Temascalcingo is one of 125

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...

in the

State of Mexico The State of Mexico ( es, Estado de México; ), officially just Mexico ( es, México), is one of the 32 federal entities of the United Mexican States. Commonly known as Edomex (from ) to distinguish it from the name of the whole country, it is ...

Mexico Mexico (Spanish language, Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a List of sovereign states, country in the southern portion of North America. It is borders of Mexico, bordered to the north by the United States; to the so ...

. The

municipal seat A municipal seat or ''cabecera municipal'' is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a municipality or civil parish with other villes or towns subordinated. The term is used in Brazil, Colombia,temazcal was very common in Temascalcingo. The name Temascalcingo has its roots in

Nahuatl Nahuatl (; ), Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have small ...

. It means place of the little temazcal. The town is one of the "Pueblo con Encanto" (Towns with Charm) of the State of Mexico.

The town

History

The earliest settlements in the area go back over 10,000 years and are situated near what is today the

Lerma River The Lerma River ( es, Río Lerma) is Mexico's second longest river. It is a river in west-central Mexico that begins in Mexican Plateau at an altitude over above sea level, and ends where it empties into Lake Chapala, Mexico's largest lake, nea ...

. The earliest known inhabitands of the area were the Mazahua. It was originally called "Ñiñi Mbate" which probably means 'place of the small plain' but possibly 'place of the first man'. This area was conquered by the Aztecs before the 16th century, and its last Aztec governor was named Ocoyotzen. When the Spanish invaded, the Mazahuas and the Otomis of this area united with the Aztecs to fight them. However, after the Spanish victory,

Hernán Cortés Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca (; ; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish ''conquistador'' who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of w ...

distributed this area, along with Metepec to Francisco de Villegas in 1540. In 1535, the

Franciscans , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

began evangelization here, establishing churches and renaming the area, San Miguel Temascalcingo. Through the 18th century, haciendas here grew to supply grain to mining areas like

Tlalpujahua Tlalpujahua (; formally Tlalpujahua de Rayón) is a town and municipality located in the far northeast of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. It is a former mining town, home of the Dos Estrellas Mine, which was the leading producer of gold ...

and El Oro. Because of a history of mistreatment by colonial authorities, the residents here sided early with Hidalgo when the

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de México, links=no, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from Spain. It was not a single, co ...

broke out in 1810. Shortly after the end of the war, the State of Mexico was created in 1824 and the municipality of Temascalcingo in 1825, with San Miguel Temascalcingo as the seat. This area was the scene of a destructive earthquake in 1912. As the birthplace of the painter

José María Velasco Gómez José María Tranquilino Francisco de Jesús Velasco Gómez Obregón, generally known as José María Velasco, (Temascalcingo, 6 July 1840 Estado de México, 26 August 1912) was a 19th-century Mexican polymath, most famous as a painter who made ...

, the town changed its name to Temascalcingo de José María Velasco July 14, 1945 by decree. However, it is still commonly referred to simply as "Temascalcingo". In 1988, a group of residents from Tepeolulco, a community under Temascalcingo's jurisdiction, took over the municipal hall to protest water supplies and civil rights violations.

The town today

The town today has an altitude of 2,380 meters and in 2005 had a population of 11,454 people. The town is centered on a square called the Plaza Centenario, with its Municipal Palace to the south of the square. To the north is another, smaller square dedicated to painter José María Velasco. To the west of the main plaza is the Parish of San Miguel Arcángel. This church was rebuilt in 1939 in Neoclassic style, mostly imitating the design of the Church of El Carmen in Celaya, Guanajuato. It was built with pink stone that is found in this region. It has only one tower, which contains a clock. Its interior altarpieces are all done in mahogany by sculptor Fidel Enríquez Pérez. In front of the church is a large atrium park. The Centro Cultural José María Velasco, on Hermanos Velascos Street, is dedicated to the art of this landscape painter. Most of Velasco's themes reside in botany and in nature, but he is best known for the landscapes he painted of areas in central Mexico. Also in his honor is the José María Velasco Nature Park, located at the main entrance to the town. This is a section of forest that offers some amenities such as kiosks, playgrounds, and a small pool.

Food and festivities

Local dishes include chicken in "chirrión" sauce, "charales con nopales, cactus in green salsa, and "mole de olla" with xoconostles (a type of fruit). Local drinks include "puscua," a drink made from corn, "sende choo," a Mazahua drink made from fermented corn and pulque, which is often served flavored with fruit such as cactus pears. From December 31 to January 1, Mazahua and Otomi pilgrims come here to celebrate the "Lord of the Coronation," carrying their images of this saint adorned with flowers, fruit and bread, accompanied by flutes, mariachis or drums. Local dances such as "Las Pastoras," " Los Concheros," "Los Macheteros," "Los Romanos" and "Los Chimales" are performed. At midday on January 1, there is a procession to the church. On Jan 2, men on horseback arrive here in honor of the image here of Saint Francis of Assisi. The passion play held every year since 1975, whose script was written by Amalio Quintana. During this Passion Play, young men re-enact the crucifixion of Christ. The Feast of Corpus Christi is celebrated in June with large processions as well. A more locally derived festival occurs on the 16th of August, in honor of "Lord Ndareje" or "Lord of the Water." Prehispanic rites occur at the Los Pastores waterfall and offerings are left in the Lerma River.

Notable residents

Some notable people from this town include: José Maria Velasco, (1840–1912) who was a painter of landscapes, Archbishop

Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres (13 November 1865 – 12 December 1941) was a Mexican prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Morelia from 1911 until his death in 1941. He was previously Bishop of Léon from 1900 to 1907 and Archbishop ...

, (1865–1941) suffered the exile three times during the Cristero movement in Mexico, María del Carmen Garduño Cervantes (born 1955), a track-and-field athlete who has won medals in the PanAmerican Games and set Mexican records, and Pinito Reynoso Bejarano (1895–1981) and educator best known for his work against illiteracy. File:KioskCentenarioTemasMX.JPG, Centenario Kiosk File:SnMiguelArchTemasMX.JPG, San Miguel Arcangel Church File:PalMunicipalTemasMX.JPG, Municipal Palace

The municipality

As municipal seat, the town of Temascalcingo de José Maria Velasco has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Ahuacatitlan Centro, Boshesda, Calderas, Cerritos de Cárdenas, Barrio de Corona, Guadalupe Ixtapa, La Huerta, Juanacatlán, La Magdalena, Mesa de Bañi, Mesa de Santiago (La Mesa), Pastores Primer Barrio, Puruahua, Pueblo Nuevo Solís (La Estancia), San Antonio Solís, San Francisco Solís, San Francisco Tepeolulco, San José Ixtapa, San José Solís, San Juanico el Alto (San Juanico), San Mateo el Viejo, San Miguel Solís, San Nicolás Solís, San Pedro el Alto, San Pedro Potla Centro (San Pedro Potla), Santa Ana Yenshu Centro, Santa Lucía (Ejido de San Mateo el Viejo), Santa María Canchesda, Santa María Solís, Santa Rosa Solís, Santiago Coachochitlán, San Vicente Solís, Ex-hacienda de Solís, El Tejocote (La Loma), Santa Ana Yenshu Ejido, San Pedro Potla Segundo Barrio, San Pedro Potla Primer Barrio Ejido, San José los Reyes, El Rodeo, Cuadrilla, Ahuacatitlán (La Providencia), Barrio de Shelle, Estación Solís (Estación Alberto Garduño), El Garay, La Mesa del Venado, Pozo de las Palomas, San Juanico Centro, San Pedro Potla Tercer Barrio, Santa Ana Yenshu la Mesa, Los Pinos, La Estanzuela, Ixtapa, Mesa de Bombaro, Mesa de los Garnica, Mogote de la Campana, Barrio las Peñas, Barrio Santa María los Chamacueros, San Fco. Tepeolulco, Tercer Barrio la Mesa, La Magdalena Bosha, La Magdalena Cruz Blanca, Santiago Coachochitlán Barrio del Rincón, Los Pastores (Pastores Segundo Barrio), San Pedro de la Loma, and La Loma de San Mateo. Temascalcingo is bordered by the municipalities of

Acambay Acambay is a town and ''municipio'' (municipality) located in northern State of Mexico. The township of Acambay is the municipal seat of the ''municipio'' of the same name. History The origins of Acambay date back to the settlement of the area ...

Atlacomulco Atlacomulco is one of 125 municipalities in the State of Mexico located in the northwest of the State of Mexico in central Mexico, from the state capital of Toluca. The municipal seat is the city of Atlacomulco de Fabela. The name is derived f ...

Jocotitlán Jocotitlán is a municipality located in the northwestern part of the State of Mexico on the central highlands of the country of Mexico. The municipal seat is the town of Jocotitlán and is located at the foot of the Jocotitlán or Xocotépetl v ...

and El Oro, and to the west by the states of

Michoacán Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (; Purépecha: ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of ...

and

Querétaro Querétaro (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro, links=no; Otomi: ''Hyodi Ndämxei''), is one of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities. Its cap ...

. The population of the entire municipality in 2005 was 58,169 people. Two notable sites in and near the municipal seat are the Tzindo, which is an archeological zone where there are some cave drawings. From Colonial period there is the

Hacienda An ''hacienda'' ( or ; or ) is an estate (or '' finca''), similar to a Roman '' latifundium'', in Spain and the former Spanish Empire. With origins in Andalusia, ''haciendas'' were variously plantations (perhaps including animals or orchard ...

de Solis. Located about 18 km from the municipal seat, the largest attraction here is officially called the "Spring of Jesus," but is more commonly known as "El Borbollón," (the gusher). It is a natural spring of volcanically-heated water which forms a pool of water with a high mineral content.

References

{{Authority control Municipalities of the State of Mexico Populated places in the State of Mexico