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The ''Tabula Cortonensis'' (sometimes also ''Cortona Tablet'') is a 2200-year-old, inscribed
bronze Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids suc ...
tablet in the
Etruscan language Etruscan () was the language of the Etruscan civilization, in Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany, western Umbria, northern Latium, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy and Campania). Etruscan influenced Latin but was eventua ...
, discovered in
Cortona Cortona (, ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Arezzo, in Tuscany, Italy. It is the main cultural and artistic centre of the Val di Chiana after Arezzo. Toponymy Cortona is derived from Latin Cortōna, and from Etruscan 𐌂𐌖� ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
. It may record for posterity the details of an ancient legal transaction which took place in the ancient Tuscan city of
Cortona Cortona (, ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Arezzo, in Tuscany, Italy. It is the main cultural and artistic centre of the Val di Chiana after Arezzo. Toponymy Cortona is derived from Latin Cortōna, and from Etruscan 𐌂𐌖� ...
, known to the Etruscans as ''Curtun''. Its 40-line, 200-word, two-sided inscription is the third longest inscription found in the
Etruscan language Etruscan () was the language of the Etruscan civilization, in Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany, western Umbria, northern Latium, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy and Campania). Etruscan influenced Latin but was eventua ...
, and the longest discovered in the 20th century.


Provenance

The tablet was brought to the
police The police are a Law enforcement organization, constituted body of Law enforcement officer, persons empowered by a State (polity), state, with the aim to law enforcement, enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citize ...
in October 1992 by someone who claimed to have found it at a construction site in September 1992. When provided to the police, the tablet had been broken into seven fragments, with the original right bottom corner missing. Investigators attempted to find the missing portion and confirm the existence of the site. It was subsequently recognized that the tablet was broken in antiquity, so the missing portion may have been separated centuries ago. It was also determined that the "discoverer" of the tablet had lied about where he found it, and he was put on trial for mishandling of artifacts, but was found innocent. Local researchers believe that the tablet had actually been found on a different construction site and was deliberately concealed so that construction could be completed on time without being delayed by archaeological work. The real origin of the tablet is unknown to this day.


Interpretation

The tablet is thought by some scholars, notably Larissa Bonfante and Nancy de Grummond, to be a
notarized A notary is a person authorised to perform acts in legal affairs, in particular witnessing signatures on documents. The form that the notarial profession takes varies with local legal systems. A notary, while a legal professional, is disti ...
record of the division of an
inheritance Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Of ...
or sale of
real estate Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more genera ...
. Reference is made on the tablet to a vineyard (cf. lines 1 and 2: vinac), cultivated land (line 2: restm-c), and an estate located in the territory of Lake Trasimeno (cf. lines 35 and 36: celti nɜitisś tarsminaśś). The lake lies east of Cortona in modern-day Western
Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...
. The legal document centered around the aristocratic Cusu family and Petru Scevas and his wife. Two groups of witnesses or listeners helped to certify the document, along with Larth Cucrina Lausisa, ''zilath mechl rasnal'' (‘a chief magistrate of the territory of Cortona’). The document ends officially dating itself according to the two magistrates in office that year.Hillary Becker "Evidence for Etruscan Archives: Tracking the epigraphic habit in tombs,the sacred sphere, and at home" in ''Etruscan Literacyin its Social Context'' ed. Ruth Whitehouse, Accordia Research Institute, London, 2020. p. 172 Additionally, several words (pav, clθii, zilci, atina, larz) that appear on the tablet have been found inscribed on Etruscan plates, drinking cups, or wine jugs or jars.


Physical description

The tablet measures by , and is about between and thick. When discovered, the tablet had been broken into multiple pieces, of which only seven have been found. The missing portion is believed by Etruscanists to contain only names and not details of the estate.


Text

The text contains thirty-four known Etruscan words and an equal number of previously unattested Etruscan words. Moreover, a new alphabetic sign Ǝ (a reversed
epsilon Epsilon (, ; uppercase , lowercase or lunate ; el, έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel or . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was d ...
) is present on the tablet. This implies that, at least in the Etruscan dialect spoken in Cortona where this letter exclusively appears, the letter Ǝ marks a different sound from that of the letter E. The inscription is datable to the late 3rd to early 2nd century bce, so near 200.


