The Twaddell scale is a
hydrometer scale for reporting the measured
specific gravity
Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest ...
of a liquid relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and 2.000 reports as 200. Concentrated sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.8 has a Twaddell scale measurement of 160 (as per the linear relationship between readings and sp. gravity). The Twaddell scale is only used for liquids with specific gravity greater than that of water. The scale was used in the British dye and bleach manufacturing industries. While the
Baumé scale
The Baumé scale is a pair of hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768 to measure density of various liquids. The unit of the Baumé scale has been notated variously as ''degrees Baumé'', ''B°'', ''Bé°'' and simp ...
was adopted throughout England, the Twaddell scale was used in England and Scotland.
The scale is named after the scientific instrument manufacturer William Twaddell of Glasgow, who first developed hydrometers on this scale at the start of the 19th century.
Converting between Twaddell scale and specific gravity
let a = any degree of Twaddell's Hydrometer, x = specific gravity in relation to water taken at 1.000
:
:
[{{Cite book, title = Chemical Handicraft: A Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of Chemical Apparatus, Suitable for the Performance of Class Experiments, for Every Process of Chemical Research and for Chemical Testing in the Arts. Accompanied by Copious Notes, Explanatory of the Construction and Use of the Apparatus, last = Griffin, first = John Joseph, publisher = J. J. Griffin and Sons, year = 1877, location = Glasglow, pages = 51]
References
See also
*
Baumé scale
The Baumé scale is a pair of hydrometer scales developed by French pharmacist Antoine Baumé in 1768 to measure density of various liquids. The unit of the Baumé scale has been notated variously as ''degrees Baumé'', ''B°'', ''Bé°'' and simp ...
Scales