The tsymbaly ( uk, цимбали) is the Ukrainian version of the
hammer dulcimer. It is a
chordophone
String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the st ...
made up of a trapezoidal box with metal (steel or bronze) strings strung across it. The tsymbaly is played by striking two
beaters against the
strings
String or strings may refer to:
*String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Strings'' (1991 film), a Canadian anim ...
.
The strings are strung in groups of 3-5, which are tuned in unison. The bass strings may have 1 or 2 wrapped strings tuned in union. The beaters were quite short in comparison to those used by the Cymbalom although not as short as those of the
Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...
variety. Traditionally they had leather wrappings rather than the cotton wrap used by Hungarian and Romanian players.
Under the
Hornbostel-Sachs system of classification of musical instruments, it has the catalog number 314.122-4,5.
History
A small multi-stringed
chordophone
String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the st ...
was first was depicted on
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , romanized: ''māt Aššur''; syc, ܐܬܘܪ, ʾāthor) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state at times controlling regional territories in the indigenous lands of the A ...
n frescoes dating back to 3500 B.C. It is thought to have developed from the
Persia
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
n
santur, which entered Europe in the
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
during the
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
.
Eastern Europe
With the rise of piano manufacturing
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
in the 19th century, access to metal tuning pins and strings became much easier. The ''
hammered dulcimer
The hammered dulcimer (also called the hammer dulcimer) is a percussion-stringed instrument which consists of strings typically stretched over a trapezoidal resonant sound board. The hammered dulcimer is set before the musician, who in more trad ...
'' became popular throughout the
Austro-Hungarian
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
Empire, where it was quickly spread by itinerant
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
and
Romani
Romani may refer to:
Ethnicities
* Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia
** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule
* Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...
(Gypsy) musicians. It spread to
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
,
Moldavia
Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centr ...
,
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...
,
Slovakia
Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...
,
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
and
Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...
, where a variety of regional folk versions and concert instruments were developed. These instruments differed in size, tuning, number of strings and method of holding and playing the hammers.
Ukraine
According to
Hnat Khotkevych
Hnat Martynovych Khotkevych ( uk, Гнат Мартинович Хоткевич, also ''Gnat Khotkevich'' or ''Hnat Khotkevych'', born December 31, 1877 – died October 8, 1938) was a Ukrainian writer, ethnographer, playwright, composer, musico ...
, the ''tsymbaly'' has existed in Ukraine since the 9th century.
The first documented evidence of the ''tsymbaly'' in Ukraine dates to 17th century, where it appears in various dictionaries.
The ''tsymbaly'' were relatively easy to make and quite forgiving in its manufacture. With access to
piano wire
Piano wire, or "music wire", is a specialized type of wire made for use in piano strings but also in other applications as springs. It is made from tempered high-carbon steel, also known as spring steel, which replaced iron as the material st ...
and metal tuning pegs, an instrument could easily be constructed in the village environment. The instrument spread in popularity among the population in the
Carpathians in
Southwestern Ukraine
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each sepa ...
particularly among the
Hutsul
The Hutsuls (sometimes the spelling variant: Gutsuls; uk, Гуцули, translit=Hutsuly; pl, Huculi, Hucułowie; ro, huțuli) are an ethnic group spanning parts of western Ukraine and Romania (i.e. parts of Bukovina and Maramureș). They ...
s and
Bukovinians. It also became relatively popular in
Boikivshchyna,
Transcarpathia
Transcarpathia may refer to:
Place
* relative term, designating any region beyond the Carpathians (lat. ''trans-'' / beyond, over), depending on a point of observation
* Romanian Transcarpathia, designation for Romanian regions on the inner or ...
,
Podolia
Podolia or Podilia ( uk, Поділля, Podillia, ; russian: Подолье, Podolye; ro, Podolia; pl, Podole; german: Podolien; be, Падолле, Padollie; lt, Podolė), is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-central ...
