was a ''
fudai''
feudal domain
A demesne ( ) or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. The concept or ...
of
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characteriz ...
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
. It is located in
Echizen Province
was a province of Japan in the area that is today the northern portion of Fukui Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Echizen bordered on Kaga, Wakasa, Hida, and Ōmi Provinces. It was part of Hokurikudō Circuit. Its abbreviated form ...
, in the
Hokuriku region
The was located in the northwestern part of Honshu, the main island of Japan. It lay along the Sea of Japan within the Chūbu region, which it is currently a part of. It is almost equivalent to Koshi Province and Hokurikudō area in pre-modern ...
of
Honshū
, historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separa ...
. The domain was centered at Tsuruga ''
jin'ya
A was a type of administrative headquarters in the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo period of Japanese history.
''Jin'ya'' served as the seat of the administration for a small domain, a province, or additional parcels of land. ''Jin'ya'' hou ...
'', located in the center of what is now the city of
Tsuruga
is a city located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km2. The total area of the city was .
Geography
Tsuruga is located in central ...
in
Fukui Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Fukui Prefecture has a population of 778,943 (1 June 2017) and has a geographic area of 4,190 km2 (1,617 sq mi). Fukui Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the north, Gi ...
. It was also referred to as .
History
The
Tsuruga District was an important seaport on the
Sea of Japan
The Sea of Japan is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far East. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it h ...
from ancient times. In the
Sengoku period
The was a period in History of Japan, Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615.
The Sengoku period was initiated by the Ōnin War in 1467 which collapsed the Feudalism, feudal system of Japan under the ...
, it came under the control of
Shibata Katsuie
or was a Japanese samurai and military commander during the Sengoku period.
He served Oda Nobunaga as one of his trusted generals, was severely wounded in the 1571 first siege of Nagashima, but then fought in the 1575 Battle of Nagashino an ...
. Under
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
, otherwise known as and , was a Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' (feudal lord) of the late Sengoku period regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.Richard Holmes, The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations that Changed the Cour ...
, it was assigned as a 50,0000 ''
koku
The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about . It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō. One ''gō'' is the volume of the "rice cup", the plastic measuring cup that is supplied ...
'' fief to
Hachiya Yoritaka
was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period who served the Oda clan. First he served the Toki clan and Saito clan. When Oda Nobunaga started campaign on Mino Province, he became a vassal of Nobunaga as a member of "Kuro-horo-shu" (bodyguard ...
, and after he died without heir in 1589, it was assigned to
Ōtani Yoshitsugu
was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period through the Azuchi-Momoyama Period. He was also known by his court title, . He was born in 1558 to a father who was said to be a retainer of either Ōtomo Sōrin or Rokkaku Yoshikata. He became one ...
. However, after the 1600
Battle of Sekigahara
The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: ; Kyūjitai: , Hepburn romanization: ''Sekigahara no Tatakai'') was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu prefecture, Japan, at the end of ...
, the victorious
Tokugawa Ieyasu
was the founder and first ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, which ruled Japan from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. He was one of the three "Great Unifiers" of Japan, along with his former lord Oda Nobunaga and fellow ...
assigned all of Echizen Province as a 680,000 ''koku'' fief to his second son
Yūki Hideyasu
was a Japanese samurai who lived during the Azuchi–Momoyama and early Edo periods. He was the ''daimyō'' of Fukui Domain in Echizen.
Early life
Hideyasu was born as in 1574, the second son of Tokugawa Ieyasu, by Lady Oman (also known as L ...
. In 1615, under the
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
's "one country, one castle" policy Tsuruga Castle was destroyed. Further, Yuki Hideyasu's son,
Matsudaira Tadanao
was a Sengoku to early Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 2nd ''daimyō'' of Fukui Domain in Echizen Province. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Matsudaira Tadanao"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 617]
Biography
Tadanao was born in Settsu P ...
was dismissed by the shogunate for misgovernment, and
Fukui Domain was greatly reduced in size. The Tsuruga area became divided mostly between territory controlled by the
Sakai clan
The was a Japanese samurai clan that claimed descent from the Nitta branch of the Minamoto clan, who were in turn descendants of Emperor Seiwa. Serata (Nitta) Arichika, a samurai of the 14th century, was the common ancestor of both the Sakai ...
of neighbouring
Obama Domain
The was a '' Fudai'' feudal domain of the Edo period of Japan. It is located in Wakasa Province, in the Hokuriku region of the island Honshū. The domain was centered at Obama Castle, located in the center of what is now the city of Oba ...
and ''
tenryō
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
'' territory controlled directly by the shogunate.
