was initially published by Raymond, Jones & Company. Early investors in the company included Edwin B. Morgan, Christopher Morgan, and Edward B. Wesley. Sold for a penny (), the inaugural edition attempted to address various speculations on its purpose and positions that preceded its release:

In 1852, the newspaper started a western division, ''The Times of California'', which arrived whenever a mail boat from New York docked in

California

. However, the effort failed once local California newspapers came into prominence.

On September 14, 1857, the newspaper officially shortened its name to ''The New-York Times''. The hyphen in the city name was dropped on December 1, 1896. On April 21, 1861, ''The New York Times'' began publishing a Sunday edition to offer daily coverage of the Civil War.

The main office of ''The New York Times'' was attacked during the New York City draft riots. The riots, sparked by the institution of a draft for the Union Army, began on July 13, 1863. On "Newspaper Row", across from

City Hall

, co-founder

Henry Raymond

stopped the rioters with

Gatling gun

s, early machine guns, one of which he wielded himself. The mob diverted, instead attacking the headquarters of abolitionist publisher

Horace Greeley

's ''New York Tribune'' until being forced to flee by the Brooklyn City Police, who had crossed the East River to help the

Manhattan

authorities.

In 1869, Henry Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher.

The newspaper's influence grew in 1870 and 1871, when it published a series of exposés on William Tweed, leader of the city's Democratic Party — popularly known as "Tammany Hall" (from its early-19th-century meeting headquarters) — that led to the end of the Tweed Ring's domination of New York's City Hall. Tweed had offered ''The New York Times'' five million dollars (equivalent to million dollars in ) to not publish the story.

In the 1880s, ''The New York Times'' gradually transitioned from supporting Republican Party candidates in its editorials to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat

Grover Cleveland

(former mayor of

Buffalo

and governor of New York) in his first presidential campaign. While this move cost ''The New York Times'' a portion of its readership among its more Republican readers (revenue declined from $188,000 to $56,000 from 1883 to 1884), the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years.

Ochs era

After George Jones died in 1891, Charles Ransom Miller and other ''New York Times'' editors raised $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to buy the ''Times'', printing it under the New York Times Publishing Company. However, the newspaper found itself in a financial crisis by the Panic of 1893, and by 1896, the newspaper had a circulation of less than 9,000 and was losing $1,000 a day. That year, Adolph Ochs, the publisher of the '' Chattanooga Times'', gained a controlling interest in the company for $75,000.

Shortly after assuming control of the paper, Ochs coined the paper's slogan, "All The News That's Fit To Print". The slogan has appeared in the paper since September 1896, and has been printed in a box in the upper left hand corner of the front page since early 1897. The slogan was a jab at competing papers, such as

Joseph Pulitzer

's ''New York World'' and

William Randolph Hearst

's ''New York Journal'', which were known for a lurid, sensationalist and often inaccurate reporting of facts and opinions, described by the end of the century as "yellow journalism". Under Ochs' guidance, aided by Carr Van Anda, ''The New York Times'' achieved international scope, circulation, and reputation; Sunday circulation went from under 9,000 in 1896 to 780,000 in 1934. Van Anda also created the newspaper's photo library, now colloquially referred to as " the morgue." In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, ''The New York Times'', along with ''The Times'', received the first on-the-spot

wireless

telegraph

transmission from a naval battle: a report of the destruction of the Russian Navy's

Baltic Fleet

, at the Battle of Port Arthur, from the press-boat '' Haimun''. In 1910, the first air delivery of ''The New York Times'' to

Philadelphia

began. In 1919, ''The New York Times'' first trans-Atlantic delivery to

London

occurred by dirigible balloon. In 1920, during the 1920 Republican National Convention, a "4 A.M. Airplane Edition" was sent to

Chicago

by plane, so it could be in the hands of convention delegates by evening.

Post-war expansion

Ochs died in 1935 and was succeeded as publisher by his son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. Under his leadership, and that of his son-in-law (and successor), Orvil Dryfoos, the paper extended its breadth and reach, beginning in the 1940s. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the fashion section first appeared in 1946. ''The New York Times'' began an international edition in 1946. (The international edition stopped publishing in 1967, when ''The New York Times'' joined the owners of the ''New York Herald Tribune'' and ''

The Washington Post

'' to publish the ''

International Herald Tribune

'' in Paris.)

After only two years as publisher, Dryfoos died in 1963 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger, who led the ''Times'' until 1992 and continued the expansion of the paper.

''New York Times v. Sullivan'' (1964)

The paper's involvement in a 1964

libel

case helped bring one of the key

United States Supreme Court

decisions supporting freedom of the press, ''New York Times Co. v. Sullivan''. In it, the United States Supreme Court established the "actual malice" standard for press reports about public officials or public figures to be considered defamatory or

libel

ous. The malice standard requires the plaintiff in a defamation or libel case to prove the publisher of the statement knew the statement was false or acted in reckless disregard of its truth or falsity. Because of the high burden of proof on the plaintiff, and difficulty proving malicious intent, such cases by public figures rarely succeed.

The ''Pentagon Papers'' (1971)

In 1971, the ''Pentagon Papers'', a secret United States Department of Defense history of the United States' political and military involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1967, were given ("leaked") to Neil Sheehan of ''The New York Times'' by former State Department official

Daniel Ellsberg

, with his friend Anthony Russo assisting in copying them. ''The New York Times'' began publishing excerpts as a series of articles on June 13. Controversy and lawsuits followed. The papers revealed, among other things, that the government had deliberately expanded its role in the war by conducting airstrikes over

Laos

, raids along the coast of

North Vietnam

, and offensive actions were taken by the U.S. Marines well before the public was told about the actions, all while President

Lyndon B. Johnson

had been promising not to expand the war. The document increased the credibility gap for the U.S. government, and hurt efforts by the Nixon administration to fight the ongoing war.

