![Fiume - Kilátás Trsatról (1)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Fiume_-_Kil%C3%A1t%C3%A1s_Trsatr%C3%B3l_%281%29.jpg)
Trsat ( it, Tersatto, la, Tarsatica) is part of the city of
Rijeka
Rijeka ( , , ; also known as Fiume hu, Fiume, it, Fiume ; local Chakavian: ''Reka''; german: Sankt Veit am Flaum; sl, Reka) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primor ...
,
Croatia
, image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
, anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capit ...
, with a
historic castle or fortress in a strategic location and several historic churches, in one of which the Croatian noble Prince
Vuk Krsto Frankopan
Vuk II Krsto Frankopan Tržački ( en, Wolf II Christopher Frankopan of Tržac) was a Croatian nobleman and soldier of the Frankopan family, father of noted poet and politician Fran Krsto Frankopan. He was born about 1588.
He was the son of Ga ...
is buried. Trsat is a steep hill, 138 m high, rising over the gorge of the
Rječina river, about a kilometre away from the sea; strategically significant from the earliest times right up to the 17th century, it is today a major Christian pilgrimage centre and home to a statue of Pope
John Paul II
Pope John Paul II ( la, Ioannes Paulus II; it, Giovanni Paolo II; pl, Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła ; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his ...
who came to Trsat as a Pilgrim in 2003. Today, the
University of Rijeka
The University of Rijeka ( hr, Sveučilište u Rijeci) is in the city of Rijeka, Croatia, with faculties in cities throughout the regions of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Primorje, Istria and Lika.
The University of Rijeka is composed of eleven fa ...
's newly constructed campus lies in the western part of Trsat.
History
![Rijeka-Trsat-Hill fort-7](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Rijeka-Trsat-Hill_fort-7.JPG)
In the time before the
Illyrians
The Illyrians ( grc, Ἰλλυριοί, ''Illyrioi''; la, Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European languages, Indo-European-speaking peoples who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times. They constituted one of the three main Paleo ...
there was a fortified settlement and then the Illyrian (
Iapydic) fortress Tarsatica. Following this there was a Roman looking point, and from the 13th century it was the property of the Counts of
Krk
Krk (; it, Veglia; ruo, Krk; dlm, label= Vegliot Dalmatian, Vikla; la, Curicta; grc-gre, Κύρικον, Kyrikon) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kot ...
. Later it belonged to the
Frankopans
The House of Frankopan ( hr, Frankopani, Frankapani, it, Frangipani, hu, Frangepán, la, Frangepanus, Francopanus), was a Croatian noble family, whose members were among the great landowner magnates and high officers of the Kingdom of Croat ...
. Together with
Vinodol Vinodol is a Slavic toponym that may refer to:
* Vinodol, Nitra, village and municipality in Slovakia
*Vinodol, Croatia, municipality and valley in Croatia
**Vinodol Channel
Vinodol Channel ( it, Canale Meltempo or ) is a channel between the isl ...
, the Croatian-Hungarian
King Andrija II presented Trsat to Vid II of Krk. Towards the end of the 15th century the
Habsburgs
The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
ruled Trsat and, even though it belonged to Croatia and the Frankopans, would not give it up because of its excellent position for the protection of Rijeka. The inhabitants of Trsat and Rijeka waged their fiercest battles with the
Venetians in 1508, while in 1527 the
Turks
Turk or Turks may refer to:
Communities and ethnic groups
* Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups who speak Turkic languages
* Turkish people, or the Turks, a Turkic ethnic group and nation
* Turkish citizen, a citizen of the Republic ...
made inroads into the city for a short time.
In the 16th century, Trsat was more often in Habsburg than in
Frankopan
The House of Frankopan ( hr, Frankopani, Frankapani, it, Frangipani, hu, Frangepán, la, Frangepanus, Francopanus), was a Croatian noble family, whose members were among the great landowner magnates and high officers of the Kingdom of Croati ...
hands, and was mainly ruled by the Captains of
Rijeka
Rijeka ( , , ; also known as Fiume hu, Fiume, it, Fiume ; local Chakavian: ''Reka''; german: Sankt Veit am Flaum; sl, Reka) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primor ...
or
Senj
Senj (; it, Segna, la, Senia, Hungarian and german: Zengg) is a town on the upper Adriatic coast in Croatia, in the foothills of the Mala Kapela and Velebit mountains.
