Trinity College Church as intact and sitting on Jeffrey Street in 1895

Trinity College Kirk on Jeffrey Street (pre-curtailment)

Trinity College Church - North Aisle 1852

Trinity College Kirk was a

royal Royal may refer to: People * Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name * A member of a royal family Places United States * Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Royal, Illinois, a village * Royal, Iowa, a ...

collegiate church In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons: a non-monastic or "secular" community of clergy, organised as a self-governing corporate body, which may be presided over by ...

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of t ...

, Scotland. The

kirk Kirk is a Scottish and former Northern English word meaning "church". It is often used specifically of the Church of Scotland. Many place names and personal names are also derived from it. Basic meaning and etymology As a common noun, ''kirk' ...

and its adjacent almshouse, Trinity Hospital, were founded in 1460 by

Mary of Gueldres Mary of Guelders (; c. 1434/1435 – 1 December 1463) was Queen of Scotland by marriage to King James II of Scotland. She ruled as regent of Scotland from 1460 to 1463. Background She was the daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders, and Ca ...

in memory of her husband, King James II who had been killed at the siege of Roxburgh Castle that year. Queen Mary was interred in the church, until her coffin was moved to Holyrood Abbey in 1848. The original concept was never completed. Only the

apse In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin 'arch, vault' from Ancient Greek 'arch'; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an '' exedra''. ...

choir A choir ( ; also known as a chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which sp ...

and

transept A transept (with two semitransepts) is a transverse part of any building, which lies across the main body of the building. In cruciform churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building wi ...

s were completed. The church was originally located in the valley between the Old Town and

Calton Hill Calton Hill () is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, situated beyond the east end of Princes Street and included in the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site. Views of, and from, the hill are often used in photographs and paintings of the cit ...

, but was systematically dismantled in the 1840s (under the supervision of

David Bryce David Bryce FRSE FRIBA RSA (3 April 1803 – 7 May 1876) was a Scottish architect. Life Bryce was born at 5 South College Street in Edinburgh, the son of David Bryce (1763–1816) a grocer with a successful side interest in buildi ...

) due to the construction of

Waverley Station Edinburgh Waverley railway station (also known simply as Waverley; gd, Waverley Dhùn Èideann) is the principal railway station serving Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the second busiest station in Scotland, after Glasgow Central. It is the north ...

on its site. Its stones were numbered in anticipation of rebuilding and were stored in a yard on Calton Hill. Reconstruction did not begin until 1872, when it was moved to a site on Chalmers Close on the newly formed Jeffrey Street overlooking the original site.

Early history

The church and hospital of

Soutra Aisle Soutra Aisle, (the present structure lies just within the boundary of the Scottish Borders from Midlothian) not far from Fala, is the remains of the ''House of the Holy Trinity'', a church that was part of a complex comprising a hospital and a ...

dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was held as a prebend of the chancellor of St Andrews.Cowan & Easson, ''Medieval Religious Houses'', p. 192 In 1459/60 the chancellorship was vacant allowing the

dowager A dowager is a widow or widower who holds a title or property—a " dower"—derived from her or his deceased spouse. As an adjective, ''dowager'' usually appears in association with monarchical and aristocratic titles. In popular usage, the noun ...

queen to supplicate

Pope Pius II Pope Pius II ( la, Pius PP. II, it, Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini ( la, Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus, links=no; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August ...

for the annexation of Soutra to her Trinity College foundation – the sanctioning

bull A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species ''Bos taurus'' (cattle). More muscular and aggressive than the females of the same species (i.e., cows), bulls have long been an important symbol in many religions, includin ...

was published on 23 October 1460. Queen

(widow of James II) issued a

Royal charter A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the English Magna Carta (great charter) of 1215, but s ...

on 25 March 1462 detailing the constitution for Trinity College in which the provost was to hold Soutra church as a prebend but had to maintain three

bedesmen Bedesman, or beadsman (Med. Eng. ''bede'', prayer, from O. Eng. ''biddan'', to pray; literally "a man of prayer"; and from Anglo Saxon "bed"), was generally a pensioner or almsman whose duty was to pray for his benefactor. Function A Bedesman ( ...

in the Soutra hospital. John Halkerston was made Master of Works. In August 1463 Pope

Pius II Pope Pius II ( la, Pius PP. II, it, Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini ( la, Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus, links=no; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August ...