When ''The New York Times'' began publishing its series, President

Richard Nixon

became incensed. His words to National Security Advisor

Henry Kissinger

included "People have gotta be put to the torch for this sort of thing" and "Let's get the son-of-a-bitch in jail." After failing to get ''The New York Times'' to stop publishing, Attorney General

John Mitchell

and President Nixon obtained a federal court injunction that ''The New York Times'' cease publication of excerpts. The newspaper appealed and the case began working through the court system.

On June 18, 1971, ''The Washington Post'' began publishing its own series. Ben Bagdikian, a ''Post'' editor, had obtained portions of the papers from Ellsberg. That day the ''Post'' received a call from

William Rehnquist

, an assistant U.S. Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel, asking them to stop publishing. When the ''Post'' refused, the U.S. Justice Department sought another injunction. The U.S. District court judge refused, and the government appealed.

On June 26, 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to take both cases, merging them into '' New York Times Co. v. United States''. On June 30, 1971, the Supreme Court held in a 6–3 decision that the injunctions were unconstitutional prior restraints and that the government had not met the burden of proof required. The justices wrote nine separate opinions, disagreeing on significant substantive issues. While it was generally seen as a victory for those who claim the First Amendment enshrines an absolute

right to free speech

, many felt it a lukewarm victory, offering little protection for future publishers when claims of national security were at stake.

Late 1970s–1990s

In the 1970s, the paper introduced a number of new lifestyle sections, including Weekend and Home, with the aim of attracting more advertisers and readers. Many criticized the move for betraying the paper's mission. On September 7, 1976, the paper switched from an eight-column format to a six-column format. The overall page width stayed the same, with each column becoming wider. On September 14, 1987, the ''Times'' printed the heaviest-ever newspaper, at over and 1,612 pages.

In 1992, "Punch" Sulzberger stepped down as publisher; his son, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., succeeded him, first as publisher and then as chairman of the board in 1997. The ''Times'' was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography, with the first color photograph on the front page appearing on October 16, 1997.

Digital era

Early digital content

''The New York Times'' switched to a digital production process sometime before 1980, but only began preserving the resulting digital text that year. In 1983, the ''Times'' sold the electronic rights to its articles to

LexisNexis

. As the online distribution of news increased in the 1990s, the ''Times'' decided not to renew the deal and in 1994 the newspaper regained electronic rights to its articles. On January 22, 1996, NYTimes.com began publishing.

2000s

In August 2007, the paper reduced the physical size of its print edition, cutting the page width from to a . This followed similar moves by a roster of other newspapers in the previous ten years, including ''USA Today'', ''

The Wall Street Journal

'', and ''

The Washington Post

''. The move resulted in a 5% reduction in news space, but (in an era of dwindling circulation and significant advertising revenue losses) also saved about $12 million a year.

In September 2008, ''The New York Times'' announced that it would be combining certain sections effective October 6, 2008, in editions printed in the New York metropolitan area. The changes folded the Metro Section into the main International / National news section and combined Sports and Business (except Saturday through Monday, while Sports continues to be printed as a standalone section). This change also included having the Metro section called New York outside of the Tri-State Area. The presses used by ''The New York Times'' can allow four sections to be printed simultaneously; as the paper includes more than four sections on all days except for Saturday, the sections were required to be printed separately in an early press run and collated together. The changes allowed ''The New York Times'' to print in four sections Monday through Wednesday, in addition to Saturday. ''The New York Times'' announcement stated that the number of news pages and employee positions would remain unchanged, with the paper realizing cost savings by cutting overtime expenses.

Because of its declining sales largely attributed to the rise of online news sources, favored especially by younger readers, and the decline of advertising revenue, the newspaper had been going through a downsizing for several years, offering buyouts to workers and cutting expenses, in common with a general trend among print news media. Following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million.

In 2009, the newspaper began production of local inserts in regions outside of the New York area. Beginning October 16, 2009, a two-page "Bay Area" insert was added to copies of the

Northern California

edition on Fridays and Sundays. The newspaper commenced production of a similar Friday and Sunday insert to the Chicago edition on November 20, 2009. The inserts consist of local news, policy, sports, and culture pieces, usually supported by local advertisements.

2010s

In December 2012, the ''Times'' published "

Snow Fall

", a six-part article about the 2012 Tunnel Creek avalanche which integrated videos, photos, and interactive graphics and was hailed as a watershed moment for online journalism.

In 2016, reporters for the newspaper were reportedly the target of

cybersecurity

breaches. The

Federal Bureau of Investigation

was reportedly investigating the attacks. The cybersecurity breaches have been described as possibly being related to cyberattacks that targeted other institutions, such as the Democratic National Committee.

During the 2016 presidential election, the ''Times'' played an important role in elevating the Hillary Clinton emails controversy into the most important subject of media coverage in the election which Clinton would lose narrowly to Donald Trump. The controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the presidential campaign. Clinton and other observers argue that coverage of the emails controversy contributed to her loss in the election. According to a Columbia Journalism Review analysis, "''in just six days,'' The New York Times ''ran as many cover stories about Hillary Clinton's emails as they did about all policy issues combined in the 69 days leading up to the election'' (and that does not include the three additional articles on October 18, and November 6 and 7, or the two articles on the emails taken from John Podesta)."

In October 2018, the ''Times'' published a 14,218-word investigation into

Donald Trump

's "self-made" fortune and tax avoidance, an 18-month project based on examination of 100,000 pages of documents. The extensive article ran as an eight-page feature in the print edition and also was adapted into a shortened 2,500 word listicle featuring its key takeaways. After the midweek front-page story, the ''Times'' also republished the piece as a 12-page "special report" section in the Sunday paper. During the lengthy investigation, Showtime cameras followed the ''Times'' three investigative reporters for a half-hour documentary called ''The Family Business: Trump and Taxes'', which aired the following Sunday. The report won a Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting.