Contents

The following transcribes the special reversed
epsilon Epsilon (, ; uppercase , lowercase or lunate ; el, έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel or . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was d ...
as ɜ. There are clear zigzag marks in the text (marked here by \\) that presumably end sentences or sections, and each such section will be treated separately here: :: On the front


First section

:: 01: et . pɜtruiś . scɜvɜś . ɜliuntś . :: 02: vinac . restmc . cenu . tɜnθur . śar . cus :: 03: uθuraś . larisalisvla . pesc . spante . tɜnθur . :: 04: sa . śran . śarc . clθii . tɜrsna . θui . spanθi . ml :: 05: ɜśieθic . raśna s IIIIC inni . pes . pɜtruś . pav :: 06: ac . traulac . tiur . tɜn rs . tɜnθa . zacinat pr :: 07: iniserac . zal \\ Notes: The forms ''pɜtruiś'' (1)/''pɜtruś'' (5) (and other forms throughout the text) are probably forms of a name, compare Latin ''Petronius''. As noted above, ''vina-c'' and ''restm-c''(2) probably indicate "vineyard" and "cultivated land" (or "garden"?) respectively, the final ''-c'' meaning "and." If ''ɜliuntś''(1) can be connected to Etr. ''eleivana'' "of oil" from the Greek ''*elaiwa'' > ''élaion'' "(olive) oil", we may be dealing with an olive orchard, a vineyard and a cultivated field or garden presumably belonging to Petronius Scaevus (compare Gaius Mucius Scaevola "lefty," legendary Roman hero who held his right hand over his captors' fire to show how much he loved Rome). Rex Wallace considers ''ɜliuntś'' to be a title of ''pɜtruiś . scɜvɜś'', since all three agree in case marking. Facchetti (2000) (and Wylin) has proposed that ''cenu'' is a passive verb, also found in the Cippus Perusinus, that means "is obtained"; though Maggiani (2002) takes it to mean "is ceded."Facchetti, Giulio M. 2000. Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki. The word ''spante''(3) elsewhere seems to refer to a kind of bowl or plate (cf ETP 289) (versus ''sparza''(18, 36) “tablet.”) But it is possible that here it and ''spanθi'' (4) are locatives of ''span'' "plain."Wallace, Rex E. (2000) "Tabula Cortonensis," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 7, Article 1. ''śar(-c)'' (2,4) is "ten" and ''zal'' is "two"(7), and the "Roman" numeral 'IIIIC'(5) had been sometimes interpreted as "400," though Etruscans generally had a different sign for "100" than ''C,'' at least early on. More recent analyses read it as ''SIIIIC'' (re-segmenting the ''s'' from ''raśna-s'') as "14.5." Notable is ''raśna(s)'' (5) (and in line 24 ''raśna-l''), perhaps a form of the endonym for the Etruscan people (but also claimed to be just the generic term for "people, public"), here perhaps indicating that Etruscan measurements are being used (see Wylin's translation below). ''cusuθuraś'' and ''larisalisvla'' (3), seen in various forms throughout the text and beyond, also seem to be names. In lines 5-6, the coordinated elements ''pava-c traula-c'' seem to show up in slightly altered form in the
Liber Linteus The (Latin for "Linen Book of Zagreb", also rarely known as , "Book of Agram") is the longest Etruscan text and the only extant linen book, dated to the 3rd century BCE. (The second longest, Tabula Capuana, also seems to be a ritual calenda ...
(4.21-22) ''eisna . pevach . vinum . trau . pruchś'', which van der Meer translates "a ritual (''eis-na'') young? (''peva-ch'') (> a new(?) ritual): wine, a pouring (''trau'') from the (wine-)jug (''pruch-ś'')," pointing out that ''peva/pava'' probably means "boy, youth," but also admitting that ''trau'' may be an agent noun, like ''zichu'' "writer." C. De Simone translates ''traula-'' here as "he who libates," and he connects ''zacinat'' with the functions of a priest. Wylin proposes a translation of the whole section, building on Facchetti and Maggiani (loc cit): ::::(1) So by Petru Shcevas, the ''êliun'' (olive grove? or title of Petru?), (2) a vineyard and a ''restm'' (garden?) of 10 '' tenthur'' are obtained from the :::Cushu, (3) and (also) a farm (''pes-c'') in the plain (''span-te''), of 4 ''tenthur'' and (4) 10 ''śran'' s obtainedfrom these same olks :::the entire property (''tɜrsna'') here (''θui''), in the plain and in the ''mlesia'' (5) (costs) 14.5 ''rasna''. ::::With respect to the farm for Petru, (6,7) the ''zacinat prinisherac'' has a month (''tiur'') to size up the two measures, ::: hese arethe ''pava'' and the ''traula''." ("fundus" in the original was replaced by the English "farm" here.) ::In this analysis, a ''tenthur'' is a unit of land measure that is more than ten times larger than a ''śran''; perhaps comparable to the Latin
jugerum The jugerum or juger ( la, iūgerum, ', ', or ') was a Roman unit of area, equivalent to a rectangle 240 Roman feet in length and 120 feet in width (about 71×35½m), i.e. 28,800 square Roman feet ( la, pedes quadratum) or about hectare (0.62 ...
(.623 acre = 27,200 sq.ft.) versus an ''actus simplex.'' ::In line 4, ''tɜrsna'' translated here "property" may be related in some way to Latin ''terra'' < ''*tersa'' ::Also in line 4, ''mlesia'' contrasts with ''span-'' "plane" so must mean "surrounding hills," a conclusion supported by the fact that this seems to be where the orchard and (perhaps) the vineyards were.


