Tupelo Gum

Tupelo , genus ''Nyssa'' , is a small genus of deciduous trees with alternate, simple leaves. It is sometimes included in the subfamily Nyssoideae of the dogwood family, Cornaceae, but is placed by other authorities in the family Nyssaceae. In the APG IV system, it is placed in Nyssaceae.

Most ''Nyssa'' species are highly tolerant of wet soils and flooding, and some need such environments as habitat. Some of the species are native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada through the Eastern United States to Mexico and Central America. Other species are found in eastern and southeastern Asia, from China south through Indochina to Java and southwest to the Himalayas.

Names

The genus name ''Nyssa'' refers to a Greek water nymph. The name tupelo, the common name used for ''Nyssa'', is of Native American origin, coming from the Cree words ''ito'' 'tree' and ''opilwa'' 'swamp'; it was in use by the mid-18th century. This tree should not be confused with the tulip poplar, '' Liriodendron sp''.

The city of Tupelo, Mississippi, is named for this tree.

Species

Between seven and ten living species of ''Nyssa'' are recognized:
* '' Nyssa aquatica'' L. – Water tupelo (southeastern United States)
* '' Nyssa biflora'' Walter (or ''Nyssa sylvatica'' var. ''biflora'') – Swamp tupelo, or swamp black-gum
* '' Nyssa javanica'' (Blume) Wangerin - Eastern Himalayas, Indochina, Borneo, Java, Sumatra
* ''Nyssa ogeche'' W.Bartram ex Marshall – Ogeechee tupelo (southeastern United States)
* '' Nyssa sinensis'' Oliv. – Chinese tupelo (southern China, Vietnam, Myanmar)
* †'' Nyssa spatulata'' (Scott) Manchester (Extinct, Middle Eocene; Clarno Formation, Oregon)
* '' Nyssa sylvatica'' Marshall – Black tupelo or black-gum (eastern + central United States; eastern + southern Mexico; Ontario)
* '' Nyssa talamancana'' Hammel & N.Zamora - (Panama, Costa Rica)
* ''Nyssa ursina''
* ''Nyssa yunnanensis'' W.C.Yin – Yunnan tupelo (Yunnan)

Uses

Tupelo wood is used extensively by artistic woodcarvers, especially for carving ducks and other wildfowl. It power carves excellently and holds good detail in the end grain. In commerce, it is used for shipping containers and interior parts of furniture, and is used extensively in the veneer and panel industry for crossbanding, plywood cores, and backs. The wood can be readily pulped and is used for high-grade book and magazine papers. In the past, the hollow trunks were used as "bee gums" to hold beehives.

Tupelos are popular ornamental trees for their mature form, shade, and spectacular autumn leaf colors.

Tupelos are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including ''Endoclita damor''.

The Ogeechee Tupelo, sometimes referred to as the Ocheechee Lime, which is native to Georgia and north Florida produces an edible fruit in the form of a sour, oblong drupe.

Honey

Tupelos of the species ''Nyssa ogeche'' are valued as honey plants in the southeastern United States, particularly in the Gulf Coast region. They produce a very light, mild-tasting honey. In Florida, beekeepers keep beehives along the river swamps on platforms or floats during tupelo bloom to produce certified tupelo honey, which commands a high price on the market because of its flavor. Monofloral honey made from the nectar of ''Nyssa ogeche'' has such a high ratio of fructose to glucose that it does not crystallize.

The Apalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle is the center for tupelo honey. The honey is produced wherever tupelo trees (three species) bloom in southeastern USA, but the purest and most expensive version (which is certified by pollen analysis) is produced in this valley. In a good harvest year, the tupelo honey crop produced by a group of specialized Florida beekeepers has a value approaching $1,000,000.

Fossil record

Fruits conforming morphologically and anatomically to ''Nyssa'' have been identified from the Campanian of Alberta, Canada. The fruits conform to a kind that is common in the Paleogene, formerly called ''Palaeonyssa''.Assessing the Fossil Record of Asterids in the Context of Our Current Phylogenetic Framework by Steven R. Manchester, Friðgeir Grímsson, and Reinhard Zetter, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Aug 2015 : Vol. 100, Issue 4, pg(s) 329-363 doi: 10.3417/2014033

See also

* '' Ulee's Gold'', a film about a tupelo honey farmer

References

External links

USDA Plants Profile for ''Nyssa'' (tupelo)


including many photos, from Louisiana State University

{{Taxonbar, from=Q964952

Nyssa (genus)
Swamps of Florida