In May 2019, ''The New York Times'' announced that it would present a television news program based on news from its individual reporters stationed around the world and that it would premiere on FX and

Hulu

.

Headquarters building

The newspaper's first building was located at 113 Nassau Street in New York City. In 1854, it moved to 138 Nassau Street, and in 1858 to 41 Park Row, making it the first newspaper in New York City housed in a building built specifically for its use.

The newspaper moved its headquarters to the Times Tower, located at 1475 Broadway in 1904, in an area then called Longacre Square, that was later renamed

Times Square

in the newspaper's honor. The top of the building now known as

One Times Square

is the site of the New Year's Eve tradition of lowering a

lighted ball

, which was begun by the paper. The building is also known for its electronic news ticker popularly known as "The Zipper" where headlines crawl around the outside of the building. It is still in use, but has been operated by Dow Jones & Company since 1995. After nine years in its Times Square tower, the newspaper had an annex built at 229 West 43rd Street. After several expansions, the 43rd Street building became the newspaper's main headquarters in 1960 and the Times Tower on Broadway was sold the following year. It served as the newspaper's main printing plant until 1997, when the newspaper opened a state-of-the-art printing plant in the College Point section of the borough of

Queens

.

A decade later, ''The New York Times'' moved its newsroom and businesses headquarters from West 43rd Street to a new tower at 620 Eighth Avenue between West 40th and 41st Streets, in

Manhattan

directly across Eighth Avenue from the Port Authority Bus Terminal. The new headquarters for the newspaper, known officially as

The New York Times Building

but unofficially called the new "Times Tower" by many New Yorkers, is a

skyscraper

designed by

Renzo Piano

.

Gender discrimination in employment

Discriminatory practices used by the paper long restricted women in appointments to editorial positions. The newspaper's first general female reporter was

Jane Grant

, who described her experience afterward: "In the beginning I was charged not to reveal the fact that a female had been hired". Other reporters nicknamed her Fluff and she was subjected to considerable hazing. Because of her gender, any promotion was out of the question, according to the then-managing editor. She remained on the staff for fifteen years, interrupted by World War I.

In 1935, Anne McCormick wrote to Arthur Hays Sulzberger: "I hope you won't expect me to revert to 'woman's-point-of-view' stuff." Later, she interviewed major political leaders and appears to have had easier access than her colleagues. Even witnesses of her actions were unable to explain how she gained the interviews she did. Clifton Daniel said, " fter World War II,I'm sure

Adenauer

called her up and invited her to lunch. She never had to grovel for an appointment."

Covering world leaders' speeches after World War II at the National Press Club was limited to men by a club rule. When women were eventually allowed to hear the speeches directly, they were still not allowed to ask the speakers questions. However, men were allowed and did ask, even though some of the women had won Pulitzer Prizes for prior work. ''Times'' reporter Maggie Hunter refused to return to the club after covering one speech on assignment. Nan Robertson's article on the Union Stock Yards,

Chicago

, was read aloud as anonymous by a professor, who then said: "'It will come as a surprise to you, perhaps, that the reporter is a ''girl,'' he began... sps; amazement in the ranks. 'She had used all her senses, not just her eyes, to convey the smell and feel of the stockyards. She chose a difficult subject, an offensive subject. Her imagery was strong enough to revolt you.'" ''The New York Times'' hired Kathleen McLaughlin after ten years at the ''

Chicago Tribune

'', where " e did a series on maids, going out herself to apply for housekeeping jobs."

Slogan

''The New York Times'' has had one slogan. Since 1896, the newspaper's slogan has been "All the News That's Fit to Print." In 1896, Adolph Ochs held a competition to attempt to find a replacement slogan, offering a $100 prize for the best one. Though he later announced that the original would not be changed, the prize would still be awarded. Entries included "News, Not Nausea"; "In One Word: Adequate"; "News Without Noise"; "Out Heralds ''

The Herald

'', Informs '' The World'', and Extinguishes '' The Sun''"; "The Public Press is a Public Trust"; and the winner of the competition, "All the world's news, but not a school for scandal." On May 10, 1960, Wright Patman asked the

FTC

to investigate whether ''The New York Times's'' slogan was misleading or false advertising. Within 10 days, the FTC responded that it was not.

Again in 1996, a competition was held to find a new slogan, this time for NYTimes.com. Over 8,000 entries were submitted. Again however, "All the News That's Fit to Print," was found to be the best.

Organization

Meredith Kopit Levien has been president and chief executive officer since September 2020.

News staff

In addition to its New York City headquarters, the paper has newsrooms in

London

and

Hong Kong

. Its Paris newsroom, which had been the headquarters of the paper's international edition, was closed in 2016, although the city remains home to a news bureau and an advertising office. The paper also has an editing and wire service center in Gainesville,

Florida

.

, the newspaper had six news bureaus in the New York region, 14 elsewhere in the United States, and 24 in other countries.

In 2009, Russ Stanton, editor of the ''

Los Angeles Times

'', a competitor, stated that the

newsroom

of ''The New York Times'' was twice the size of the ''Los Angeles Times'', which had a newsroom of 600 at the time.

To facilitate their reporting and to hasten an otherwise lengthy process of reviewing many documents during preparation for publication, their interactive news team has adapted optical character recognition technology into a proprietary tool known as ''Document Helper''. It enables the team to accelerate the processing of documents that need to be reviewed. During March 2019, they documented that this tool enabled them to process 900 documents in less than ten minutes in preparation for reporters to review the contents.

The newspaper's editorial staff, including over 3,000 reporters and media staff, are unionized with NewsGuild. In 2021, the ''Times'' digital technology staff formed a union with NewsGuild, which the company declined to voluntarily recognize.

Ochs-Sulzberger family

In 1896, Adolph Ochs bought ''The New York Times'', a money-losing newspaper, and formed the New York Times Company. The Ochs-Sulzberger family, one of the United States' newspaper dynasties, has owned ''The New York Times'' ever since. The publisher went public on January 14, 1969, trading at $42 a share on the American Stock Exchange. After this, the family continued to exert control through its ownership of the vast majority of Class B voting shares. Class A shareholders are permitted restrictive voting rights, while Class B shareholders are allowed open voting rights.

The Ochs-Sulzberger family trust controls roughly 88 percent of the company's class B shares. Any alteration to the dual-class structure must be ratified by six of eight directors who sit on the board of the Ochs-Sulzberger family trust. The trust board members are Daniel H. Cohen, James M. Cohen, Lynn G. Dolnick, Susan W. Dryfoos, Michael Golden, Eric M. A. Lax, Arthur O. Sulzberger Jr., and Cathy J. Sulzberger.

Turner Catledge, the top editor at ''The New York Times'' from 1952 to 1968, wanted to hide the ownership influence. Arthur Sulzberger routinely wrote memos to his editor, each containing suggestions, instructions, complaints, and orders. When Catledge would receive these memos, he would erase the publisher's identity before passing them to his subordinates. Catledge thought that if he removed the publisher's name from the memos, it would protect reporters from feeling pressured by the owner.

Public editors

The position of public editor was established in 2003 to "investigate matters of journalistic integrity"; each public editor was to serve a two-year term. The post "was established to receive reader complaints and question ''Times'' journalists on how they make decisions."Daniel Victor
New York Times Will Offer Employee Buyouts and Eliminate Public Editor Role
''The New York Times'' (May 31, 2017). The impetus for the creation of the public editor position was the Jayson Blair affair. Public editors were: Daniel Okrent (2003–2005), Byron Calame (2005–2007), Clark Hoyt (2007–2010) (served an extra year), Arthur S. Brisbane (2010–2012), Margaret Sullivan (2012–2016) (served a four-year term), and Elizabeth Spayd (2016–2017). In 2017, the ''Times'' eliminated the position of public editor.

Content

Editorial stance

The

editorial pages

of ''The New York Times'' are typically liberal in their position. In mid-2004, the newspaper's then public editor (ombudsman), Daniel Okrent, wrote that "the Op-Ed page editors do an evenhanded job of representing a range of views in the essays from outsiders they publish – but you need an awfully heavy counterweight to balance a page that also bears the work of seven opinionated columnists, only two of whom could be classified as conservative (and, even then, of the conservative subspecies that supports legalization of gay unions and, in the case of William Safire, opposes some central provisions of the Patriot Act)."

''The New York Times'' has not endorsed a Republican Party member for president since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956; since 1960, it has endorsed the Democratic Party nominee in every presidential election (see New York Times presidential endorsements). However, ''The New York Times'' did endorse incumbent moderate Republican mayors of New York City

Rudy Giuliani

in 1997, and Michael Bloomberg in 2005 and 2009. The ''Times'' also endorsed Republican New York state governor

George Pataki

for re-election in 2002.

Style

Unlike most U.S. daily newspapers, the ''Times'' relies on its own in-house stylebook rather than The Associated Press Stylebook. When referring to people, ''The New York Times'' generally uses honorifics rather than unadorned last names (except in the sports pages, pop culture coverage, Book Review and Magazine).

''The New York Times'' printed a display advertisement on its first page on January 6, 2009, breaking tradition at the paper. The advertisement, for

CBS

, was in color and ran the entire width of the page. The newspaper promised it would place first-page advertisements on only the lower half of the page.

In August 2014, the ''Times'' decided to use the word "

torture

" to describe incidents in which interrogators "inflicted pain on a prisoner in an effort to get information." This was a shift from the paper's previous practice of describing such practices as "harsh" or "brutal" interrogations.

The paper maintains a strict profanity policy. A 2007 review of a concert by the punk band Fucked Up, for example, completely avoided mention of the group's name. However, the ''Times'' has on occasion published unfiltered video content that includes

profanity

and slurs where it has determined that such video has news value. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, the ''Times'' did print the words "fuck" and "

pussy

," among others, when reporting on the vulgar statements made by

Donald Trump

in a 2005 recording. Then-''Times'' politics editor Carolyn Ryan said: "It's a rare thing for us to use this language in our stories, even in quotes, and we discussed it at length." Ryan said the paper ultimately decided to publish it because of its news value and because " leave it out or simply describe it seemed awkward and less than forthright to us, especially given that we would be running a video that showed our readers exactly what was said."

Products

Print newspaper

In the absence of a major headline, the day's most important story generally appears in the top-right column, on the main page. The

typeface

s used for the headlines are custom variations of Cheltenham. The running text is set at 8.7 point Imperial.

The newspaper is organized into three sections, including the magazine:
# News: Includes International, National, Washington, Business, Technology, Science, Health, Sports, The Metro Section, Education, Weather, and Obituaries.
# Opinion: Includes

Editorial

s, Op-eds and Letters to the Editor.
# Features: Includes Arts, Movies, Theater, Travel, NYC Guide, Food, Home & Garden, Fashion & Style, Crossword, ''The New York Times Book Review'','' T: The New York Times Style Magazine'', ''The New York Times Magazine'', and Sunday Review.

Some sections, such as Metro, are only found in the editions of the paper distributed in the New York–New Jersey–Connecticut Tri-state area and not in the national or Washington, D.C., editions. Aside from a weekly roundup of reprints of editorial cartoons from other newspapers, ''The New York Times'' does not have its own staff editorial cartoonist, nor does it feature a comics page or Sunday

comics

section.

From 1851 to 2017, ''The New York Times'' published around 60,000 print issues containing about 3.5million pages and 15million articles.

