Turris

''Turris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.

Description

The generally large shells are variegated with spots. The fusiform shell is turriculated with a long, sharp spire. The aperture is ovate. The columellar lip is smooth. The outer lip is separated with a narrow profound sinus from the suture rather than distantly. The siphonal canal is long and narrow, straight and open.George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology VI, p. 160; 1884

(Description by Charles Hedley) The shell is large, with a tall slender spire. The outer lip is sharp, without fold or thickening. The siphonal notch is a deep slit with parallel sides following a walled-in fasciole. Within the body whorl are sharp raised revolving threads, a feature shared by related genera. The protoconch consists of two smooth rounded whorls. The operculum is unguiculate, with an apical nucleus.

The foot of the animal is anteriorly truncated but obtuse posteriorly. The tentacles are cylindrical, with the eyes externally near their base The teeth of the toxoglossan radula are falciform and angulated (formula 1-0-1).

Distribution

This genus inhabits warm seas.

Species

The extinct species are only tentatively placed in the genus ''Turris''.

* † '' Turris adendanii'' Abbass, 1967
* † '' Turris aenigmaticus'' Dartevelle (E.) & Brébion (P.), 1956
* † '' Turris aequensis'' (J.P.S. Grateloup, 1832 )
* † '' Turris ahmedi'' Abbass, 1967
* † '' Turris altispira'' (W.L. May, 1922 )
* '' Turris ambages''
* '' Turris amicta''
* † '' Turris andersoni'' Dickerson 1913
* '' Turris annulata''
* '' Turris babylonia'' (
* †'' Turris baudoni'' (G.P. Deshayes, 1866)
* '' Turris bipartita''
* '' Turris brevicanalis''
* † '' Turris burroensis'' Nelson 1925
* † '' Turris canaliculata'' É.A. Benoist, 1873
* † '' Turris carlsoni'' Anderson and Martin 1914
* '' Turris chaldaea''
* † '' Turris clallamensis'' Weaver 1916
* '' Turris clausifossata''
* † '' Turris cleopatrae'' Abbass 1967
* '' Turris condei''
* '' Turris crispa''
* † '' Turris dickersoni'' C.E. Weaver, 1916
* † '' Turris elsmerensis'' English 1914
* '' Turris faleiroi''
* †'' Turris farouqui''
* † '' Turris fernandoensis'' English 1914
* '' Turris garnonsii''
* † '' Turris garoensis'' Mukerjee 1939
* † '' Turris gilchristi'' Dey 1961
* '' Turris grandis''
* '' Turris guidopoppei''
* '' Turris hidalgoi''
* † '' Turris higoensis'' Nagao 1928
* † '' Turris hornesi'' Deshayes 1866
* † '' Turris inconstans'' Cooper 1894
* '' Turris intercancellata''
* '' Turris intricata''
* † '' Turris kaffraria'' Woods 1906
* '' Turris kantori''
* '' Turris kathiewayae''
* † '' Turris kirkensis'' Clark 1915
* † '' Turris lincolnensis'' Anderson and Martin 1914
* † '' Turris louderbacki'' Dickerson 1914
* † '' Turris monilifera'' (Cooper 1894)
* † '' Turris multigyrata'' Cossmann 1906
* '' Turris normandavidsoni''
* † '' Turris packardi'' Weaver, 1916
* '' Turris pagasa''
* † '' Turris perarata'' (TateE in Cossmann, 1896)
* † '' Turris perkinsiana'' Cooper 1894
* † '' Turris plicata'' Waring 1917
* '' Turris proesignis'' (E.A. Smith, 1895)
* † '' Turris pulchra'' Dickerson 1915
* '' Turris ruthae''
* † '' Turris selwyni'' (Pritchard, 1904)
* † '' Turris semipustulosa'' Lozouet, 2017
* † '' Turris septemlirata'' (G.F. Harris, 1897 )
* '' Turris spectabilis''
* † '' Turris suturalis'' Cooper 1894
* † '' Turris thurstonensis''
* † '' Turris trilirata'' (G.F. Harris, 1897)
* '' Turris venusta''
* '' Turris yeddoensis''
* † '' Turris vermicularis'' (Grateloup, 1832)
* † '' Turris worcesteri'' Winkle 1918
* † '' Turris wynoocheensis'' Weaver, 1916

