Tumens (unit)

Tumen, or tümen ("unit of ten thousand";
Old Turkic: tümän; mn, Түмэн, ''tümen''; tr , tümen; hu , tömény), was a decimal unit of measurement used by the Turkic and Mongol peoples to quantify and organize their societies in groups of 10,000. A ''tumen'' denotes a tribal unit of 10,000 households, or a military unit of 10,000 soldiers.

English Orientalist Sir Gerard Clauson (1891-1974) defined ''tümän'' as immediately borrowed from Tokharian ''tmān'', which according to Edwin G. Pulleyblank might have been etymologically inherited from Old Chinese ''tman'' or .

Magyar military organization of the Conquest Era

It was thought that the same kind of military organization was used by the Magyars during the conquest of Hungary. According to Ahmad ibn Rustah (c. 930), a Persian explorer and geographer relying on second-hand information, the "Magyars are a race of Turks and their king rides out with horsemen to the number of 10,000 and this king is called Kanda". However, the Magyars were linguistically Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples and did not speak Turkic. Modern scholarship finds that the Magyar/Hungarian cavalry units were called ''banderia'' and ''dundar'' and not organized in units of 10,000.

Genghis Khan's organization

In Genghis Khan's military system, a tumen was recursively built from units of 10 (aravt), 100 (zuut) and 1,000 (mingghan), each with a leader reporting to the next higher level. Tumens were considered a practical size, neither too small for an effective campaign nor too big for efficient transport and supply. The military strategy was based on the use of tumens as a useful building block causing reasonable shock and attack. A Mongol army usually consisted out of three tumen, but armies consisting of only one tumen were also deployed. Regardless, tumen would often be understrength and the number of tumen deployed doesn't provide an accurate number of combatants.

The commander of a tumen was a ''tümen-ü noyan'', a term sometimes translated "myriarch" (cf. myriad), meaning commander of 10,000.

In modern armies

Tümen is a military unit which is still used in the Turkish Army, consisting of 6,000 to 10,000 soldiers.Sabah Newspaper Online
''Turkish Armed Forces''
/ref> Its commander is a tümgeneral in the Army and Air Forces and a tümadmiral in the Naval Forces. It is the equivalent of a modern division.

See also

* Touman, the name of an emperor of the Xiongnu peoples of Central Asia
* Mongol military tactics and organization
* Tyumen—the name originates from tumen
* Tumen River
* Iranian toman
* Mingghan
* Myriad = 10,000

References

{{Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan
Military history of the Mongol Empire
Military units and formations by size
Mongolian words and phrases
Turkish words and phrases
10000 (number)

tr:Tümen