Like most other American newspapers, ''The New York Times'' has experienced a decline in circulation. Its printed weekday circulation dropped by percent to 540,000 copies from 2005 to 2017.

''International Edition''

''The New York Times International Edition'' is a print version of the paper tailored for readers outside the United States. Formerly a joint venture with ''

The Washington Post

'' named The International Herald Tribune, ''The New York Times'' took full ownership of the paper in 2002 and has gradually integrated it more closely into its domestic operations.

Website

''The New York Times'' began publishing daily on the World Wide Web on January 22, 1996, "offering readers around the world immediate access to most of the daily newspaper's contents." The website had 555million pageviews in March 2005. The domain nytimes.com attracted at least 146million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study. In March 2009, ''The New York Times'' website ranked 59th by number of unique visitors, with over 20million unique visitors, making it the most visited newspaper site with more than twice the number of unique visitors as the next most popular site.

, nytimes.com produced 22 of the 50 most popular newspaper blogs.

As of August 2020, the company had 6.5 million paid subscribers, out of which 5.7 million were subscribed to its digital content. In the period April–June 2020, it added 669,000 new digital subscribers.

Food section

The food section is supplemented on the web by properties for home cooks and for out-of-home dining. ''The New York Times'' Cooking (cooking.nytimes.com; also available via iOS app) provides access to more than 17,000 recipes on file , and availability of saving recipes from other sites around the web. The newspaper's restaurant search (nytimes.com/reviews/dining) allows online readers to search NYC area restaurants by cuisine, neighborhood, price, and reviewer rating. ''The New York Times'' has also published several cookbooks, including ''The Essential New York Times Cookbook: Classic Recipes for a New Century'', published in late 2010.

''TimesSelect''

In September 2005, the paper decided to begin subscription-based service for daily columns in a program known as ''TimesSelect'', which encompassed many previously free columns. Until being discontinued two years later, ''TimesSelect'' cost $7.95 per month or $49.95 per year, though it was free for print copy subscribers and university students and faculty. To avoid this charge, bloggers often reposted TimesSelect material, and at least one site once compiled links of reprinted material.

On September 17, 2007, ''The New York Times'' announced that it would stop charging for access to parts of its Web site, effective at midnight the following day, reflecting a growing view in the industry that subscription fees cannot outweigh the potential ad revenue from increased traffic on a free site.

''Times'' columnists including Nicholas Kristof and Thomas Friedman had criticized ''TimesSelect'', with Friedman going so far as to say "I hate it. It pains me enormously because it's cut me off from a lot, a lot of people, especially because I have a lot of people reading me overseas, like in India ... I feel totally cut off from my audience."

Paywall and digital subscriptions

In 2007, in addition to opening almost the entire site to all readers, ''The New York Times'' news archives from 1987 to the present were made available at no charge to non-subscribers, as well as those from 1851 to 1922, which are in the public domain.

Falling print advertising revenue and projections of continued decline resulted in a "metered paywall" being instituted in March 2011, limiting non-subscribers to a monthly allotment of 20 free on-line articles per month. This measure was regarded as modestly successful after garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions and about $100 million in revenue .

Beginning in April 2012, the number of free-access articles was halved from 20 to 10 articles per month. Any reader who wanted to access more would have to pay for a digital subscription. This plan allowed free access for occasional readers. Digital subscription rates for four weeks ranged from $15 to $35 depending on the package selected, with periodic new subscriber promotions offering four-week all-digital access for as low as 99¢. Subscribers to the paper's print edition got full access without any additional fee. Some content, such as the front page and section fronts remained free, as well as the Top News page on mobile apps. In January 2013, ''The New York Times'' Public Editor Margaret M. Sullivan announced that for the first time in many decades, the paper generated more revenue through subscriptions than through advertising.

In December 2017, the number of free articles per month was reduced from 10 to 5, the first change to the metered paywall since April 2012. An executive of The New York Times Company stated that the decision was motivated by "an all-time high" in the demand for journalism. A digital subscription to The New York Times cost $16 a month in 2017. , ''The New York Times'' had a total of 3.5 million paid subscriptions in both print and digital versions, and about 130 million monthly readers, more than double its audience two years previously. In February 2018, The New York Times Company reported increased revenue from the digital-only subscriptions, adding 157,000 new subscribers to a total of 2.6 million digital-only subscribers. Digital advertising also saw growth during this period. At the same time, advertising for the print version of the journal fell.

Mobile presence

Apps

In 2008, ''The New York Times'' was made available as an app for the

iPhone

and

iPod Touch

; as well as publishing an iPad app in 2010. The app allowed users to download articles to their mobile device enabling them to read the paper even when they were unable to receive a signal. , ''The New York Times'' iPad app is ad-supported and available for free without a paid subscription, but translated into a subscription-based model in 2011.

In 2010, ''The New York Times'' editors collaborated with students and faculty from New York University's Studio 20 Journalism Masters program to launch and produce "The Local East Village", a hyperlocal blog designed to offer news "by, for and about the residents of the East Village". That same year, reCAPTCHA helped to digitize old editions of ''The New York Times''.

In 2010, the newspaper also launched an app for

Android

smartphones, followed later by an app for

Windows Phone

s.

Moreover, the ''Times'' was the first newspaper to offer a video game as part of its editorial content, ''Food Import Folly'' by Persuasive Games.

The ''Times Reader''

The ''Times Reader'' is a digital version of ''The New York Times'', created via a collaboration between the newspaper and

Microsoft

. ''Times Reader'' takes the principles of print journalism and applies them to the technique of online reporting, using a series of technologies developed by Microsoft and their Windows Presentation Foundation team. It was announced in

Seattle

in April 2006, by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., Bill Gates, and Tom Bodkin.