declared by Papal bull that religious visitors to the church during the feast of the Holy Trinity on 10 July and the following eight days, over the next five years, would be granted a plenary indulgence, if they contributed to the fund for completion of the building according to their financial ability. The money was to be put in a locked box with two keys kept by the Provost and the Papal Collector for Scotland. A third of the receipts were to be given to the Catholic church for its general work. The church was famed for its triptych altarpiece by

Hugo van der Goes Hugo van der Goes (c. 1430/1440 – 1482) was one of the most significant and original Early Netherlandish painting, Flemish painters of the late 15th century. Van der Goes was an important painter of altarpieces as well as portraits. He introduce ...

completed in 1479, now displayed in the

National Gallery of Scotland The Scottish National Gallery (formerly the National Gallery of Scotland) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by W ...

. The four surviving panels depict James III, King of Scots, flanked by

St. Andrew Andrew the Apostle ( grc-koi, Ἀνδρέᾱς, Andréās ; la, Andrēās ; , syc, ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, ʾAnd’reʾwās), also called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament. He is the brother of Simon Peter ...

and his son, the future

James IV James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 11 June 1488 until his death at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, James III, at the Battle of Sauch ...

, and his wife, Margaret of Denmark. The donor, the first Provost of the Trinity foundation, Edward Bonkil, and his coat of arms also feature. Early records of the construction of the church are lost, but on 8 April 1531 the Provost Master John Dingwall contracted with a mason Robert Dennis that Dennis would work to complete the building for his lifetime. Dingwall wished to complete the church conforming to the choir. To help finance the building, James V wrote to the Pope

Clement VII Pope Clement VII ( la, Clemens VII; it, Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. Deemed "the ...

asking if Dingwall could grant

indulgences In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (, from , 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins". The '' Catechism of the Catholic Church'' describes an indulgence as "a remission before God o ...

to visitors to the church and college on the feast of Holy Trinity and Octave who made contributions to the work. After Dingwall's death in 1533, the masons pursued his legacy left for completing the work. Only the choir and transepts were finished. A nearby house, demolished in 1642, was called "Dingwall Castle" after the surname of one of the Provosts. After the

Scottish Reformation The Scottish Reformation was the process by which Scotland broke with the Papacy and developed a predominantly Calvinist national Kirk (church), which was strongly Presbyterian in its outlook. It was part of the wider European Protestant Refor ...

the kirk became the North East Quarter Church of Edinburgh. The college was refounded as a hospital for the poor in November 1567 by

Regent Moray James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland. A supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, he was the regent of Scotland for hi ...

and the Provost of Edinburgh, Simon Preston of

Craigmillar Craigmillar ( gd, Creag a' Mhuilleir, IPA: �kʰʲɾʲekˈaˈvɯʎɪɾʲ, from the Gaelic ''Creag Maol Ard'', meaning 'High Bare Rock', is an area of Edinburgh, Scotland, about south east of the city centre, with Duddingston to the north and Ne ...

passed the property to the town. Building materials were to be brought from the demolished Blackfriars. The master of work for building the new hospital, Adam Fullarton, sold stones, lime, and sand in the Blackfriars kirkyard to the masons Thomas Jackson and Murdoch Walker. In April 1568 the council sent four men, including Nicol Uddert, to find charitable donations for the hospital. From 1584 to 1833 it was the official church serving the north-east quarter of Edinburgh. In terms of structure (and conventional church layout) Trinity church was only a

and apse, and lacked its nave.Fasti Ecclesiastae Scoticana by Hew Scott From 1813 to 1833, the minister of Trinity College was the Rev. Walter Tait. In 1833 it was reported that he ''"had given countenance to certain extraordinary interruptions of public worship in his church on the Monday immediately after the communion by a person pretending to speak in the spirit"''. That person was said to be 'the apostle'

Thomas Carlyle Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature and philosophy. Born in Ecclefechan, Dum ...