In 1682, the 2nd ''daimyō'' of Obama Domain,
Sakai Tadanao, left a will stating that 10,000 ''koku'' portion of Obama Domain's holdings in Tsuruga be separated into a separate domain for his second son,
Sakai Tadashige. This marked the start of Tsuruga Domain. Initially, the domain existed completely as a subsidiary domain of Obama Domain and continued to be administered as an integral part of that domain. Although a ''
jin'ya
A was a type of administrative headquarters in the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo period of Japanese history.
''Jin'ya'' served as the seat of the administration for a small domain, a province, or additional parcels of land. ''Jin'ya'' hou ...
'' was constructed in the Mariyama area in 1687, only a few official resided there - the ''daimyō'' of Tsuruoka worked as officials within the shōgun government, and preferred to stay at the domain's residence in
Edo. The fourth ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga,
Sakai Tadaka started to take steps to assert the domain's independence from the parent house from 1759; however, one hundred years later, the domain still remained economically dependent on Obama and the seventh ''daimyō'',
Sakai Tadamasu proposed unsuccessfully that it be reabsorbed back into Obama. In 1861, the domain ''
kokudaka
refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'' was increased by 1060 ''koku'' with the promotion of Sakai Tadamasa to ''
wakadoshiyori
The ', or "Junior Elders", were high government officials in the Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The position was established around 1633, but appointments were irregular until 1662. The four to six ''wakadoshiyori'' we ...
'' and the status of a "castle-holding ''daimyō'', but with these promotions came the onus to perform the ''
sankin kōtai'', so the domain was actually worse off financially than before. During the
Boshin War
The , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a clique seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperi ...
, the domain followed the lead of the parent house and defected to the imperial side. The final ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga,
Sakai Tadatsune served as imperial governor under the
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
until the
abolition of the han system
The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...
in 1871.
Bakumatsu period holdings
Like with most ''fudai'' domains in the
han system
( ja, 藩, "domain") is a Japanese historical term for the estate of a daimyo in the Edo period (1603–1868) and early Meiji period (1868–1912). Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Han"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 283. or (daimyo domain) s ...
, Tsuruga Domain consisted of discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''
kokudaka
refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'', based on periodic
cadastral
A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref>
Often it is represented graphically in a cad ...
surveys and projected agricultural yields,
[Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987)]
''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18
*
Echizen Province
was a province of Japan in the area that is today the northern portion of Fukui Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Echizen bordered on Kaga, Wakasa, Hida, and Ōmi Provinces. It was part of Hokurikudō Circuit. Its abbreviated form ...
**23 villages in
Tsuruga District
*
Ōmi Province
was a province of Japan, which today comprises Shiga Prefecture. It was one of the provinces that made up the Tōsandō circuit. Its nickname is . Under the ''Engishiki'' classification system, Ōmi was ranked as one of the 13 "great countrie ...
**13 villages in
Takashima District
List of ''daimyō''
Sakai Tadashige
was the 1st ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in
Echizen Province
was a province of Japan in the area that is today the northern portion of Fukui Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Echizen bordered on Kaga, Wakasa, Hida, and Ōmi Provinces. It was part of Hokurikudō Circuit. Its abbreviated form ...
under the
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characteriz ...
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
. Tadashige born at the Sakai clan residence in
Edo, and was the second son of
Sakai Tadanao of
Obama Domain
The was a '' Fudai'' feudal domain of the Edo period of Japan. It is located in Wakasa Province, in the Hokuriku region of the island Honshū. The domain was centered at Obama Castle, located in the center of what is now the city of Oba ...
. His childhood name was Senchiyō. In 1682, on the death of his father, he received an estate with a ''
kokudaka
refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of ''koku'' of rice. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Koku"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 54 ...
'' of 10,000 ''
koku
The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about . It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō. One ''gō'' is the volume of the "rice cup", the plastic measuring cup that is supplied ...
'' in Echizen Province. This marked the start of Tsuruga Domain. He later served as an ''
Ōbangashira'' in the administration of the
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Tokugawa-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia ...
. His
courtesy title
A courtesy title is a title that does not have legal significance but rather is used through custom or courtesy, particularly, in the context of nobility, the titles used by children of members of the nobility (cf. substantive title).