Second section

:: 07 (continued) cś . ɜsiś vere cusuθurśum . :: 08: pes . pɜtruśta . scɜv ś\\ Notes: The first part is obscure, while the rest repeats names treated above. ''pes''(8) also repeats ''pes(c)'' (3,5) from the first section. If Wylin's conclusion is correct that ''pes'' = "farm, ''fundus'' ", perhaps then it is related to Umbrian peř-ae "(on the) ground"?


Third section

:: 08 (continued) nuθanatur . lart pɜtr :: 09: uni . arnt . pini . lart . pi . lusce . laris :: 10: vɜtnal . lart . vɜlara . larθal'isa . lart vɜlara. :: 11: aulesa . vɜl . pumpu . pruciu . aule cɜlatina . sɜ :: 12: tmnal . arnza . fɜlśni . vɜlθinal . vɜl . luisna :: 13: lusce . vɜl uslna . nufresa . laru . slanzu . larz :: 14: a lartle vɜlaveś arnt . pɜtru . raufe \\ Notes: In line 8, ''nuθanatur'' (8) apparently means “a group of witnesses,” from ''nuθe'' “observes” and the suffix ''‐θur/‐tur'' which forms nouns indicating membership. Much of the rest of this section seems to be a list of names of witnesses to the contract: ''lart/laris/larz''..., ''pɜtruni, pumpu'' (cf Oscan ''pump-'' "5" in Romanized names ''Pompeius'', etc). The last word is probably related to Latin ''Rufus'' (itself of dialect origin, the native Latin cognate being ''ruber'' 'red') and Umbrian ''rofu'' also "red" (presumably describing his hair), perhaps to distinguish this "Red Petronius" from "Lefty Petronius" (unless it is a form of Etruscan ''ruva'' "brother"). Variants of this form from other inscriptions include ''rauhe'' and ''ruvfe''. In line 11, with regard to ''aulesa . vɜl'', it may be noted that there is a statue also from Cortona (first century BCE) of a man described in Etruscan as ''aulesi vel...'' interpreted as "Aule, son of Vel..." a name also seen here in lines 24, 26, and 39. Also in line 11, ''atina'' may mean "maternal" from ''ati'' "mother," just as ''apana'' "paternal" < ''apa'' "father." As it is also written alone on a cup (ETP 136). But ''atina'' may also be a name, or theonym. A variant (?) ''atana'' is found on another drinking cup (kylix) at ETP 212. The phrase ''cel atina'' recurs at the end of the inscription, as well, and may be a particular place, or a theonym "Mother Earth."