The symbol of the town is the Nehaj Fortress ( hr, Tvrđava Nehaj) whic ...
or leaseholds. After the execution of
Fran Krsto Frankopan
Fran Krsto Frankopan ( hu, Frangepán Ferenc Kristóf; 4 March 1643 – 30 April 1671) was a Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician. He is remembered primarily for his involvement in the failed Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy. He was a C ...
in 1671 following the
Zrinski-Frankopan conspiracy
The Magnate conspiracy, also known as the Zrinski- Frankopan Conspiracy ( hr, Zrinsko-frankopanska urota) in Croatia, and Wesselényi conspiracy ( hu, Wesselényi-összeesküvés) in Hungary, was a 17th-century attempt to throw off Habsburg an ...
proposed by
Petar Zrinski
Petar IV Zrinski ( hu, Zrínyi Péter) (6 June 1621 – 30 April 1671) was Ban of Croatia (Viceroy) from 1665 to 1670, general and a writer. A member of the Zrinski noble family, he was noted for his role in the attempted Croatian-Hungarian Mag ...
, the Habsburgs took Trsat over completely. It was attached for a short time to the state of Severin, and in 1778 Maria Theresa placed it under the municipality of
Bakar
Bakar ( it, Buccari; hu, Szádrév) is a town in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in western Croatia. The population of the town was 8,279 according to the 2011 Croatian census, including 1,473 in the titular settlement. Ninety percent of the ...
, where it remained, with a short break during the
Napoleonic wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
, until 1874 when the community of Trsat was founded.
Trsat was an extremely patriotic Croatian town, and, together with
Sušak, demonstrated its attachment to its mother country at every opportunity, and its independence from Rijeka, which was part of
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...
. The centre of political and cultural life in Trsat was the Croatian Reading Room, founded in 1877, with many cultural, educational and sports societies. Many memorial inscriptions and monuments bear witness to the resistance by the people of Trsat and Sušak to
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
and
German occupation
German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly occupied and civil-occupied (including puppet governments) by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 an ...
, a mortuary made according to plans by the architect Zdenko Sila and Zdenko Kolacio being outstanding.
Important Sites
Trsat Castle
![Rijeka048](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Rijeka048.jpg)
Trsat Castle stands on the site of an old Roman fortress and was built in the first half of the 13th century by the
Frankopan Princes of Krk. From the beginning of the 15th century it had a succession of lords, but was most often owned by the
Habsburgs
The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
. In 1528 the Senj Capitan Gašpar Raab bought the castle and adapted and greatly strengthened it. Once the danger from the Turks had passed at the end of the 17th century, and fire arms had come into use, Trsat fortress was less important and was left allowed to fall into ruins, a process which was completed by an earthquake in 1750. Count
Laval Nugent, marshal and military commander of the Austrian coastal area, bought the ruins off the city, for an annual payment of one
florin
The Florentine florin was a gold coin struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains (3.499 grams, 0.113 troy ounce) of nominally pure or 'fine' gold with a purcha ...
t and had it restored in a Romantic Classicist-Biedermeier-style.
[Vesna Marić]
''Croatia: Dive into coral seas & a rich culture''
pg. 122, Lonely Planet Publications, 5th ed. (2009), He engaged the Venetian builder Paronuzzio and repaired the towers, decorated the interior and even built himself a mausoleum in the style of a
Doric Doric may refer to:
* Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece
** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians
* Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture
* Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode
* Doric dialect (Scotland)
* Doric ...
temple with four marble pillars supporting the
facade. After his death his impoverished descendants deserted the castle and it once again fell into ruin until 1960. Since then it has been restored and enriched by the presence of art exhibitions, summer concerts and theatrical performances.
The Shrine of Our Lady of Trsat
![Rijeka-Trsat-Church's courtyard1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Rijeka-Trsat-Church%27s_courtyard1.jpg)
The Shrine of Our Lady of Trsat ( hr, Gospa Trsatska) is a church on the flat area at the top of Trsat hill and the subject of a legend dating from the 13th century. In May 1291 Mary's house in
Nazareth
Nazareth ( ; ar, النَّاصِرَة, ''an-Nāṣira''; he, נָצְרַת, ''Nāṣəraṯ''; arc, ܢܨܪܬ, ''Naṣrath'') is the largest city in the Northern District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel". In ...
is said to have appeared here, moved by angels from Nazareth, then mysteriously disappeared later, to be discovered in Italy, in
Loreto, where it still stands today as a shrine. According to one version the Holy House was brought from the Holy Land by the Crusaders. Nikola Frankopan sent a delegation to Nazareth to measure the foundations as he had presumably only the stones in his possession and not the whole walls. He rebuilt the Holy House and the Frankopan Family then gave the Holy House to the Pope and, as the nearest Papal lands were near Ancona, the House was shipped there and placed in Loreto. Tradition ascribes the building of the church to Nikola I Frankopan (1307–1343) in 1291; it was extended and added to by his descendants. In 1453 Prince Martin Frankopan added on a nave to house a painting of
Mary
Mary may refer to:
People
* Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name)
Religious contexts
* New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below
* Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...