,
Bessarabia
Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...
and
Eastern Ukraine
Eastern Ukraine or east Ukraine ( uk, Східна Україна, Skhidna Ukrayina; russian: Восточная Украина, Vostochnaya Ukraina) is primarily the territory of Ukraine east of the Dnipro (or Dnieper) river, particularly Khark ...
.
The instrument is often used in folk ensembles known as ''
Troyista muzyka'', usually made up of 3 instruments played in an ensemble with the
violin
The violin, sometimes known as a ''fiddle'', is a wooden chordophone (string instrument) in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument (soprano) in the family in regular ...
,
basolia
The basolia ( uk, Басо́ля, pl, basy or pl, basetla) is a Ukrainian or Polish folk instrument of the bowed string family similar to the cello, although usually slightly larger and not as sophisticated in construction. The basolia was usual ...
,
sopilka
Sopilka (, uk, Cопiлка) is a name applied to a variety of woodwind instruments of the flute family used by Ukrainian folk instrumentalists. ''Sopilka'' most commonly refers to a fife made of a variety of materials (but traditionally out ...
or
bubon
The bubon ( uk, бубон) is a Ukrainian percussive folk instrument, of the tambourine family. The bubon consists of a wooden ring with a diameter of up to which has a skin (often from a dog) tightened over one or sometimes both sides. Occas ...
.
Tsymbaly in the Ukrainian diaspora
''Tsymbaly'' playing is popular in Western Canada among the
ethnic Ukrainian diaspora there. Numerous music competitions exist, and the instrument defines what "Ukrainian-ness" is in the local music scene.
Types of Ukrainian Tsymbaly
1) The Hutsul ''tsymbaly'': a small instrument usually carried by the musician, using a strap around the player's neck and leaning one edge of the instrument against the player's waist. These instruments usually have 12-13 courses of strings.
2) A semi-concert ''tsymbaly'': manufactured by the
Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory in three sizes designed by
Olexander Nezovybat'ko and
Ivan Skliar
Ivan () is a Slavic languages, Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John (given name), John) from Hebrew language, Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. T ...
. These instruments were manufactured from 1950-1986.
3) Concert
cimbalom
The cimbalom (; ) or concert cimbalom is a type of chordophone composed of a large, trapezoidal box on legs with metal strings stretched across its top and a damping pedal underneath. It was designed and created by V. Josef Schunda in 1874 in ...
s: originally developed in Hungary by
József Schunda in the 1870s. These instruments stand on four legs, have many more strings, and a damping pedal. The concert cymbalom has replaced most of the smaller folk ''tsymbaly'' previously used in Ukrainian orchestras and in Academic Conservatory courses. These instruments are fully chromatic and have a range of over four octaves.
Use of the Tsymbaly in Ukrainian music
Concert works have been composed for the ''tsymbaly'' by professional Ukrainian composers
V. Shumeiko,
Volodymyr Zubytsky,
Anatoliy Haidenko,
Bohdan Kotiuk,
Izydor Vymer,
Dezyderiy Zador,
Myroslav Skoryk
Myroslav Mykhailovych Skoryk ( uk, Мирослав Михайлович Скорик; 13 July 1938 – 1 June 2020) was a Ukrainian composer and teacher. His music is contemporary in style and contains idioms from diverse sources including G ...
and
Yevhen Stankovych
Yevhen Fedorovych Stankovych ( uk, Євге́н Фе́дорович Станко́вич; born September 19, 1942) is a contemporary Ukrainian composer of stage, orchestral, chamber, and choral works.
Biography
Stankovych was born in Szolyva ( ...
.
Tsymbaly manufacturers in Ukraine
Among the first concert ''tsymbaly'' to be manufactured in Ukraine were made by the
Melnytse-Podilsk workshop in Western
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
by
Vasyl Zuliak. These instruments had two pedals and were slightly smaller than the concert Hungarian instruments, although the range was the same. Zuliak later made three different types of instrument.
