turban snail

Turbinidae, the turban snails, are a family of small to large marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Trochoidea.Bouchet, P. (2014). Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=503 on 2014-07-28

Description

Turbinidae have a strong, thick calcareous operculum readily distinguishing them from the somewhat similar Trochidae or top snails, which have a corneous operculum. This strong operculum serves as a passive defensive structure against predators that try to enter by way of the aperture or that would break the shell at the outer lip. These operculum are rounded ovals that are flat with a swirl design on one side and domed on the other. They are known as Pacific cat's eye or Shiva eye shells or mermaid money, and are used for decorative purposes.

Etymology

The common name ''turban snail'' presumably refers to the shell's similarity in appearance to a turban. However, the scientific name Turbinidae is based on the genus name '' Turbo'', which is Latin for '' spinning top'', a child's toy. The word '' turbine'' has a similar derivation.

Taxonomy

Previously they were classified in the subclass Prosobranchia, in the order Archaeogastropoda in the superfamily Trochacea. Trochaecea is now a synonym for the superfamily Trochoidea. However, this is a quite ancient group of gastropods, probably originating in the Permian period 298 to 250 million years ago.Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, . They have typical primitive characters like the nacreous interior of the shell.

2005 taxonomy

Turbinidae belongs to superfamily Turbinoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

This family consists of eight following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):
* Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
* Angariinae Gray, 1857 - synonym: Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868
* Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917
** tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
** tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
** tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
** tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
* Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
* † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
* Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - synonym: "Prisogastrinae" in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) is a spelling error.
* Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924
* Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008 taxonomy

Turbinidae was redefined and moved to the redefined superfamily Trochoidea according to Williams et al. (2008):Williams S. T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (September 2008) "Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined". '' Zoologica Scripta'' 37(5): 483-506. Angariidae was elevated to family level, Colloniinae was elevated to family Colloniidae within Phasianelloidea, Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae.

This family consists of five following subfamilies according to Williams et al. (2008):

* Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
* Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
* Margaritinae Thiele, 1924 - tribes are sensu taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) - upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
** tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
** tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
** tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
* Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971: upgraded to the rank of family Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
* Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

The following subfamilies (sensu Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) classification of subfamilies in Turbinidae) were kept in Turbinidae:
* Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 - ''Moelleria'' was not included in the molecular studies performed in 2010.
* † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

Distribution

Turbinids occur in shallow and deep waters. The family has a large distribution, from the tropics to the polar regions, but most of the species live in tropical and subtropical shallow waters.

Genera

Genera in the family Turbinidae include:

;Not belonging to any subfamily:
* ''Phanerolepida'' Dall, 1907
* ''Tropidomarga'' Powell, 1951

;Turbininae

* '' Astraea'' Röding, 1798
* ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Bellastraea'' Iredale, 1924
* ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Cookia'' Lesson, 1832
* ''Guildfordia'' Gray, 1850
* ''Lithopoma'' Gray, 1850
* ''Lunella'' Röding, 1798
* ''Megastraea'' McLean, 1970Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.
* ''Modelia'' Gray, 1850
* ''Pomaulax'' Gray, 1850
* '' Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus
* ''Uvanilla'' Gray, 1850
* ''Yaronia'' Mienis, 2011

;Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
* ''Prisogaster'' Mörch, 1850Gofas, S. (2009). Prisogasterinae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2009) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=382193 on 2010-04-19

;Genera brought into synonymy:
* ''Astrea'' Link, 1807: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798
* ''Agathistoma'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of ''Tegula'' Lesson, 1832
* ''Amyxa'' Troschel, 1852: synonym of ''Prisogaster'' Mörch, 1850
* ''Calcar'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Canthorbis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798
* ''Cardinalia'' Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810
* ''Crosseia'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Crossea'' A. Adams, 1865
* ''Cyclocantha'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Dinassovica'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Turbo (Turbo)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758
* ''Distellifer'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Foliastralium'' Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Galeoastraea'' Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Halopsephus'' Rehder, 1943: synonym of ''Turbo (Halopsephus)'' Rehder, 1943 represented as ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758
* ''Harisazaea'' Habe, 1958: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Imperator'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Astraea'' Röding, 1798
* † ''Incilaster'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Livona'' Gray, 1842: synonym of ''Cittarium'' Philippi, 1847
* ''Lunatica'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Turbo'' Linnaeus, 1758
* ''Macropelmus'' Gistel, 1848: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Margarita'' Leach, 1819: synonym of ''Margarites'' Gray, 1847
* ''Micrastraea'' Cotton, 1939: synonym of ''Bellastraea'' Iredale, 1924
* ''Notosetia'' Iredale, 1915: synonym of ''Putilla'' A. Adams, 1867
* ''Okinawastraea'' Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* † ''Oobolma'' Sacco, 1896 : synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* † ''Ormastralium'' Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Pachypoma'' Gray, 1850: synonym of ''Lithopoma'' Gray, 1850
* ''Pagocalcar'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Pseudastralium'' Schepman, 1908: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Pyramidea'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810
* ''Pyramis'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Tectus'' Montfort, 1810
* ''Rugastella'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Senobolma'' Okutani, 1964: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Stella'' P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of ''Astralium'' Link, 1807
* ''Submargarita'' Strebel, 1908: synonym of ''Lissotesta'' Iredale, 1915
* ''Tharsiella'' Bush, 1897: synonym of ''Cirsonella'' Angas, 1877
* ''Trochiscus'' G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of ''Norrisia'' Bayle, 1880
* † ''Tylastralium'' Sacco, 1896: synonym of ''Bolma'' Risso, 1826
* ''Valvatella'' Gray, 1857: synonym of ''Margarites'' Gray, 1847

References

* Marshall, B.A. 1988. ''Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales''. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
* Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca.'' American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.
* Williams S.T., Karube S. & Ozawa T. (2008) ''Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined''. Zoologica Scripta 37: 483–506.

External links

Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae



Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1310166

Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque