Turbonillinae is a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of mostly minute

parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the family

Pyramidellidae Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs. The great majority of species of pyrams are micromol ...

, the pyrams and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=225671 on 2018-08-09 This subfamily has been shown to be

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

Taxonomy

In the taxonomy of

Schander Carl Fredrik Christoffer Schander (21 May 1960 – 21 February 2012) was a professor in marine biology at the University of Bergen, Norway. He was also a thematic leader at the Centre of Excellence in Geobiology. His doctoral thesis (1997, Univ ...

, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) Turbonillinae is a part of the family Turbonillidae. *Family Turbonillidae Bronn, 1849 **Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849 ** Subfamily

Cingulininae Cingulinini is a taxonomic tribe of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy Cingulininae was first introduced by Saurin in 1959, and according to Schander, Van Aartse ...

Saurin, 1958 ** Subfamily

Eulimellinae Eulimellini is a tribe of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 17 genera in the Eulimellinae. As "Eulimel ...

Saurin, 1958 According to

, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 27 genera within the Turbonillinae. Turbonillinae has been one of eleven recognised subfamilies in the family

(according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997). In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily comprises the subfamilies Cingulininae and Eulimellinae, that have been downgraded to the rank of

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

. *Subfamily Turbonillinae Bronn, 1849 **Tribe Turbonillini Bronn, 1849 **Tribe Cingulinini Saurin, 1958 **Tribe Eulimellini Saurin, 1958 In 2010 the subfamily Turbonillinae has been recognized as

Genera

Genera within the subfamily Turbonillinae include: tribe Turbonillini * ''

Turbonilla ''Turbonilla'' is a large genus of ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2011). ''Turbonilla'' Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Mari ...

'' Risso, 1826 - type genus of the subfamily Turbonillinae * '' Asmunda'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904 * '' Bacteridiella'' Saurin, 1959 * '' Bartschella'' Iredale, 1916 * '' Bouchetmella'' Peñas & Rolán, 2016 * '' Careliopsis'' Mörch, 1875 * '' Cylindroturbonilla'' Nordsieck, 1972 * ''

Ebalina ''Ebalina'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ebalina Thiele, 1929. Accessed through: Worl ...

'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Exesilla'' Laseron, 1959 * '' Gispyrella'' Laws, 1937 * '' Graciliturbonilla'' Nordsieck, 1972 * '' Houbrickia'' Wise, 1996 * '' Lancea'' Peace, 1868 * '' Magniturbonilla'' Nordsieck, 1972 * '' Mormula'' A. Adams, 1863 * '' Nisiturris'' Dall & Bartsch, 1906 * '' Paramormula'' Nomura, 1939 * '' Paraturbonilla'' Boettger, 1906 * ''

Planpyrgiscus ''Planpyrgiscus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea s ...

'' Laws, 1937 * '' Pselliogyra'' Dall & Bartsch, 1909 : synonym of '' Parthenina'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 * '' Puposyrnola'' Cossmann, 1921 * '' Pyrgiscilla'' Laws, 1937 * '' Pyrgiscus''

Philippi Philippi (; grc-gre, Φίλιπποι, ''Philippoi'') was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos. Its original name was Crenides ( grc-gre, Κρηνῖδες, ''Krenides'' "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colon ...

, 1841 * '' Pyrgolampros'' Sacco, 1892 * '' Pyrgolidium'' Monterosato, 1884 * '' Striarcana'' Laws, 1937 * '' Sulcoturbonilla'' Sacco, 1892 * '' Tereoturbonilla'' Eames, 1951 * '' Turbolidium'' Robba, 2013 * ''Zaphella'' Laseron, 1959: synonym of '' Asmunda'' Dall & Bartsch, 1904 tribe Cingulinini tribe Eulimellini tribe ? * '' Kleinella'' A. Adams, 1860 :Genera brought into synonymy: * ''Amamimormula'' Kuroda, 1928: synonym of ''

'' Risso, 1826 * ''Baldra' Dall & Bartsch, 1904: synonym of ''

'' Risso, 1826

Problematic genera within the family Turbonillinae

The following genera were difficult to place within the subfamily Turbonillinae (= Turbonillini +

Cingulinini Cingulinini is a taxonomic tribe of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy Cingulininae was first introduced by Saurin in 1959, and according to Schander, Van Aarts ...

Eulimellini Eulimellini is a tribe of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. Taxonomy According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 17 genera in the Eulimellinae. As "Eulimel ...

): * ''

Atomiscala ''Atomiscala'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cimidae.Nomenclator Zoologicus Distribution *Marine Species * '' Atomiscala islandica'' Warén, 1989 * ''Atomiscala xenophyes ''Atomiscala xenophyes'' is a spe ...

'' DeBoury, 1909 ** '' Atomiscala islandica'' Warén, 1989 * '' Hamarilla'' Eames & Wilkins, 1957 * ''Pseudographis'' Mifsud, 1998: synonym of '' Kejdonia'' Mifsud, 1999 * ''

Rissopsetia ''Rissopsetia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Pyramidellidae.WoRMS (2010). ''Rissopsetia'' Dell, 1956. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca da ...

Dell Dell is an American based technology company. It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies. Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data ...

, 1956 ** '' Rissopsetia hummelincki'' Faber, 1984 ** ''

Rissopsetia islandica ''Rissopsetia islandica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparas ...

'' Warén, 1989Gofas, S. (2010). ''Rissopsetia islandica'' Warén, 1989. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141043 on 2011-03-22 The genus ''

Ebala ''Ebala'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Ebalinae, family Murchisonellidae.Gofas, S. (2009). ''Ebala'' Gray, 1847. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through t ...

'' was previously placed in the Eulimellinae, but was then placed in the family

Ebalidae Murchisonellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Murchisonelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Murchisonellidae Casey, 1904. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:// ...

, that is a synonym of

Murchisonellidae Murchisonellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Murchisonelloidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Murchisonellidae Casey, 1904. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://ww ...

Distribution

This family is found worldwide.

Shell description

The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

, which is pointed sideways. The shell of most species are rather high and slender. The texture of these shells is usually ribbed

sculptured Sculptured is an American experimental and progressive metal band, mixing melodic and atonal segments. Biography Following the dissolution of his previous band, guitarist Don Anderson began Sculptured as mostly a one-man project in 1996. With ...

in various forms and often also have more or less prominent spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish, sometimes with red or brown lines. The adult shell, the

teleoconch The gastropod shell is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium storage. Some ...

is dextrally coiled, but the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

l shells are

sinistral Sinistral and dextral, in some scientific fields, are the two types of chirality ("handedness") or relative direction. The terms are derived from the Latin words for "left" (''sinister'') and "right" (''dexter''). Other disciplines use different ...

. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch. The opening of the shell, the

aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An opt ...

is closed by a lid, a so called operculum.

Life habits

The Turbonillinae are

ectoparasite Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has ...

s, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid

worm Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and no eyes (though not always). Worms vary in size from microscopic to over in length for marine polychaete wor ...

s. They do not have a

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

. Instead their long

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. Between the head and the foot, a lobed process called the

mentum The mentum is an anatomical structure, a projecting feature that is near the mouth of a variety of animals: *In insects, the mentum is the distal part of the labium. The mentum bears the palps, glossae, paraglossae, and/or ligula. *On the huma ...

(= thin projection) is visible. These molluscs are

hermaphrodite In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes. Many Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrate ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q7854755 Pyramidellidae Taxa named by Heinrich Georg Bronn