Fourth section

:: 14 (continued) ɜpru :: 15: ś . ame . vɜlχe . cusu larisal . cleniarc . laris :: 16: cusu . larisalisa larizac clan . larisal . pɜtr :: 17: uni . scɜ a� arntlei . pɜtruś . puia :: 18: cen . zic . ziχuχe . sparzɜśtiś śazleiś in :: 19: θuχti . cusuθuraś . suθiu . ame . tal suθive :: 20: naś . ratm . θuχt . ceśu . tltel tɜi . sianś . :: 21: spa rzɜte . θui . sal t zic . fratuce . cusuθuraś . :: 22: larisalisvla . pɜtruśc . scɜvaś . pesś . tarχia :: 23: eś Notes: Again, mostly names here, but also kinship terms: ''cleniar-c''(15) "and sons", ''clan''(16) "son", ''puia''(17) "wife". In lines 15 and 19, ''ame'' is a form of the copula verb ''am-'' "to be". In line 18, the phrase ''cen . zic . ziχuχe'' probably means "this document (zic) was written". The next word, ''sparzɜ''(18), seems to mean “tablet” (''sparza''), possibly in the locative here 18 -19 ''cen . zic . ziχuχe . sparzɜśtiś śazleiś in / θuχti . cusuθuraś . suθiu . ame'' according to H. Becker (following Facchetti 2005: 62; Maggiani 2001: 107; Wallace 2008: 213) means: "This text which was written on a tablet ''sazle'' (perhaps meaning made of bronze or wood) was placed in the house (''θuχti'') of the Cusu family." But Wylin proposes "This text has been transcribed from the original (''śazleiś'') tablet, which...." The following phrase in 19 - 20 ''tal suθive / naś . rat-m . θuχt . ceśu'' according again to Becker, may mean "of that(?) having been done the deposit according to the rite (''rat-'')(?) in the house (''θuχt'')it stays" or "when that has been done, the deposit remains in the house as is the custom" As Becker points out, it is significant and interesting that this clearly public regal document is to reside in the presumably private residence. According to C. De Simone, ''suθiu'' in line 19 means "funerary ceremony" and '' θuχt'' in 20 may refer to a feast in honor of the dead in "August." Wylin interprets the phrase ''θuχt . ceśu . tltel tɜi'' (20) as "deposited in the house, in that of that one (referring to''pɜtruś'')" thus seeing it as parallel to the earlier phrase: ''θuχti . cusuθuraś . suθiu . ame''(19).Wylin, Koen. Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 84, fasc. 1, 2006. Antiquité - Oudheid. pp. 35-44. p.38; doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2006.5004 https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2006_num_84_1_5004 In line 20, the form ''fratu-ce'' has a past tense verbal ending ''-ce'', but it otherwise looks like the Umbrian and Latin word for "brother" ''frater'' in Umbrian context meaning a member of a holy order; so if the root was borrowed from Umbrian, this may mean something like "consulted together as brethren." Wylin proposes for the sequence ''sianś ./ sparzɜte . θui . salt zic . fratuce . cusuθuraś . / larisalisvla . pɜtruśc . scɜvaś . pesś . tarχian/eś \\''(20-23) the translation "The ''sian'' ("wise one"? if related to Latin ''sanus'') incised (''fratu-ce'') the text (''zic'') here (''θui'') on the tablet (''sparzɜte'') with the agreement (''sal-t'') of C.L. and of P.S. from the field of Tarchian." The ''pesś'' (farm?) of ''pɜtruśc . scɜvaś'' is mentioned again in line 22, followed by ''tarχian /eś'' which looks like a form of ''Tarchna'', ''Tarquinia'' a town name and family name.


