Typhoon Trami, known in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

as Typhoon Paeng, was the second

typhoon A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for a ...

to affect Japan within a month. The twenty-fourth tropical storm and tenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Trami developed from a

low-pressure area In meteorology, a low-pressure area, low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather (such as cloudy, windy, with possible ...

southeast of

Guam Guam (; ch, Guåhan ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States (reckoned from the geographic cent ...

on September 20. It intensified into a tropical storm on the next day, and intensified into a typhoon on September 22. Trami steadily intensified and reached its peak intensity late on September 24. On the following day, Trami slowed and drifted northward. It began to weaken due to

upwelling Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface. It replaces the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nut ...

. Trami accelerated and turned northeastward on September 29, before it struck Japan on the next day, and became extratropical on October 1. The extratropical remnants persisted for days until dissipated completely on October 8. Trami caused additional damage to Japan, while it was still recovering from the impacts of Typhoon Jebi. Transportation was disrupted with several domestic flights cancelled. Over 380,000 people were evacuated. In total, Trami killed 4 people and left hundreds injured. Insurance losses were estimated to be ¥306 billion (2018 JPY, $2.69 billion

USD The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...

Meteorological history

On September 20, the

Japan Meteorological Agency The , abbreviated JMA, is an agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It is charged with gathering and providing results for the public in Japan that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation an ...

(JMA) began to track a tropical depression located to the southeast of

. Moving northwestward, the depression gained some organization, and the

Joint Typhoon Warning Center The Joint typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force command in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The JTWC is responsible for the issuing of tropical cyclone warnings in the North-West Pacific Ocean, South P ...

(JTWC) issued a

Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) is a bulletin released by the U.S. Navy-operated Joint Typhoon Warning Center in Honolulu, Hawaii or the Fleet Weather Center in Norfolk, Virginia, warning of the possibility of a tropical cyclone formin ...

(TCFA), and classified the system as a tropical depression later that day, giving the numeral designation ''28W''. The JMA started issuing advisories once the system attained winds of 55 km/h (30 mph). The JTWC upgraded 28W to a tropical storm on September 21, as it became better organized. The JMA followed suit later that day, assigning the international name ''Trami''. The system moved west-northwestward on September 22, under the influence of a subtropical ridge to its north. Benefited from the favourable condition such as high

sea surface temperatures Sea surface temperature (SST), or ocean surface temperature, is the ocean temperature close to the surface. The exact meaning of ''surface'' varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between and below the sea surface. Air mas ...

(SSTs) of and low

wind shear Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or horizont ...

, Trami gradually intensified, attaining severe tropical storm on the morning, and became the tenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season later that day. The JTWC followed suit three hours later. Continued moving west-northwestward, Trami kept on intensifying thanks to favourable environmental condition. It developed a pinhole eye on that day, but soon entered a period of

eyewall replacement cycle In meteorology, eyewall replacement cycles, also called concentric eyewall cycles, naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones, generally with winds greater than , or major hurricanes ( Category 3 or above). When tropical cyclones reach this int ...

. Trami completed this cycle early on September 24 and resumed its intensification, with its eye became larger. According to JMA, the storm achieved its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC that day, with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph), and a central

pressure Pressure (symbol: ''p'' or ''P'') is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled ''gage'' pressure)The preferred spelling varies by country and e ...

of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg). The JTWC said that Trami has become a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon three hours later, with 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). Soon afterwards, Trami lost its steering current and slowed as it is situated between two subtropical high pressure, an area called the pressure field of the saddle type. The typhoon's persistence over the same location for several days resulted in tremendous

of cooler waters, with sea surface temperatures dropping from . The combined effect of cooler water and dry air resulted in significant weakening, and Trami dropping below super typhoon status late on September 25. However, the previously small eye of Trami expanded dramatically. On September 28, the subtropical ridge over the Pacific Ocean slightly intensified, and Trami accelerated to the northwest. Trami turned to the northeast along a

westerlies The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and trend t ...

on September 29, and passed just west of the Okinawa Island. The typhoon made

landfall Landfall is the event of a storm moving over land after being over water. More broadly, and in relation to human travel, it refers to 'the first land that is reached or seen at the end of a journey across the sea or through the air, or the fact ...

near

Tanabe, Wakayama is a city located in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 70,972 in 35076 households and a population density of 69 persons per km². The total area of the city is . Tanabe is the second largest city in Wakayama ...

at 8:00 p.m. JST on September 30 (11:00 UTC), with winds of 150 km/h (90 mph). After Trami impacted

Honshu , historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island se ...

, it completely transitioned into a hurricane-force extratropical cyclone and impacted the Kuril Islands, before weakening into a storm-force system. From October 3 to 8, Trami's remnants made a large counterclockwise loop over the Bering Sea, while gradually weakening, before moving back south of the

Aleutian Islands The Aleutian Islands (; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin,”Land of the Aleuts", possibly from Chukchi ''aliat'', "island"), also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large v ...

. Trami's extratropical remnants were last tracked in the Bering Sea on October 8, near the Aleutian Islands.

Impact

Taiwan

On September 28, the

Central Weather Bureau The Central Weather Bureau (CWB; ) is the government meteorological research and forecasting institution of the Republic of China (Taiwan). In addition to meteorology, the Central Weather Bureau also makes astronomical observations, reports on s ...

(CWB) issued the heavy rain and extremely heavy rain alert to 7 cities and counties of Taiwan, warned that the rainfall in 24 hours will reach in those alerted area. The CWB also warned that the coastal and open areas may be affected by winds of Beaufort scale 9–11. Although

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

avoided a direct hit from Trami, large waves still affected the northern Taiwan. Wave heights at were recorded, and 4 people were injured by the large surf.

Japan

Trami made its closest approach to Okinawa Island in the afternoon of September 29, passing just west of the

Naha Airport is a second class airport located west of the city hallAIS Japan
in Wind gusts reached in Naha, Okinawa. 50 people were injured, and about 600 people were evacuated to the shelters. 30 cities and towns in

Okinawa is a prefecture of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 (as of 2 February 2020) and a geographic area of 2,281 km2 (880 sq mi). Naha is the capital and largest city ...

were suffering power outage. Almost 200 flights to the prefecture were cancelled. A

guanyin Guanyin () is a Bodhisattva associated with compassion. She is the East Asian representation of Avalokiteśvara ( sa, अवलोकितेश्वर) and has been adopted by other Eastern religions, including Chinese folk religion. She ...

statue in Ryukyu Golden Palace collapsed, estimated loss of about ¥100 million (US$880,000). Trami brought strong winds and waves to Japan. The typhoon broke the historical records of 10-minute maximum sustained winds at 30 weather stations and the maximum gust at 55 weather stations in Japan, mostly on September 30. In mainland Japan, the maximum gust from Trami were recorded at Hachioji, Tokyo, of , which broke the record set in 2011. Trami also produced storm surge of at

Cape Irōzaki is a headland on southernmost point on the Izu Peninsula on the island of Honshu in Japan. It is located within the borders of the town of Minamiizu, Shizuoka and is within the borders of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The cape marks the bo ...

. More than 1,000 flights in Japan were cancelled, including 45 from Hong Kong. At least 4 deaths and more than 200 injuries were reported across the country. Insurance loss were estimated to be ¥306.1 billion (US$2.69 billion).

References

External links

JMA General Information
of Typhoon Trami (1824) from Digital Typhoon
JMA Best Track Data
of Typhoon Trami (1802)
28W.TRAMI
from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory {{DEFAULTSORT:Trami (2018) 2018 Pacific typhoon season September 2018 events in Asia Typhoons in Taiwan Typhoons in Japan Trami