. Tait was deposed in that year and went on to become the pastor of the

From 1834 the site of the church was earmarked for the location of a railway station by Act of Parliament. This also required the removal of the nearby Lady Glenorchy's Church, the old Edinburgh orphanage, and Trinity College (a separate building from the Kirk). James Bonar WS was an elder at Lady Glenorchy's and an Edinburgh lawyer. He drew up legal papers requiring the railway company to fund the rebuilding of each structure, and in the case of Trinity College Kirk, he argued that it should be dismantled and rebuilt rather than copied. The railway company were not used to such strongarm tactics but signed this, leading them to underwrite large parts of the cost of Lady Glenorchy's Free Church, relocated to Greenside 500m north, the Dean Orphanage on what was then a rural site to the west. The fairly unique plan for Trinity College Kirk required that the stones be numbered prior to demolition and then stored to await a suitable site for rebuilding. The North British Railway Company paid £18000 in compensation, but this appears to have been paid to Edinburgh Town Council rather than to the church, and the council proved obstructive in releasing the funds for a new church, "hoping that the congregation would disappear" i.e. be absorbed into other churches. Bonar's legal agreements saw a timely rebuilding of Lady Glenorchy's Church as Lady Glenorchy's Free Church at Greenside, but there was a degree of truth that there was an over-provision of churches at the time. However, that was not the point, Bonar's legal agreement (and other parallel agreements of the time) required a new for old in relation to the Glenorchy Church, but the Trinity College Church was to be specifically rebuilt as an artefact. The emphasis was on its historic value not on its function. However, a House of Lords decision reversed a Court of Session ruling that all £18000 must be spent on the church, and limited the cost of the rebuild to £7000, the implication being that the Council had spent £11000 on other things in the intervening period. The

gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...

kirk, and its associated hospital, were demolished in 1848 under the careful supervision of the Edinburgh architect

, despite a formal protest from the

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland is the senior antiquarian body of Scotland, with its headquarters in the National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. The Society's aim is to promote the cultural heritage of Scotland. The usua ...

, to allow for the construction of

. David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson photographed the kirk before its demise. The kirk was carefully dismantled and each piece of masonry was numbered with the intention of reconstructing the kirk on another site. In the period between demolition and rebuilding the congregation still existed, but was split by the

Disruption of 1843 The Disruption of 1843, also known as the Great Disruption, was a schism in 1843 in which 450 evangelical ministers broke away from the Church of Scotland to form the Free Church of Scotland. The main conflict was over whether the Church of S ...

which ironically resolved some of the problems. Those remaining in the established Church of Scotland, post-Disruption, were allocated the Calton Convening Rooms on Waterloo Place as a "temporary" place of worship. This was grossly inadequate in scale, holding only around 150 people. It is therefore likely that most moved to new churches within the 35 years of closure. Around 1857 the Town Council moved the congregation (ironically) to John Knox's Free Church on the Royal Mile (almost adjacent to its final siting) and in 1861 moved them to a corner of the internally divided St Giles Cathedral. From a purely functional point of view the Council would certainly have seen the expenditure of £11000 on a church for only 150 people as a waste of money, but their hands were tied by the legal contracts. The chosen site linked to the City Improvement Schemes and in particular the new street at Jeffrey Street, and the medieval edifice was originally given pride of place, as the first building on Jeffrey Street. This seems to have been overseen by James Bonar, who was still alive, and still interested in the project. Maps from the 1870s and one illustration in Grant's Old and New Edinburgh demonstrate that initially the whole church was rebuilt. As rebuilt the structure was turned through 90 degrees to face northwards. The northern section was largely a new invention. Despite the gargantuan effort to rebuild the church, through all the reasons explained above, despite theoretically holding 900 persons, it was at best one-quarter full. At some point in the 20th century the centre and north section of the church was demolished to create a warehouse on Jeffrey Street. There is some indication that the demolitions related to a "new church" by

John Lessels John Lessels (9 January 1809 – 12 November 1883) was a Scottish architect and artist, notably active in Edinburgh and also the Scottish Borders (he was responsible for numerous buildings and alteration projects in Berwickshire). Life He w ...

and that the truly medieval section still survives. However, comparing the existing structure to the 1830s structure, although known thereafter as Trinity College Apse, this is a clear misnomer. The extant structure is largely the transept, but with southern windows from the apse. Nevertheless. it is generally now called Trinity Apse. In the 1980s it housed the Edinburgh Brass Rubbing Centre, under the auspices of the City of Edinburgh Council. It is now privately owned and can be hired for wedding functions. The rebuilt Apse, together with carved stone fragments and the boundary wall, is registered as a Category A

listed building In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern Irel ...

