The Tula–Waja, or Tula–Wiyaa languages are a branch of the provisional
Savanna languages, closest to
Kam
Kaam (Gurmukhi: ਕਾਮ ''Kāma'') in common usage, the term stands for 'excessive passion for sexual pleasure' and it is in this sense that it is considered to be an evil in Sikhism.
In Sikhism it is believed that Kaam can be overcome ...
(Nyingwom), spoken in northeastern
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
. They are spoken primarily in southeastern
Gombe State
Gombe State ( ff, Leyddi Gommbe 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤺𞤮𞤥𞥆𞤦𞤫) is a state in northeastern Nigeria, bordered to the north and northeast by the state of Borno and Yobe, to the south by Taraba State, to the southeast by Adamawa State ...
and other neighbouring states.
They were labeled "G1" in
Joseph Greenberg
Joseph Harold Greenberg (May 28, 1915 – May 7, 2001) was an American linguist, known mainly for his work concerning linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.
Life Early life and education
Joseph Greenberg was born on ...
's
Adamawa language-family proposal and later placed in a ''Waja–Jen'' branch of that family.
Guldemann (2018) observes significant internal lexical diversity within Tula-Waja, partly as a result of
word taboo
Word taboo, also called taboo language, language taboo or linguistic taboo is a kind of taboo that involves restricting the use of words or other parts of language due to social constraints. This may be due to a taboo on specific parts of the langu ...
ing accelerating lexical change.
Although
noun class
In linguistics, a noun class is a particular category of nouns. A noun may belong to a given class because of the characteristic features of its referent, such as gender, animacy, shape, but such designations are often clearly conventional. Some ...
es have been lost in
Dadiya,
Maa, and
Yebu,
Waja and
Tula
Tula may refer to:
Geography
Antarctica
*Tula Mountains
*Tula Point
India
*Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar
Iran
* Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Italy
* Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the pr ...
retain complex noun class systems.
Kleinewillinghöfer (1996) also observes many morphological similarities between the Tula–Waja and
Central Gur languages
The Gur languages, also known as Central Gur or Mabia, belong to the Niger–Congo languages. They are spoken in the Sahelian and savanna regions of West Africa, namely: in most areas of Burkina Faso, and in south-central Mali, northeastern Iv ...
, a view shared by Bennett (1983) and Bennett & Sterk (1977).
[Bennett, Patrick R. & Jan P. Sterk. 1977. South Central Niger-Congo: A reclassification. Studies in African Linguistics, 8: 241-273.]
Languages
*Awak:
Awak (Yebu),
Kamo The name Kamo may refer to the following:
Places
Japan
(Note: ''kamo'' ( 鴨), is the common word for ''duck'' in Japanese, but the following names do not necessarily mean ''duck'' and are not necessarily written with that character.)
*Kamo, Nii ...
*Cham–Mona:
Dijim-Bwilim,
Tso
*''
Dadiya''
*Tula:
Bangwinji,
Tula
Tula may refer to:
Geography
Antarctica
*Tula Mountains
*Tula Point
India
*Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar
Iran
* Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Italy
* Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the pr ...
,
Waja
Classification
Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer (2014), in the Adamawa Languages Project website, classifies the Tula–Waja languages as follows. Kleinewillinghöfer considers
Tso and
Cham to be branches that had diverged earlier.
Waja is considered by Kleinewillinghöfer to be a distinct branch, although its exact position within Tula-Waja remains uncertain.
[Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014]
The languages of the Tula – Waja Group
Adamawa Languages Project.
;Tula–Waja
*Core Tula group
**
Tula
Tula may refer to:
Geography
Antarctica
*Tula Mountains
*Tula Point
India
*Tulā, a solar month in the traditional Indian calendar
Iran
* Tula, Iran, a village in Hormozgan Province
Italy
* Tula, Sardinia, municipality (''comune'') in the pr ...
***Kutule
****Wange
****Baule
***Yiri (Yili)
**
Dadiya (local variants)
**
Bangwinji
***Kaalo
***Naabaŋ
*
Yebu (
Awak) (local variants)
*Ma (
Kamo The name Kamo may refer to the following:
Places
Japan
(Note: ''kamo'' ( 鴨), is the common word for ''duck'' in Japanese, but the following names do not necessarily mean ''duck'' and are not necessarily written with that character.)
*Kamo, Nii ...
, Kamu)
*
Cham
**Dijim of Kindiyo
**Bwilim (of Mɔna and Loojaa)
*
Tso (Lotsu-Piri)
**Tso of the Swaabou
**Tso of the Bərbou
***Tso of the Gusubo
***Tso of Luuzo
*
Waja
**Waja of Wɩɩ (Wajan Kasa) (local variants)
**Waja of Deri (Wajan Dutse) (two variants)
Names and locations
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).
See also
*
Tula-Waja word lists (Wiktionary)
References
External links
Tula-Wiyaa languages– Blench
Tula-Waja- Adamawa Languages Project
Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)Tula-Waja pronouns and numbers
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tula-Waja languages
Adamawa languages