In 2009, the ''Times Reader'' 2.0 was rewritten in Adobe AIR. In December 2013, the newspaper announced that the ''Times Reader'' app would be discontinued as of January 6, 2014, urging readers of the app to instead begin using the subscription-only ''Today's Paper'' app.

Podcasts

''The New York Times'' began producing

podcast

s in 2006. Among the early podcasts were ''Inside The Times'' and ''Inside The New York Times Book Review''. However, several of the ''Times''' podcasts were cancelled in 2012.

The ''Times'' returned to launching new podcasts in 2016, including ''Modern Love'' with WBUR. On January 30, 2017, ''The New York Times'' launched a news podcast, '' The Daily''. In October 2018, NYT debuted ''The Argument'' with opinion columnists Ross Douthat, Michelle Goldberg and David Leonhardt. It is a weekly discussion about a single issue explained from the left, center, and right of the

political spectrum

.

Non-English versions

''The New York Times en Español'' (Spanish-language)

Between February 2016 and September 2019, ''The New York Times'' launched a standalone

Spanish-language

edition, ''The New York Times en Español''. The Spanish-language version featured increased coverage of news and events in

Latin America

and

Spain

. The expansion into Spanish language news content allowed the newspaper to expand its audience into the Spanish speaking world and increase its revenue. The Spanish-language version was seen as a way to compete with the established El País newspaper of

Spain

, which bills itself the "global newspaper in Spanish." Its Spanish version has a team of journalists in

Mexico City

as well as correspondents in

Venezuela

,

Brazil

,

Argentina

,

Miami

, and Madrid, Spain. It was discontinued in September 2019, citing lack of financial success as the reason.

Chinese-language

In June 2012, ''The New York Times'' introduced its first official foreign-language variant, cn.nytimes.com, a Chinese-language news site viewable in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters. The project was led by Craig S. Smith on the business side and Philip P. Pan on the editorial side, with content created by staff based in

Shanghai

,

Beijing

, and

Hong Kong

, though the server was placed outside of China to avoid censorship issues.

The site's initial success was interrupted in October that year following the publication of an investigative article by David Barboza about the finances of Chinese Premier

Wen Jiabao

's family. In retaliation for the article, the Chinese government blocked access to both ''nytimes.com'' and ''cn.nytimes''.com inside the

People's Republic of China

(PRC).

Despite Chinese government interference, the Chinese-language operations have continued to develop, adding a second site, cn.nytstyle.com,

iOS

and

Android

apps, and newsletters, all of which are accessible inside the PRC. The China operations also produce three print publications in Chinese. Traffic to ''cn.nytimes.com'', meanwhile, has risen due to the widespread use of VPN technology in the PRC and to a growing Chinese audience outside mainland China. ''The New York Times'' articles are also available to users in China via the use of mirror websites, apps, domestic newspapers, and

social media

. The Chinese platforms now represent one of ''The New York Times'' top five digital markets globally. The editor-in-chief of the Chinese platforms is Ching-Ching Ni.

In March 2013, ''The New York Times'' and National Film Board of Canada announced a partnership titled ''A Short History of the Highrise'', which will create four short documentaries for the Internet about life in high rise buildings as part of the NFB's ''Highrise'' project, utilizing images from the newspaper's photo archives for the first three films, and user-submitted images for the final film. The third project in the ''Short History of the Highrise'' series won a Peabody Award in 2013.

TimesMachine

The TimesMachine is a web-based archive of scanned issues of ''The New York Times'' from 1851 through 2002.

Unlike ''The New York Times'' online archive, the TimesMachine presents scanned images of the actual newspaper. All non-advertising content can be displayed on a per-story basis in a separate PDF display page and saved for future reference. The archive is available to ''The New York Times'' subscribers, whether via home delivery or digital access.

Interruptions

Because of holidays, no editions were printed on November 23, 1851; January 2, 1852; July 4, 1852; January 2, 1853; and January 1, 1854.

Because of strikes, the regular edition of ''The New York Times'' was not printed during the following periods:
* September 19, 1923, to September 26, 1923. An unauthorized local union strike prevented the publication of several New York papers, among them ''The New York Times''. During this period "The Combined New York Morning Newspapers," were published with summaries of the news.
* December 12, 1962, to March 31, 1963. Only a western edition was printed because of the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike.
* September 17, 1965, to October 10, 1965. An international edition was printed, and a weekend edition replaced the Saturday and Sunday papers.
* August 10, 1978, to November 5, 1978. A multi-union strike shut down the three major New York City newspapers. No editions of ''The New York Times'' were printed. Two months into the strike, a parody of ''The New York Times'' called '' Not The New York Times'' was distributed in the city, with contributors such as Carl Bernstein, Christopher Cerf, Tony Hendra and George Plimpton.

The newspaper's website was hacked on August 29, 2013, by the Syrian Electronic Army, a hacking group that supports the government of Syrian President

Bashar al-Assad

. The SEA managed to penetrate the paper's domain name registrar, Melbourne IT, and alter

DNS

records for ''The New York Times'', putting some of its websites out of service for hours.

Controversies

Walter Duranty's Holodomor coverage and Pulitzer

Walter Duranty, who served as its Moscow bureau chief from 1922 through 1936, has been criticized for a series of stories in 1931 on the Soviet Union and won a Pulitzer Prize for his work at that time; however, he has been criticized for his denial of widespread famine, most particularly

Holodomor

, a famine in Soviet Ukraine in the 1930s in which he summarized Russian propaganda, and the ''Times'' published, as fact: "Conditions are bad, but there is no famine".Conquest, R. Reflections on a Ravaged Century. W.W. Norton & Company. New York. 2000. pp 123,156

In 2003, after the Pulitzer Board began a renewed inquiry, the ''Times'' hired Mark von Hagen, professor of Russian history at

Columbia University

, to review Duranty's work. Von Hagen found Duranty's reports to be unbalanced and uncritical, and that they far too often gave voice to Stalinist propaganda. In comments to the press he stated, "For the sake of The New York Times' honor, they should take the prize away." ''The Ukrainian Weekly'' covered the efforts to rescind Duranty's prize. The ''Times'' has since made a public statement and the Pulitzer committee has declined to rescind the award twice stating, "...Mr. Duranty's 1931 work, measured by today's standards for foreign reporting, falls seriously short. In that regard, the Board's view is similar to that of ''The New York Times'' itself...".

World War II

Jerold Auerbach, a Guggenheim Fellow and

Fulbright Lecturer

, wrote in ''Print to Fit, The New York Times, Zionism and Israel, 1896-2016'' that it was of utmost importance to Adolph Ochs, the first Jewish owner of the paper, that in spite of the persecution of Jews in Germany, ''The Times'', through its reporting, should never be classified as a "Jewish newspaper".

After Ochs' death in 1935, his son-in-law Arthur Hays Sulzberger became the publisher of ''The New York Times'' and maintained the understanding that no reporting should reflect on ''The Times'' as a Jewish newspaper. Sulzburger shared Ochs' concerns about the way Jews were perceived in American society. His apprehensions about judgement were manifested positively by his strong fidelity to the United States. At the same time, within the pages of ''The New York Times,'' Sulzburger refused to bring attention to Jews, including the refusal to identify Jews as major victims of Nazi genocide. Instead, many reports of Nazi-ordered slaughter identified Jewish victims as "persons." ''The Times'' even opposed the rescue of Jewish refugees.

On November 14, 2001, in ''The New York Times'' 150th-anniversary issue, in an article entitled "Turning Away From the Holocaust," former executive editor Max Frankel wrote:

And then there was failure: none greater than the staggering, staining failure of ''The New York Times'' to depict Hitler's methodical extermination of the Jews of Europe as a horror beyond all other horrors in World War II – a Nazi war within the war crying out for illumination.

According to Frankel, harsh judges of ''The New York Times'' "have blamed 'self-hating

Jews

' and ' anti-Zionists' among the paper's owners and staff." Frankel responded to this criticism by describing the fragile sensibilities of the Jewish owners of ''The New York Times'':

Then, too, papers owned by Jewish families, like ''The Times'', were plainly afraid to have a society that was still widely anti-Semitic misread their passionate opposition to Hitler as a merely parochial cause. Even some leading Jewish groups hedged their appeals for rescue lest they be accused of wanting to divert wartime energies.

At ''The Times'', the reluctance to highlight the systematic slaughter of Jews was undoubtedly influenced by the views of the publisher, Arthur Hays Sulzberger. He believed strongly and publicly that Judaism was a religion, not a race or nationality – that Jews should be separate only in the way they worshiped. He thought they needed no state or political and social institutions of their own. He went to great lengths to avoid having ''The Times'' branded a ''Jewish newspaper.'' He resented other publications for emphasizing the Jewishness of people in the news.

In the same article, Frankel quotes Laurel Leff, associate professor of journalism at

Northeastern University

, who in 2000 had described how the newspaper downplayed

Nazi Germany

's targeting of

Jew

s for

genocide

.

November 1942 was a critical month for American Jews. After several months of delay, the U.S. State Department had confirmed already published information that Germany was engaged in the systematic extermination of European Jews. Newspaper reports put the death toll at one million and described the "most ruthless methods," including mass gassings at special camps.

Yet at the beginning of November 1942, Sulzberger lobbied U.S. government officials against the founding of a homeland for Jews to escape to. The Times was silent on the matter of an increase in U.S. immigration quotas to permit more Jews to enter, and "actively supported the British Government's restriction on legal immigration to Palestine even as the persecution of Jews intensified". Sulzberger described Jews as being of no more concern to Nazi Germany than Roman Catholic priests or Christian ministers, and that Jews certainly were not singled out for extermination.

Leff's 2005 book '' Buried by the Times'' documents the paper's tendency before, during, and after World War II to place deep inside its daily editions the news stories about the ongoing persecution and extermination of Jews, while obscuring in those stories the special impact of the Nazis' crimes on Jews in particular. Leff attributes this dearth in part to the complex personal and political views of Sulzberger, concerning Jewishness, antisemitism, and Zionism.

Accusations of liberal bias

In mid-2004, the newspaper's then-public editor Daniel Okrent, wrote an opinion piece in which he said that ''The New York Times'' did have a liberal bias in news coverage of certain social issues such as abortion and same-sex marriage. He stated that this bias reflected the paper's cosmopolitanism, which arose naturally from its roots as a hometown paper of New York City, writing that the coverage of the ''Times''s Arts & Leisure; Culture; and the Sunday ''Times Magazine'' trend to the left.

If you're examining the paper's coverage of these subjects from a perspective that is neither urban nor Northeastern nor culturally seen-it-all; if you are among the groups The Times treats as strange objects to be examined on a laboratory slide (devout Catholics, gun owners, Orthodox Jews, Texans); if your value system wouldn't wear well on a composite New York Times journalist, then a walk through this paper can make you feel you're traveling in a strange and forbidding world.

''Times'' public editor

Arthur Brisbane

wrote in 2012:

When The Times covers a national presidential campaign, I have found that the lead editors and reporters are disciplined about enforcing fairness and balance, and usually succeed in doing so. Across the paper's many departments, though, so many share a kind of political and cultural progressivism — for lack of a better term — that this worldview virtually bleeds through the fabric of The Times.