Fifth section

:: 23 (continued) cnl . nuθe . malec . lart . cucrina ( zixu cucri'w.) lausisa . :: 24: zila θ meχ l.raś nal . ais . cɜlatina lau :: 25: sa clanc . arnt luscni nθal . clanc . larz :: 26: a . lart . turmna . salin al_._larθ_cɜlatina_._ ::_27:_apnal_._cleniarc_._vɜlχe[ś....html" ;"title="�.html" ;"title="al . larθ cɜlatina . :: 27: apnal . cleniarc . vɜlχe[ś">al . larθ cɜlatina . :: 27: apnal . cleniarc . vɜlχe[ś...">�.html" ;"title="al . larθ cɜlatina . :: 27: apnal . cleniarc . vɜlχe[ś">al . larθ cɜlatina . :: 27: apnal . cleniarc . vɜlχe[ś...papal] :: 28: śerc . vɜlχe . cusu . aule[sa][...] :: 29: aninalc . laris . fuln[folnius][clenia] :: 30: rc . lart . pɜtce . uslnal[...][cucrina] (zixu cucri'w ) :: 31 inaθur . tɜcsinal . vɜl[...] Notes: In line 23, ''male-'' according to R. Wallace means "oversee," related to ''malena'' "mirror." In line 25, we see the well attested word for "son" ''clan-c'' twice, and in 27 (and probably at 29-30) the plural ''cleniar-c'' "sons also appears. Another kinship term, ''papal'' "grandson", occurs in the partly damaged line 27. ''zilath'' (24) is a well established Etruscan word meaning 'one who governs' from the verb ''zil'' 'to rule', thought to be equivalent of a Latin
praetor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vari ...
in function. The full phrase ''zilaθ meχl.raśnal'' probably means "magistrate of the ''res publica''." A form somewhat similar to ''fuln olnius' (29) can be found in the
Tabula Capuana The ''Tabula Capuana'' ("Tablet from Capua"; Ital. ''Tavola Capuana''), is an ancient terracotta slab, , with a long inscribed text in Etruscan, dated to about 470 bce, apparently a ritual calendar. About 390 words are legible, making it the s ...
: ''ful/inus'nes'' (5/6). B. van der Meer thinks that it is a name of a god in the
Tabula Capuana The ''Tabula Capuana'' ("Tablet from Capua"; Ital. ''Tavola Capuana''), is an ancient terracotta slab, , with a long inscribed text in Etruscan, dated to about 470 bce, apparently a ritual calendar. About 390 words are legible, making it the s ...
(= Fufluns?). The form ''uslnal'' in 30 and 32 is similar to ''uslane-'' in
Liber Linteus The (Latin for "Linen Book of Zagreb", also rarely known as , "Book of Agram") is the longest Etruscan text and the only extant linen book, dated to the 3rd century BCE. (The second longest, Tabula Capuana, also seems to be a ritual calenda ...
(5.21) (with expected loss of the internal vowel here), which van der Meer takes to be and adjectival form of ''usil'' "Sun (god), sun, noon, midday," though here it may be part of a name. The context of the Liber Linteus form is as follows (5.19-22): ''citz . vacl . nunθen . θesan . tinś . θesan / eiseraś . śeuś . unuχ . mlaχ . nunθen . θesviti / favitic . faśei . cisum . θesane . uslanec / mlaχe . luri . zeric'' roughly "Three times (perform) a libation. Make an offering to θesan (Dawn) of ''Tin'' (Jupiter) (and) to ''θesan'' / of the Dark Gods (= morning and evening Venus?), for them, make an appropriate offering with oil both in the morning / and in the evening (?), (and) three times (make a libation?) in the morning and at noon / for the beautiful ''Lur'' and ''Zer''."


On the back

:: 33: aule . salini . cusual :: 34: zilci . larθal . cusuś . titinal :: 35: lari sal c . saliniś . aulesla . celtinɜitis :: 36: ś . tarsminaśś . spa rza in θuχt ceśu . (this section relates to writing, ::zicu :zixuxe. :: 37: ratm . suθiu . suθiusva . vɜlχeś . cusuśa ( zixu cucri'w ) :: 38: ulesla . vɜlθuruś . t niś . vɜlθurusla . :: 39: larθalc . cɜlatinaś . vetnal . larisalc . :: 40: cɜlatinaś . pitlnal Notes: This section is mainly notable for seeming to identify the name of a known lake in line 36, ''tarsminaśś'' "Lake Trasimeno", leading some to conclude, as noted above, that what precedes must be the Etruscan word for "lake": ''nɜitisś'' (35/36) . The word ''celti'' that immediately precedes is the word for earth or land ''cel'' plus the locative ''-ti''. The same root shows up in 39 and 40 in the phrase ''cɜl atinaś'' with the second element either being a name, or related to ''ati'' "mother" (in which case "Mother Earth"? or "land of/consecrated to the Mother"?). Or Celatina could be simply a name (see below). On ''sparza'' (36) "tablet" and ''θuχt'' "house" see above in section four. Wylin takes the phrase in lines 36-37 ''sparza in θuχt ceśu . / ratm . suθiu . suθiusa '' to mean: "the tablet that has been deposited (''cesu'') in this house has also (''ratm''?) been deposited (suθiu in the residences (''suθiu-sva'') of..." followed by the names of four people. The phrase ''zilci . larθal . cusuś / titinal. larisalc . saliniś . aulesla'' (34-35) probably means "In the ''Zilc''-ship of Lart Cusu, (son) of Titina, and of Laris Salini, (son) of Aule." In full, this section roughly reads: "Aule Salini of the Cusu (family) (agreed to this) in the magistracy of Lart Cusu, (son) of Titina, and of Laris Salini, (son) of Aule in the land of Lake Trasimeno. (Copies of) the tablet lying in (this) house, according to custom, are deposited, as things to be placed, (also in the houses) of: Velche Cusu, son of Aule; Velthur Titlni, son of Velthur; Lart Celatina, son of Apnei; and Laris Celatina, son of Pitlnei.


