Tucanoan

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

Classification

Chacon (2014)

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019.
The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки
'. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.

;Western Tucanoan
*? Cueretú (Kueretú) †
*Napo
** Orejón ( M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
**Correguaje–Secoya
*** Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
***Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
****? Macaguaje ( Kakawahe, Piohé) †
**** Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
****Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
****? Tama †
;Eastern Tucanoan
*South
** Tanimuca (a.k.a. Retuarã)
**? Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna) †
*West
**Barasana–Macuna
*** Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
***Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
**Cubeo–Desano
*** Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
***Yupua–Desano
****? Yupuá †
****Desano–Siriano (a.k.a. Desano)
*East
**Central
*** Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea)
***Waimaha–Tatuyo
**** Waimajã (a.k.a. Bara, Northern Barasano)
****Tatuyo
**North
***Kotiria–Piratapuyo
**** Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
****Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
***Pisamira–Yuruti
**** Pisamira– Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
****Tuyuca–Yuruti
***** Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, a.k.a. Bara, Barasana)
***** Yurutí

Plus unclassified Miriti.†

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

(† = extinct)

;Tukano
*Tukano, Western
**'' Kueretu'' †
**Tukano, Western, Nuclear
***'' Mai Huna''
***Koreguaje-Pioje
****Koreguaje-Tama
*****'' Koreguaje''
*****'' Tama'' †
****Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
*****'' Makaguaje'' †
*****'' Sekoya''
*****'' Siona''
*****'' Tetete'' †
*Tukano, Eastern
**'' Tanimuka''; '' Retuarã''; '' Yahuna''
**Tukano, Eastern, West
***Kubeo-Desano
****'' Kubeo''
****Desano-Yupua
*****''Desano''; ''Siriano''
*****'' Yupua'' †
***''Makuna''; '' Barasano''; '' Eduria''
**Tukano, Eastern, East
***Tukano-Tatuyo
****'' Tukano''
****Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
*****''Tatuyo''
*****'' Bara''; '' Waimaha''
***Tuyuka-Wanano
****Wanano-Piratapuyu
*****'' Wanano''
*****'' Piratapuyo''
****Tuyuka-Karapanã
*****'' Karapanã''; '' Pisamira''
*****'' Tuyuka''; '' Yuruti''

Varieties

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

;Western group
*Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
*Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
*Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru.
*Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
*Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
*Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
*Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
*Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
*Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families.
*Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
*Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto.
*Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.

;Yahuna group
*Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia.
*Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia.
*Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River.
*Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)

;Yupua group
*Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
*Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
*Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.

;Coretu group
*Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.

;Cubeo group
*Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
**Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas.
**Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River.
**Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River.
**Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)

;Särä group
*Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
*Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
*Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
*Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.

;Erulia group
*Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
*Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River.
*Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.

;Desána group
*Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil.
*Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.

;Tucano group
*Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
*Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia.
*Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
*Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
*Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia.
*Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia.
*Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
*Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia.
*Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia.
*Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia.
*Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia.
*Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia.
*Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia.
*Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

Proto-language

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In ''Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica''. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.

References

Bibliography

* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

* Proel
Familia Tucanoana

{{Authority control

Language families
Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest
Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia