Tweed–Moreton, also known as the Central Eastern Shelf Transition, is a

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

biogeographic Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, ...

region of eastern

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

. The region includes the coastal and estuarine waters from just north of the

Baffle Creek The Baffle Creek is a creek in Central Queensland, Australia. Course and features The Baffle Creek rises near Arthurs Seat in the Eurimbula State Forest and just south of the Eurimbula National Park in the Great Dividing Range. The creek fl ...

estuary in Queensland to north of

Nambucca Heads Nambucca Heads is a town on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia in the Nambucca Valley. It is located on a ridge, north of the estuary of the Nambucca River near the Pacific Highway. Its 2021 population was 6,675 (6,327 in 2016 ...

New South Wales ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , es ...

. It extends from the shore to the edge of the narrow

continental shelf A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a shelf sea. Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in sea level during glacial periods. The shelf surrounding an island ...

,Thackway R, Cresswell ID. 1998. Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia: An Ecosystem-based Classification for Marine and Coastal Environments. Version 3.3. Canberra (Australia): Environment Australia, Commonwealth Department of the Environment. with an area of 46,484 km²."Tweed-Moreton". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 8 August 2021

/ref> It is a transition zone between the tropical waters of the northeastern Australian coast (

Northeast Shelf Province The Northeast Shelf Province is a biogeographic region of Australia's coastal and continental shelf waters. It includes the tropical coastal waters of the central and southern Great Barrier Reef in northeastern Australia. It is a provincial leve ...

) and the warm temperate seas of the central eastern Australian coast (

Manning-Hawkesbury The Central Eastern Shelf Province is a biogeographic region of Australia's coastal and continental shelf waters. It includes the warm temperate coastal waters of eastern Australia. It is a provincial level bioregion in the Integrated Marine and ...

or Central Eastern Shelf Province). It is defined as both a bioregional province and meso-scale bioregion in the

Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia The Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (IMCRA), formerly the Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation for Australia, is a biogeographic regionalisation of the oceanic waters of Australia's exclusive economic zone (EE ...

(IMCRA). and as a

marine ecoregion A marine ecoregion is an ecoregion, or ecological region, of the oceans and seas identified and defined based on biogeography, biogeographic characteristics. Introduction A more complete definition describes them as “Areas of relatively homogen ...

in the Marine Ecoregions of the World system developed by the

World Wide Fund for Nature The World Wide Fund for Nature Inc. (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the Wor ...

(WWF).Spalding, Mark D., Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson ''et al.'' "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas". ''Bioscience'' Vol. 57 No. 7, July/August 2007, pp. 573–583

/ref>

Oceanography

Coastal ocean circulation is dominated by the main stream of the

East Australian Current The East Australian Current (EAC) is a warm, southward, western boundary current that is formed from the South Equatorial Current (SEC) crossing the Coral Sea and reaching the eastern coast of Australia. At around 15° S near the Australian coa ...

. It runs southwards parallel to the shore, moving tropical

Coral Sea The Coral Sea () is a marginal sea of the South Pacific off the northeast coast of Australia, and classified as an interim Australian bioregion. The Coral Sea extends down the Australian northeast coast. Most of it is protected by the Fre ...

waters into the temperate continental shelf waters. Localised centres of

upwelling Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water from deep water towards the ocean surface. It replaces the warmer and usually nutrient-depleted surface water. The nutr ...

occur during springtime on a 40-day cycle off Evans Head (29°17’S). When upwelling is active it increases nutrient levels five- to ten-fold over normal values. The region is characterised by extensive sandy beaches punctuated by rocky headlands. There are extensive coastal estuaries behind sand islands, and offshore barrier islands. Beaches and sediments are generally of terrestrial origin. Tides range from 1 to 3 metres. Typical wave breaker heights are between 1.4 and 3.0 metres. Wave energy generally peaks in July, with a secondary peak during February in the New South Wales (southern) section.

Ecology

Tweed–Moreton is near the southern limit of

hard coral Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton. The individual animals are known as polyp (zoology), polyps and have a cylindrical body crowned by an oral di ...

s, with 60 coral genera in the north and fewer than 50 in the south. Sandstone outcrops form the substrate for reef faunas. These include the offshore

Flinders Reef Flinders Reef is a small isolated reef near Moreton Island, north-east of Cape Moreton in South East Queensland, Australia. It has the highest number of coral species of any subtropical reef system along Australia's east coast and is the neares ...

and fringing reefs at

Hervey Bay Hervey Bay () is a city on the coast of the Fraser Coast Region of Queensland, Australia. The city is situated approximately or 3½ hours' highway drive north of the state capital, Brisbane. It is located on the Hervey Bay (Queensland), bay of ...

. The New South Wales portion has two distinctive species assemblages of temperate reef fishes,

echinoderm An echinoderm () is any member of the phylum Echinodermata (). The adults are recognisable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the sea ...

s, and gastropods, and a single distinctive species assemblage of

hermatypic coral Hermatypic corals are those corals in the order Scleractinia which build reefs by depositing hard calcareous material for their skeletons, forming the stony framework of the reef. Corals that do not contribute to coral reef development are referred ...

s and

bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bival ...

s. The region has a distinctive assemblage of algal species. There is a significant difference in occurrences of seagrass species from north to south along the coast. The offshore benthic fauna is not well known. Low closed to open mangrove forest communities are found along sheltered coasts and rivers. There are eight mangrove tree species and three mangrove understorey species in the Queensland portion, along with 14 species of saltmarsh plants. Mangrove development and species diversity is lower in the New South Wales portion.

Protected areas

Protected marine areas include

Great Sandy Biosphere Reserve Great Sandy Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve in the Australian state of Queensland located on land and coastal waters associated both with the local government areas of the Fraser Coast Region and the Gympie Region and Fraser Island (also ...

Moreton Bay Marine Park The Moreton Bay Marine Park was established in 1992 to protect ecologically significant habitats in Moreton Bay. The marine park extends from Caloundra south to the southern tip of South Stradbroke Island. The marine park's border extends up to t ...

, Cape Byron Marine Park,

Richmond River Nature Reserve Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States * Richmond, London, a part of London * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, a ...

, and

Solitary Islands Marine Park Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP) is a marine park in New South Wales State waters, Australia. It adjoins the Solitary Islands Marine Reserve (Commonwealth Waters) and was declared under the ''Marine Parks Act 1997 (NSW)'' in January 19 ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tweed-Moreton Marine ecoregions Ecoregions of Australia IMCRA meso-scale bioregions Temperate Australasia IMCRA provincial bioregions Biogeography of New South Wales Biogeography of Queensland