In some co ...
was ''Ukyō-no-suke''. His wife was the daughter of
Doi Toshifusa of
Ōno Domain
was a Han (Japan), feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan.Edmond Papinot, Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003). It was based at Ōno Castle (Echiz ...
. He died in 1706 and his grave is at the temple of Seisho-ji in
Atago, Tokyo
is a district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It consists of 1-chōme and 2-chōme. As of April 1, 2008, it has a total population of 323.
Geography
occupies most of the district. The lower zone located between Mt. Atago and Tokyo Metropolitan Route 3 ...
.
Sakai Tadagiku
was the 2nd ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadakiku was the eldest son of
Sakai Tadashige. He became ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga on the death of his father in 1706. He was an ''Ōbangashira'' in 1714 and died in 1722. His first wife was a daughter of
Hotta Masayasu of
Omi-Miyagawa Domain, and he later remarried the daughter of
Aoyama Tadashige
was a ''daimyō'' during mid-Edo period Japan.
Biography
Aoyama Tadashige was the third son of Aoyama Munetoshi, the daimyō of Komoro Domain and was born in Komoro, Shinano Province. On August 5, 1683, he was adopted by his sickly elder bro ...
of
Kameyama Domain Kameyama may refer to:
*Emperor Kameyama (1249–1305), emperor of Japan 1259–1274
*Kameyama, Mie, a city in Mie prefecture, Japan
People with the surname
*Keishi Kameyama
is a Japanese billionaire businessman, chairman of the internet comp ...
. His courtesy title was ''Hida-no-kami''.
Sakai Tadatake
was the 3rd ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadatake was the third son of
Sakai Tadagiku. He was received in formal audience by
Shōgun
, officially , was the title of the military dictators of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868. Nominally appointed by the Emperor, shoguns were usually the de facto rulers of the country, though during part of the Kamakur ...
Tokugawa Yoshimune
was the eighth ''shōgun'' of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Lineage
Yoshimune ...
in 1715 and became ''daimyō'' on the death of his father in 1722. His courtesy title was ''Ukyō-no-suke''. However, he was relieved of office due to a fire which burned down the clan residence in 1723. He died without heir in 1731.
Sakai Tadaka
was the 4th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadaka was the 8th son of
Sakai Tadagiku. He was posthumously adopted as heir to his brother Tadatake and became ''daimyō'' in 1731. In 1745, he served as ''Ōbangashira'' and in 1758 became a ''Sōshaban''. He rose to the post of ''
Jisha-bugyō
was a "commissioner" or an "overseer" of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were always ''fudai daimyōs'', the lowest-ranking of the shogunate offices to be so restricted.Beasley, William G. (1955) ...
'' in 1761 and ''
wakadoshiyori
The ', or "Junior Elders", were high government officials in the Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The position was established around 1633, but appointments were irregular until 1662. The four to six ''wakadoshiyori'' we ...
'' in 1765. He retired in 1788 and died in 1791. His courtesy title was ''Harima-no-kami'', later ''Hida-no-kami''. His wife was a daughter of
Mizuno Tadasada of
Hōjō Domain.
Sakai Tadanobu
was the 5th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadanobu was the fourth son of
Sakai Tadaka, and became ''daimyō'' on the retirement of his father in 1788 as all three of his elder brothers died in infancy. He served as ''Ōbangashira''. In 1797 he retired, and died in 1799 at the age of 44. His wife was a daughter of
Miura Akitsugu of
Mimasaka-Katsuyama Domain. His courtesy title was ''Sagami-no-kami''.
Sakai Tadae
was the 6th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadae was the eldest son of
Sakai Tadanobu. His courtesy title was initially ''Ukyō-no-suke'', later ''Hida-no-kami''. He became ''daimyō'' on the retirement of his father in 1797. His wife was a granddaughter of
Arima Takasumi of
Echizen-Maruoka Domain. He served as ''Ōbangashira'' and ''
Osaka-johan''. He died in 1833 at the age of 53.
Sakai Tadamasu
was the 7th ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Tadamasu was the fourth son of
Sakai Tadae. His wife was a daughter of
Sakai Tadamichi of
Dewa-Matsuyama Domain; he later remarried to a daughter of
Nagai Naosuke of
Kano Domain. He became ''daimyō'' on the death of his father in 1833. He served as ''
wakadoshiyori
The ', or "Junior Elders", were high government officials in the Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The position was established around 1633, but appointments were irregular until 1662. The four to six ''wakadoshiyori'' we ...
'' in the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate during three critical occasions.