References

* Luciano Agostiniani, Francesco Nicosia, ''Tabula Cortonensis''. ''Studia Archaeologica'' 105. Roma: ''"L'Erma" di Bretschneider'', 2000. * Giulio M. Facchetti, Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco, Firenze, Olschki, 2000. * Scarano Ussani & Torelli, ''La Tabula Cortonensis. Un documento giuridico, storico e sociale'' (Napoli, 2003). * de Simone, Carlo (2007) 'Alcuni termini chiave della Tabula Cortonensis', ''Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies'', Vol. 1: Iss. 1, Article 1. * Wylin, Koen (2006)
Pyrgi B et la rédaction de la Tabula Cortonensis
. '' Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire'' 84/1, pp. 35–44.


External links


Curtun (Modern Cortona)
Information about the ancient city of Curtun as well as details about this artifact found there
Tavola di Cortona e Lamine di Pyrgi - traduzione
(italiano)

* ttps://web.archive.org/web/20081202113715/http://users.tpg.com.au/etr/etrusk/po/tabula.html Images of the Tabulabr>Images and textual analysis


Tabula Cortonensis at Classical Wisdom


Bibliography

** Pallottino, M., Maggiani, A. (eds) ''La'' Tabula Cortonensis ''e il suo contesto storico-archeologico'' ''Atti dell'Incontro di Studio'', 22 giugno 2001, CNR (Roma, 2002): ** Benelli, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', pp. 93–100. ** Bruschetti, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 27–38. ** Facchetti, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 87–99. ** Maggiani, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 11–15, 65–75. ** Nicosia, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 17–25. ** Peruzzi, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 39–42. ** Roncalli, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 43–52. ** Pandolfini–Angeletti, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 53–64. ** Rix, in ''Atti dell'Incontro di studio'', op. cit., pp. 77–86. ** Wallace, Rex E. (2000) "Tabula Cortonensis," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 7, Article 1. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol7/iss1/1 Others: * Agostiniani, L., Nicosia, F. ''Tabula Cortonensis'' Studia Archeologica 105, (Rome 2000). * Carlo De Simone (linguist), De Simone, "La ''Tabula Cortonensis'': tra linguistica e storia," ''Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa'', 3, 1998, pp. 1–122. * De Simone, ''Ocnus'', 9–10, 2001–02, pp. 69–114. * De Simone, ''Incontri Linguistici'', 25, 2002, pp. 77–85. * Eichner, H. in ''The Complete Linguist : A collection of papers in honor of Alexis Manaster Ramer'' (München, 2001), pp. 141–152. * Facchetti, Giulio M. ''Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco'', (Firenze, 2000). * Facchetti, ''Appunti di morfologia etrusca. Con un’appendice sulla questione delle affinità genetiche dell’etrusco'' (Firenze, 2002). * Facchetti, ''Archivio Glottologico Italiano'', 88, 2003, pp. 203–219. * Facchetti, ''Lingua Posnaniensis'' (Poznan, 2005), pp. 59–63. * Maggiani, ''Rivista di Archeologia'', 25, 2001, pp. 94–114. * Pittau, M. (2000) ''Tabula Cortonensis, lamine di Pirgi e altri testi etruschi'', Sassari. * Rix, ''Incontri linguistici'', 23, 2000, pp. 11–31. * Scarano Ussani & Torelli, ''La Tabula Cortonensis. Un documento giuridico, storico e sociale'' (Napoli, 2003). * Wylin, Koen "Forme verbali nella ''Tabula Cortonensis''" in ''Studi Etruschi'', 65–68, 2002a, pp. 215–223. * Wylin, ''Archivio Glottologico Italiano'', 87, 2002b, pp. 88–108. * Wylin, ''Etruscan News'', 3, 2003, pp. 11–12. * Wylin, "The first chapter of the Cortona inscription." In ''Etruscan News'' 2006 (Winter). pp. 6-7. https://web.archive.org/web/20100613161433/http://ancientstudies.fas.nyu.edu/docs/CP/963/EtruscanNews05.pdf * Zamboni, ''Ath'', 90, 2002, pp. 431–441.


Notes

{{Etruscans 2nd-century BC inscriptions 1992 archaeological discoveries Etruscan artefacts Etruscan inscriptions