, believed to have been donated by
Pope Urban V
Pope Urban V ( la, Urbanus V; 1310 – 19 December 1370), born Guillaume de Grimoard, was the head of the Catholic Church from 28 September 1362 until his death in December 1370 and was also a member of the Order of Saint Benedict. He was the on ...
in 1367
and thought to have been painted by
Luke
People
*Luke (given name), a masculine given name (including a list of people and characters with the name)
*Luke (surname) (including a list of people and characters with the name)
*Luke the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of Luke. Also known as ...
,
[Jeanne Oliver]
''Croatia''
pg. 97–98, Lonely Planet Publications, 4th ed. (2007), and built a monastery alongside the church, occupied since 1468 by the Franciscans who are the guardians of the cult, which attracts many of the faithful. In 1644 a new nave was added to the church, which was extended and redone in
Baroque
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
style by the contributions of the members of congregation and Princes Frankopans. In 1691 the monastery was rebuilt after a fire and the complete reconstruction of the interior of the cathedral began, which was completed by the mid of the 18th century. In 1726 a new sanctuary above the crypt was built, giving the entire space luxury of ceiling decoration.
A new artistic contribution to the church was made by Vladimir Kirin (1894–1963), with five pictures on the greenish marble slabs with which the shrine is lined, and another by Ivo Režek (1898–1979) who portrayed the 14 stations of the cross in fresco technique. One of the guardians of the Trsat monastery was the outstanding
Glagolitic
The Glagolitic script (, , ''glagolitsa'') is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. It is generally agreed to have been created in the 9th century by Saint Cyril, a monk from Thessalonica. He and his brother Saint Methodius were sent by the Byzan ...
expert and writer of books in Croatian, Latin and Italian, Franjo Glavinič (1585–1652).
The Trsat stairway
The Trsat stairway begins on the banks of the
Rječina
The Rječina ( it, Eneo; german: Flaum), also known as the Fiumara, is a river in Croatia that flows into the Adriatic Sea at the city of Rijeka ( it, Fiume).
It is about long, with an average width of . It springs from a cave at an elevation o ...
, beside a bank building, and leads up to the plateau at 138 m above sea level. There are 561 steps in all, and they were built for pilgrims on their way to the votive church. Work was started on them in 1531 by
Petar Kružić
Petar Kružić (died 1537) was a Croatian knez, captain, soldier and defender of Klis, and the captain of Senj.
In the early 16th century Petar Kružić ''(knez of Klis)'' defended the Klis Fortress against Turk invasion. He died in 1537 ...
, hero of battles against the Turks, who built the lower part of the stairway, later expanded to 538 steps.
The Baroque entrance hall in the form of a triumphal arch was built in the first half of the 18th century, and the votive chapels on the level ground near the church by the steps, between the 15th and 18th centuries, one chapel each century.
Education
University of Rijeka campus
In 2003, construction of the University of Rijeka's new Trsat campus began on the site of a former army barracks on the western edge of the district, bordering the nearby district of Vežica, encompassing departments and faculties which were previously scattered around the city of Rijeka.
Opening in 2008, the campus now includes the Faculties of
Applied Arts
The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing."Applied art" in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art''. Online edition. Oxford Univers ...
,
Philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
,
Informatics
Informatics is the study of computational systems, especially those for data storage and retrieval. According to ACM ''Europe and'' ''Informatics Europe'', informatics is synonymous with computer science and computing as a profession, in which ...
,
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
and
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage ...
, along with the Departments of
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used b ...
and
Physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
.
Primary education
Trsat contains two
primary school
A primary school (in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and South Africa), junior school (in Australia), elementary school or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary e ...
s (''Osnovne škole''): OŠ "Trsat", near the Church of Our Lady of Trsat, and OŠ "Vladimir Gortan", near the University of Rijeka campus.
Gallery
File:Rijeka027.jpg, Old muzzle-loading gun at Trsat Castle
File:Rijeka-Trsat-Hill fort-9.jpg, Basilisk statue in courtyard
File:Life on campus.jpg, Students socialising at the Student Centre on the university campus
File:Mletacki lav 1207.JPG, Venetian lion near entrance
See also
*
Kvarner
The Kvarner Gulf (, or , la, Sinus Flanaticus or ), sometimes also Kvarner Bay, is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian Littoral mainland. The bay is a part of Croatia's internal ...
*
Adriatic
The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) ...
References
External links
Kvarner Cultural Historyat Kvarner.hr
at Croatia.org
at Rijeka.hr, the official website of Rijeka
{{Coord, 45, 20, N, 14, 28, E, display=title, region:HR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki
Populated places in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County