''The New York Times'' public editor (ombudsman) Elizabeth Spayd wrote in 2016 that "Conservatives and even many moderates, see in The Times a blue-state worldview" and accuse it of harboring a liberal bias. Spayd did not analyze the substance of the claim but did opine that the ''Times'' is "part of a fracturing media environment that reflects a fractured country. That in turn leads liberals and conservatives toward separate news sources." ''Times'' executive editor Dean Baquet stated that he does not believe coverage has a liberal bias, however:

We have to be really careful that people feel like they can see themselves in ''The New York Times''. I want us to be perceived as fair and honest to the world, not just a segment of it. It's a really difficult goal. Do we pull it off all the time? No.

Jayson Blair plagiarism (2003)

In May 2003, ''The New York Times'' reporter Jayson Blair was forced to resign from the newspaper after he was caught

plagiarizing

and fabricating elements of his stories. Some critics contended that African-American Blair's race was a major factor in his hiring and in ''The New York Times'' initial reluctance to fire him.

Iraq War (2003–06)

The ''Times'' supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq. On May 26, 2004, more than a year after the war started, the newspaper asserted that some of its articles had not been as rigorous as they should have been, and were insufficiently qualified, frequently overly dependent upon information from Iraqi exiles desiring regime change.

''The New York Times'' was involved in a significant controversy regarding the allegations surrounding Iraq and weapons of mass destruction in September 2002. A front-page story was authored by Judith Miller which claimed that the Iraqi government was in the process of developing

nuclear weapons

was published.Michael R. Gordon and Judith Miller (September 8, 2002)
"U.S. Says Hussein Intensifies Quest for A-Bomb Parts
''The New York Times'' Miller's story was cited by officials such as

Condoleezza Rice

,

Colin Powell

, and

Donald Rumsfeld

as part of a campaign to commission the Iraq War.Michael Massing (February 26, 2004)
"Now They Tell Us: The American Press and Iraq"
''New York Review of Books'' One of Miller's prime sources was Ahmed Chalabi, an Iraqi expatriate who returned to Iraq after the U.S. invasion and held a number of governmental positions culminating in acting oil minister and deputy prime minister from May 2005 until May 2006. In 2005, negotiating a private severance package with Sulzberger, Miller retired after criticisms that her reporting of the lead-up to the Iraq War was factually inaccurate and overly favorable to the position of the Bush administration, for which ''The New York Times'' later apologized.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

A 2003 study in the '' Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics'' concluded that ''The New York Times'' reporting was more favorable to Israelis than to Palestinians. A 2002 study published in the journal ''Journalism'' examined Middle East coverage of the Second Intifada over a one-month period in the ''Times'', ''Washington Post'' and ''Chicago Tribune''. The study authors said that the ''Times'' was "the most slanted in a pro-Israeli direction" with a bias "reflected...in its use of headlines, photographs, graphics, sourcing practices, and lead paragraphs."

For its coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, some (such as Ed Koch) have claimed that the paper is pro-Palestinian, while others (such as As'ad AbuKhalil) have insisted that it is pro-Israel. ''The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy'', by political science professors

John Mearsheimer

and Stephen Walt, alleges that ''The New York Times'' sometimes criticizes Israeli policies but is not even-handed and is generally pro-Israel. On the other hand, in 2009, the

Simon Wiesenthal Center

has criticized ''The New York Times'' for printing cartoons regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that were described as "hideously anti-Semitic".

Israeli Prime Minister

Benjamin Netanyahu

rejected a proposal to write an article for the paper on grounds of lack of objectivity. A piece in which Thomas Friedman commented that praise given to Netanyahu during a speech at the U.S. Congress was "paid for by the Israel lobby" elicited an apology and clarification from its author.

''The New York Times'' public editor Clark Hoyt concluded in his January 10, 2009, column:

Though the most vociferous supporters of Israel and the Palestinians do not agree, I think ''The New York Times'', largely barred from the battlefield and reporting amid the chaos of war, has tried its best to do a fair, balanced and complete job—and has largely succeeded.

Reputation

The ''Times'' has developed a national and international "reputation for thoroughness" over time. Among journalists, the paper is held in high regard; a 1999 survey of newspaper editors conducted by the ''Columbia Journalism Review'' found that the ''Times'' was the "best" American paper, ahead of ''

The Washington Post

'', ''

The Wall Street Journal

'', and ''

Los Angeles Times

''. The ''Times'' also was ranked in a 2011 "quality" ranking of U.S. newspapers by Daniel de Vise of ''The Washington Post''; the objective ranking took into account the number of recent Pulitzer Prizes won, circulation, and perceived Web site quality. A 2012 report in WNYC called the ''Times'' "the most respected newspaper in the world."

Nevertheless, like many other U.S. media sources, the ''Times'' has suffered from a decline in public perceptions of credibility in the U.S. in the early 21st century. A

Pew Research Center

survey in 2012 asked respondents about their views on credibility of various news organizations. Among respondents who gave a rating, 49% said that they believed "all or most" of the ''Times''s reporting, while 50% disagreed. A large percentage (19%) of respondents were unable to rate believability. The ''Times''s score was comparable to that of ''USA Today''. Media analyst

Brooke Gladstone

of WNYC's ''On the Media'', writing for ''The New York Times'', says that the decline in U.S. public trust of the mass media can be explained (1) by the rise of the polarized Internet-driven news; (2) by a decline in trust in U.S. institutions more generally; and (3) by the fact that "Americans say they want accuracy and impartiality, but the polls suggest that, actually, most of us are seeking affirmation."

Awards

''The New York Times'' has won 132 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper. The prize is awarded for excellence in journalism in a range of categories.

It has also, , won three Peabody Awards and jointly received two. Peabody Awards are given for accomplishments in television, radio, and online media.

See also

* List of controversies involving The New York Times
* List of New York City newspapers and magazines
* List of ''The New York Times'' employees
* ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list
*

The New York Times Building

* The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge
* ''New York Times Index''
*
*

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

*
*
*
*

External links

*

Curated collection of most pre-1923 issues
at Online Books Page
* (archives)
*
*
*

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