Instruments were also made by the
Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory. These instruments were designed by
Ivan Skliar
Ivan () is a Slavic languages, Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John (given name), John) from Hebrew language, Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. T ...
aided by O. Nezovybat'ko. They were made in 3 sizes: prima, alto and bass.
[Mizynec,p. 19]
Prominent Tsymbaly players of Ukraine
Some notable Ukrainian ''tsymbaly'' players are:
*
Taras Baran
Taras may refer to:
Geography
* Taras (ancient city) of Magna Graecia, modern-day Taranto
* Taras, Iran, a village in Tehran province
* Taras, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
* Taraš, a village in Vojvodina, Serbia
* Taras, Kazakhstan, a village in ...
: Professor of ''tsymbaly'' at the
Lviv Conservatory
Lviv National Musical Academy named after Mykola Lysenko ( uk, Львівська національна музична академія імені Миколи Лисенка) or informally Lviv Conservatory is a state conservatory located in Lv ...
.
*
Gheorghe Agratina: Professor of ''tsymbaly'' at the
Kyiv Conservatory
Pyotr Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine ( uk, Національна музична академія України імені Петра Чайковського) or Kyiv Conservatory is a Ukrainian state institution of higher music e ...
.
*
Dumitru Popiciuc: One of the first ''tsymbaly'' graduates from the Kyiv Conservatory.
*
Oleksander Nezovybatko: One of the pioneers of ''tsymbaly'' playing in Eastern Ukraine.
See also
*
Hammered dulcimer
The hammered dulcimer (also called the hammer dulcimer) is a percussion-stringed instrument which consists of strings typically stretched over a trapezoidal resonant sound board. The hammered dulcimer is set before the musician, who in more trad ...
*
Cimbalom
The cimbalom (; ) or concert cimbalom is a type of chordophone composed of a large, trapezoidal box on legs with metal strings stretched across its top and a damping pedal underneath. It was designed and created by V. Josef Schunda in 1874 in ...
*
Ukrainian folk music
Ukrainian folk music includes a number of varieties of traditional, folkloric, folk-inspired popular music, and folk-inspired European classical music traditions.
In the 20th century numerous ethnographic and folkloric musical ensembles were e ...
*
Khim
The ''khim'' ( th, ขิม ; lo, ຂິມ ; km, ឃឹម ) is a stringed musical instrument derived from the Mesopotamian or Persian Santur. It is similar to the Hammered Dulcimer or Cimbalom. This ''khim'' was introduced to Thailand fro ...
Footnotes
Sources
*Bandera, M. J. The Tsymbaly maker and His Craft, The Ukrainian Hammered Dulcimer in Alberta. Edmonton: CIUS. 1991
*Baran, T. The Cimbalom world, Lviv: Svit, 1999
* - The Cimbalom player Taras Baran, Lviv: Kobzar, 2001
*Humeniuk, A. Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty, Kyiv:
Naukova dumka
Naukova Dumka ( uk, Наукова Думка — literally "scientific thought") is a publishing house in Kyiv, Ukraine.
It was established by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1922, largely owing to the efforts of Ahatanhel Krymsky ...
, 1967
*Ivanov, P. Orkestr ukrainskykh narodnykh instrmentiv, Kyiv: Muzychna Ukraina, 1981
*Khotkevych, H. Instrumenty Ukrainskoho narodu, Kharkiv: DVU, 1930
*Mizynec, V. Ukrainian Folk Instruments, Melbourne: Bayda books, 1984
*Nezovybat'ko, O. Shkola hry na ukrainskykh tsymbalakh, Kyiv: Mystetsvo, 1966
*Nezovyba'ko O. Ukrainski tsymbaly, Kyiv: Muzychna Ukraina, 1976.
*Cherkaskyi, L. Ukrainski narodni muzychni instrumenty, Tekhnika, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2003 - 262 pages.
External links
Samples and Pictures of Ukrainian InstrumentsDoreen Girard, tsymbaly and visual artist.
{{Zithers
Hammered box zithers
Ukrainian musical instruments