Fossil ''Turris''-species

File:Turris aequensis 01.JPG, Turris aequensis
File:Turris canaliculata 01.jpg, Turris canaliculata
File:Turris denticulata 01.jpg, Turris denticulata
File:Turris steinvorthi 01.JPG, Turris steinvorthi

Synonyms

* ''Turris abbreviata'' (Reeve, 1843): synonym of '' Lophiotoma abbreviata'' (Reeve, 1843)
* ''Turris abyssorum'' (Locard, 1897): synonym of ''Gymnobela abyssorum'' (Locard, 1897)
* ''Turris acuta'' (Perry, 1811): synonym of '' Lophiotoma acuta'' (Perry, 1811)
* ''Turris aelomitra'' Tinker, 1952: synonym of '' Gemmula monilifera'' (Pease, 1860) (unavailable name, a name found in collections only)
* ''Turris ankaramanyensis'' Bozzetti, 2006: synonym of ''Turris tanyspira'' Kilburn, 1975
* ''Turris annae'' (Hoernes & Auinger, 1891): synonym of '' Unedogemmula annae'' (Hoernes & Auinger, 1891)
* ''Turris antiope'' (W.H. Dall, 1918): synonym of '' Mangelia recta'' E.A. Smith, 1888; synonym of ''Pleurotoma antiope'' W.H. Dall, 1918
* ''Turris armilda'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Fusiturricula armilda'' (Dall, 1908)
* ''Turris assyria'' Olivera, Seronay & Fedosov, 2010: synonym of ''Turris babylonia'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Turris bairdii'' W.H. Dall, 1889: synonym of '' Volutomitra bairdii'' (W.H. Dall, 1889)
* † ''Turris bimarginatus'' Suter, 1917: synonym of † '' Gemmula bimarginata'' (Suter, 1917) (original combination)
* ''Turris beblammena'' (Sturany, 1903): synonym of ''Taranidaphne beblammena'' (Sturany, 1903)
* ''Turris binda'' Garrard, 1961: synonym of '' Unedogemmula unedo'' (Kiener, 1839)
* † ''Turris brassoensis'' Mansfield 1925: synonym of † '' Gemmula machapoorensis'' Maury 1925
* ''Turris cincta'': synonym of '' Turridrupa cincta'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Turris cingulifera'': synonym of'' Iotyrris cingulifera'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Turris clionellaeformis'' (Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1875): synonym of '' Drillia clionellaeformis'' (Weinkauff & Kobelt, 1875)
* ''Turris cosmoi'' Sykes, 1930: synonym of '' Gemmula cosmoi'' (Sykes, 1930)
* ''Turris cristata'' : synonym of '' Purpuraturris cristata'' (Vera-Peláez, Vega-Luz & Lozano-Francisco, 2000)
* ''Turris cryptorrhaphe'' : synonym of '' Purpuraturris cryptorraphe'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) (superseded combination)
* † ''Turris denticula'' (Basterot, 1825): synonym of † '' Gemmula denticula'' (Basterot, 1825)
* ''Turris diaulax'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Rhodopetoma diaulax'' (Dall, 1908)
* ''Turris dolenta'' W.H. Dall, 1908synonym of '' Fusiturricula dolenta'' (W.H. Dall, 1908)
* ''Turris dollyae'' Olivera, 1999: synonym of ''Turris crispa'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Turris diaulax'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Antiplanes diaulax'' (Dall, 1908)
* ''Turris dollyae'' B. M. Olivera, 1999: synonym of '' Turris crispa'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Turris euryclea'' W.H. Dall, 1919: synonym of '' Agathotoma alcippe'' (W.H. Dall, 1918)
* ''Turris formosissima'' Smith E. A., 1915: synonym of '' Polystira formosissima'' (Smith E. A., 1915)
* ''Turris fusinella'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Fusiturricula fusinella'' (Dall, 1908)
* ''Turris gilchristi'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1902): synonym of '' Gemmula gilchristi'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1902)
* ''Turris halcyonis'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Ophiodermella inermis'' (Reeve, 1843)
* ''Turris husamaru'' Nomura, 1940: synonym of '' Gemmula husamaru'' (Nomura, 1940)
* ''Turris hyugaensis'' T. Shuto, 1961 : synonym of '' Kuroshioturris hyugaensis'' (Shuto, 1961)
* ''Turris imperfecti'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turris babylonia'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Turris indica'' Röding, 1798: synonym of '' Unedogemmula indica'' (Deshayes, 1833)
* ''Turris integra'' (Thiele, 1925): synonym of '' Crassispira integra'' Thiele, 1925
* ''Turris invicta'' Melvill, J.C. 1910: synonym of '' Unedogemmula unedo'' (Kiener, 1839)
* ''Turris joubini'' (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1906): synonym of '' Corinnaeturris leucomata'' (Dall, 1881)
* ''Turris kilburni'' Vera-Pelaez ''et al.'', 2000: synonym of ''Turris pagasa'' Olivera, 2000
* ''Turris lignaria'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of '' Drillia lignaria'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903)
* ''Turris lirata'' (W.H. Pease, 1869): synonym of '' Iotyrris cerithiformis'' (A.W.B. Powell, 1964)
* ''Turris lobata'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of ''Ptychosyrinx lobata'' (G. B. Sowerby III, 1903): synonym of '' Cryptogemma praesignis'' (E. A. Smith, 1895)
* ''Turris locardi'' A.R.J.B. Bavay, 1906: synonym of '' Aphanitoma locardi'' (A.R.J.B. Bavay, 1906)
* ''Turris macella'' Melvill, 1923: synonym of '' Agladrillia macella'' (Melvill, 1923)
* ''Turris marmorata'' (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1816 ): synonym of '' Lophiotoma acuta'' (Perry, 1811)
* ''Turris monilifera'' Pease, 1860: synonym of '' Gemmula monilifera'' (Pease, 1860)
* ''Turris munizi'' Vera-Pelaez ''et al.'', 2000: synonym of '' Gemmula lululimi'' Olivera, 2000
* ''Turris nadaensis'' M. Azuma, 1973: synonym of '' Purpuraturris nadensis'' (M. Azuma, 1973)
* ''Turris nexilis'' Hutton, 1885: synonym of ''Taranis nexilis'' (Hutton, 1885)
* ''Turris nobilis'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turris babylonia'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Turris nodifera'' (Lamarck, 1822): synonym of '' Turricula javana'' (Linnaeus, 1767) (combination of M.Smith, 1940)
* ''Turris notilla'' W.H. Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Fusiturricula notilla'' (W.H. Dall, 1908) -
* ''Turris omnipurpurata'' : synonym of '' Purpuraturris omnipurpurata'' (Vera-Peláez, Vega-Luz & Lozano-Francisco, 2000)
* ''Turris orthopleura'' Kilburn, 1983: synonym of '' Makiyamaia orthopleura'' (Kilburn, 1983)
* ''Turris operosa'' Röding, 1798: synonym of '' Doxander operosus'' (Röding, 1798) (original combination)
* † ''Turris panarica'' A.A. Olsson, 1942 : synonym of † '' Buridrillia panarica'' (A.A. Olsson, 1942)
* † ''Turris paracantha'' J.E. Tenison-Woods, 1877: synonym of † '' Bathytoma paracantha'' (J.E. Tenison-Woods, 1877)
* ''Turris pluteata'' Reeve: synonym of '' Fusiturris pluteata'' (Reeve, 1843)
* ''Turris pseudogranosa'' Nomura, 1940: synonym of '' Gemmula pseudogranosa'' (Nomura, 1940)
* ''Turris pulchra'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turris babylonia'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Turris queenslandis'' A.W.B. Powell, 1969: synonym of '' Zemacies queenslandica'' (A.W.B. Powell, 1969)
* ''Turris raffrayi'' C.M. Tapparone-Canefri, 1878: synonym of ''Turris babylonia'' (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Turris regia'' Röding, 1798: synonym of '' Clavatula regia'' (Röding, 1798)
* † ''Turris regularis'' Koninck, 1837; synonym of † '' Orthosurcula regularis'' (Koninck, 1837)
* ''Turris resina'' Dall, 1908: synonym of '' Hindsiclava resina'' (Dall, 1908)
* ''Turris rugitecta'' Dall, 1918: synonym of '' Crassispira rugitecta'' (Dall, 1918)
* ''Turris ruthveniana'' Melvill, 1923: synonym of '' Lophiotoma ruthveniana'' (Melvill, 1923)
* ''Turris saldanhae'' Barnard, 1958: synonym of '' Comitas saldanhae'' (Barnard, 1958)
* ''Turris solomonensis'' (Smith E. A., 1876): synonym of '' Inquisitor solomonensis'' (E. A. Smith, 1876)
* ''Turris stolida'' (Hinds, 1843): synonym of '' Comitas stolida'' (Hinds, 1843)
* † ''Turris subconcava'' (G.F. Harris, 1897) : synonym of † '' Xenuroturris subconcavus'' (G.F. Harris, 1897)
* ''Turris tanyspira'' : synonym of '' Purpuraturris tanyspira'' (Kilburn, 1975)
* ''Turris taxea'' Röding, 1798: synonym of '' Clavatula taxea'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Turris tigrina'' Lamarck: synonym of '' Lophiotoma indica'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Turris tornatum'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turris babylonia'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Turris torta'' Dautzenberg: synonym of '' Fusiturris torta'' (Dautzenberg, 1912)
* ''Turris totiphyllis'' Oliverio, 1999: synonym of ''Turris hidalgoi'' Vera-Pelaez, Vega-Luz & Lozano-Francisco, 2000
* ''Turris undatiruga'' Bivona: synonym of '' Fusiturris undatiruga'' (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838)
* ''Turris undosa'' : synonym of '' Purpuraturris undosa'' (Lamarck, 1816) (superseded combination)
* ''Turris unedo'' (Kiener, 1839): synonym of '' Unedogemmula unedo'' (Kiener, 1839)
* ''Turris violacea'': synonym of '' Tomopleura reevii'' (C. B. Adams, 1850)
* ''Turris woodii'' L.C. Kiener, 1840: synonym of '' Purpuraturris cryptorraphe'' (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825)

References

* Kilburn R.N., Fedosov A.E. & Olivera B.M. (2012) Revision of the genus Turris Batsch, 1789 (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae) with the description of six new species. Zootaxa 3244: 1-58.
* Dubois A. & Bour R. (2010). The distinction between family-series and class-series nomina in zoological nomenclature, with emphasis on the nomina created by Batsch (1788, 1789) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles. Bonn Zoological Bulletin. 57(2): 149-171.

External links

Batsch A.J.G.C. (1789). Versuch einer Anleitung, zur Kenntniß und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien, für akademische Vorlesungen entworfen, und mit den nöthigsten Abbildungen versehen. Vol. 2. Besondre Geschichte der Insekten, Gewürme und Mineralien. Jena: Akademische Buchhandlung

Powell, A. W. B. (1966). The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae. An evaluation of the valid taxa both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 5: 1-184

Fedosov, Alexander, et al. "Phylogeny of the genus Turris: Correlating molecular data with radular anatomy and shell morphology." Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 59.2 (2011): 263-270

Kilburn, Richard N., Alexander E. Fedosov, and Baldomero M. Olivera. "Revision of the genus Turris (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae) with the description of six new species." Zootaxa 3244.1 (2012): 1

Bouchet, P.; Kantor, Y. I.; Sysoev, A.; Puillandre, N. (2011). A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77(3): 273-308.

Tucker, J.K. 2004 ''Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)''. Zootaxa 682:1-1295

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3715982

Turridae