In 1859, Russian general
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky
Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky (also spelled as Nikolai Nikolaevich Muraviev-Amurskiy; russian: link=no, Никола́й Никола́евич Муравьёв-Аму́рский; – ) was a Russian general, statesman and diplomat, ...
led a fleet of seven vessels into
Edo Bay
is a bay located in the southern Kantō region of Japan, and spans the coasts of Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, and Chiba Prefecture. Tokyo Bay is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Uraga Channel. The Tokyo Bay region is both the most populous ...
, and demanded that Japan officially recognize Russian sovereignty over all of
Sakhalin
Sakhalin ( rus, Сахали́н, r=Sakhalín, p=səxɐˈlʲin; ja, 樺太 ''Karafuto''; zh, c=, p=Kùyèdǎo, s=库页岛, t=庫頁島; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ, ''Sahaliyan''; Orok: Бугата на̄, ''Bugata nā''; Nivkh: ...
. Sakai and
Endō Tanenori (of
Mikami Domain
was a '' Fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in eastern Ōmi Province, in the Kansai region of central Honshu. The domain was centered at Mikami ''jin'ya'', located in what is now the city of ...
) served as negotiators on the Japanese side, claiming that not only was Sakhalin Japanese territory, but so were the
Kurile Islands
The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (; rus, Кури́льские острова́, r=Kuril'skiye ostrova, p=kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva; Japanese: or ) are a volcanic archipelago currently administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast in the ...
, including
Kamchatka peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula (russian: полуостров Камчатка, Poluostrov Kamchatka, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and we ...
. The second time was in 1861, when he met with British minister
Rutherford Alcock
Sir John Rutherford Alcock, KCB (25 May 1809''London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1812''2 November 1897) was the first British diplomatic representative to live in Japan.
Early life
Alcock was born in St J ...
and French minister
Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt
Gustave Duchesne, Prince de Bellecourt (1817 – 1881) was a French diplomat who was active in Asia, and especially in Japan. He was the first French official representative in Japan from 1859 to 1864, following the signature of the Treaty of Am ...
over the murder of
Henry Heusken
Hendrick Conrad Joannes Heusken (January 20, 1832 – January 15, 1861) was a Dutch-American interpreter for the first American consulate in Japan, established at Gyokusen-ji in Shimoda, Shizuoka in the late Bakumatsu period.[Edward St. John Neale
Edward St. John Neale (1812–1866) was a British Lieutenant-Colonel and Diplomat who was active in Asia in the 1860s. He was the Chargé d'affaires of Great Britain in Japan in 1862–1863. Neale, who had been stationed in Beijing from 186 ...]
over reparation demanded due to the
Namamugi incident
The , also known as the Kanagawa incident and Richardson affair, was a political crisis that occurred in the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the ''Bakumatsu'' on 14 September 1862. Charles Lennox Richardson, a British merchant, was killed by t ...
, and with the French, British, Dutch and American delegations over the
Shimonoseki Campaign. Although a strong supporter of the shogunate during the
Bakumatsu period
was the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji govern ...
, he resigned his posts at the time of the ''Taisei hōkan'' and after the
Battle of Toba-Fushimi
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
, the domain submitted to the new
Meiji government
The was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji o ...
.
Sakai Tadatsune
was the 8th (and final) ''daimyō'' of Tsuruga Domain in Echizen Province. Tadatsune was the fourth son of
Sakai Tadamasu. His wife was a daughter of
Itakura Katsuaki of
Fukushima Domain
was a '' fudai'' feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in southern Mutsu Province. It was centered on Fukushima Castle in what is now the city of Fukushima in Fukushima Prefecture. For the majority of its histo ...
. He became ''daimyō'' in 1867 when his father submitted to the Meiji government and served as imperial governor in 1869. When the domain was merged with Obama Domain in 1870, he subsequently served as imperial governor of Obama until the
abolition of the han system
The in the Empire of Japan and its replacement by a system of prefectures in 1871 was the culmination of the Meiji Restoration begun in 1868, the starting year of the Meiji period. Under the reform, all daimyos (, ''daimyō'', feudal lords) ...
in 1871.
See also
*
List of Han
Notes
References
*
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
OCLC 48943301*
Papinot, Edmund. (1906) ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon.'' Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha
OCLC 465662682''Nobiliaire du japon'' (abridged version of 1906 text).
External links
{{Authority control
Domains of Japan
History of Fukui Prefecture
Hokuriku region
1682 establishments in Japan
Echizen Province
Sakai clan
Tsuruga, Fukui