Type B1 submarine

The , also called was the first group of boats of the Type B cruiser submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1940s. In total 20 were built, starting with , which gave the series their alternative name.

Design and description

The Type B submarines were derived from the earlier KD6 sub-class of the and were equipped with an aircraft to enhance their scouting ability. They displaced surfaced and submerged. The submarines were long, had a beam of and a draft of . They had a diving depth of .Bagnasco, p. 189

For surface running, the boats were powered by two diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a electric motor. They could reach on the surface and underwater.Chesneau, p. 200 On the surface, the ''B1''s had a range of at ; submerged, they had a range of at .

The boats were armed with six internal bow torpedo tubes and carried a total of 17 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single /40 deck gun and two single mounts for Type 96 anti-aircraft guns.Carpenter & Dorr, p. 102 In the Type Bs, the aircraft hangar was faired into the base of the conning tower. A single catapult was positioned on the forward deck. Late in the war, some of the submarines had their aircraft hangar removed, to replace it with an additional 14 cm gun. In 1944, ''I-36'' and ''I-37'' had their aircraft hangar and catapult removed so that they could carry four Kaiten manned torpedoes, with ''I-36'' later being further modified to carry six.

Service

The series was rather successful, especially at the beginning of the war.

* shelled an oil field up the beach from Santa Barbara and damaged a pump house in Elwood in February 1942. She was sunk by the New Zealand trawler ''Tui'' and two US Navy aircraft off Noumea on 19 August 1943.
*On 15 September 1942 fired six torpedoes at the aircraft carrier USS ''Wasp'', three of which hit the carrier and sank her. The three remaining torpedoes went on for several thousand meters and hit another carrier force, damaging the battleship USS ''North Carolina'' and sinking the destroyer USS ''O'Brien''. ''I-19'' was sunk with depth charges by on 25 November 1943.
* conducted one of the few attacks on the continental United States in September 1942. A year later she was sunk by destroyer USS ''Patterson'' off the New Hebrides on 3 September 1943.
* sank the US Army chartered merchant ship SS ''Cynthia Olson'' about 1,000 miles northeast of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, causing 35 fatalities. She also crippled the aircraft carrier with one torpedo hit (out of six fired) on 31 August 1942. On 13 November 1942, she sank the cruiser USS ''Juneau''. She was sunk off Leyte in October 1944.
* Between June 1942 and February 1944, she sank several ships including: ''en route'' Whyalla-Newcastle, SS ''Fort Mumford'' and SS ''Montanan'' in the Indian Ocean, Liberty ship SS ''Sambridge'', and the SS ''Khedive Ismail'' near the Maldives on February 12, 1944. Following her last success, she was sunk by escorting British warships.
* was used to conduct personnel, gold, and technology exchanges with Germany during WW2. Her most famous ''Yanagi'' mission was the successful transfer on 26 April 1943 off the coast of Mozambique, Africa, and safe return to Japan from German ''U-180'' with Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, leader of the Indian Independence Movement and Indian National Army who was going from Berlin to Tokyo, and his Adjutant, Abid Hasan, while two Japanese naval officers sent to study U-boat construction and 2 tons of gold were transferred to ''U-180'' as Japanese payment for German wartime technology. Both submarines returned safely to their bases.
* on 12 September 1943, torpedoed the 205 ft fleet tug USS ''Navajo'' en route from Pago Pago towing a gas barge.

Losses

* was sunk off San Cristobol on 2 November 1942 by destroyer .
* was sunk by 25 November 1943
* made her final report on 27 November 1943, off the Gilbert Islands, following which she was never heard from again. At least one source attributes her sinking to aircraft from escort carrier on 29 November 1943.
* was lost in February 1942, following a final report made from off Oahu.
* was sunk by on 25 August 1943.
* was sunk by the British destroyers and off Addu Atoll on 12 February 1944 after it had sunk the troopship with the loss of about 1,300 lives. She was first rammed by ''Paladin'' then torpedoed by ''Petard''.
* was sunk by submarine south of Truk on 17 May 1942.
* was sunk by in Balintang Channel on 26 July 1944.
* was the first Japanese submarine to reach Europe under the ''Yanagi'' missions, but she was sunk by a mine off Singapore on 13 October 1942.
* was sunk by destroyers and off Attu on 12 May 1943.
* was sunk by the destroyer escort and the subchaser south of Wotje on 24 March 1944.
* was lost during sea trials in the Inland Sea on 13 June 1944.
* was sunk by submarine off Penang on 13 November 1943.
* was sunk by destroyers and off Tarawa