. Its manse, built around 1870, still survives on Jeffrey Street. Statuary and stone ornament from the church stand in the gardens of

Craigcrook Castle Craigcrook Castle is a well-preserved castle giving its name to the Craigcrook district of Edinburgh, about west of the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland. The castle is primarily of the 17th century, though with later additions. In the 19th centur ...

in west Edinburgh (but it is unclear if these were moved at the point of demolition or "salvaged" during the period of being dismantled).

List of provosts

*Edward Bonkle: 1462 – 1495 x 1496 *James Oliphant: 1499 – 1525 *John Brady: 1502 – 1525 *John Dingwell: 1525 – 1532 x 1533 *William Cunningham: 1533 – 1539 *Thomas Erskine: 1539 *Robert Erskine: 1539 – 1540 *George Clapperton: 1540 – 1566 *Laurence Clapperty: 1566 – 1571 x 1572 *

Robert Pont Robert Pont (the abbreviated form of Kylpont or Kynpont) (1529–1606) was a Church of Scotland minister, judge and reformer. He was a church minister and commissioner and a Senator of the College of Justice. His translation of the Helveti ...

: 1572 – 1586, who was paid 300

merks The merk is a long-obsolete Scottish silver coin. Originally the same word as a money mark of silver, the merk was in circulation at the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century. It was originally valued at 13 shillings 4 pence (exactly ...

to resign the office to the town.

James David Marwick Sir James David Marwick FRSE (15 July 1826 – 24 March 1908) was a Scottish lawyer, historian and town clerk. He served as Town Clerk of Glasgow for thirty-one years, during which time the entire city was transformed. Its powers and amenities w ...

, ''Extracts from the records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1573-1589'' (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 433. Source: Watt & Murray ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae''

List of ministers

Note: One of the founding members of the

College of Justice The College of Justice includes the Supreme Courts of Scotland, and its associated bodies. The constituent bodies of the national supreme courts are the Court of Session, the High Court of Justiciary, the Office of the Accountant of Court, an ...

, John Dingwell, was Provost of Trinity College; and several

Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is a complete list of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland from the Reformation to the present day. Some listed below also currently have their own artic ...

came from the Trinity College Kirk: *1598 to 1616 - Walter Balcanquhal (1548-1617) *1626 to 1634 -

Thomas Sydserf Thomas Sydserf(f) (1581 – 1663) was a Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland who served as Protestant Bishop first of Brechin, then Galloway and finally Orkney. Life The eldest son of James Sydserf, an Edinburgh merchant, Sydserf gr ...

(1581-1666) *1639 to 1641 -

William Colvill William Colvill, sometimes spelt William Colville (c.1612–1675) was a 17th-century Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland and scholar and was the Principal of the University of Edinburgh from 1662 to 1675. Life Colvill was educated ...

MA, translated to the

Tron Kirk The Tron Kirk is a former principal parish church in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a well-known landmark on the Royal Mile. It was built in the 17th century and closed as a church in 1952. Having stood empty for over fifty years, it was used ...

in 1641 *1644 to 1648 - Robert Laurie, translated to the

in 1648 *1649 to 1660 - Hew McKail/Hugh McKaile (d.1660) *1661 to 1667 - John Glennie (as assistant minister) went to Cashel in Ireland *1662 to 1673 - Joshua Meldrum (d.1673) buried in

Greyfriars Kirkyard Greyfriars Kirkyard is the graveyard surrounding Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is located at the southern edge of the Old Town, adjacent to George Heriot's School. Burials have been taking place since the late 16th century, and a num ...

*1673 to 1675 - Andrew Cant *1674 to 1678 - Robert Laurie MA (d.1678) *1679 to 1689 - Andrew Cant (nephew of previous Andrew Cant?) *1687 to 1692 - Hugh Kennedie AM (Moderator of the General Assembly 1690-1692) *1692 to ? - John Moncrieff (d.1709) *1714 to 1756 -

James Bannatine James Bannantine or Bannantyne (c.1675–1756) was a Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland who served as Moderator of the General Assembly in 1739. Life He studied divinity at the University of Edinburgh. He worked as a private tutor ...

(d.1756) Moderator of the General Assembly in 1739 *1756 to 1799 - Henry Lundie *1799 to 1801 - David Dickson *1802 to 1804 - Robert Anderson *1804 to 1810 - Robert MacKnight *1810 to 1813 - Rev Dr Andrew Grant DD *1813 to 1833 - Walter Tait (1771-1841) moved to the

Catholic Apostolic Church The Catholic Apostolic Church (CAC), also known as the Irvingian Church, is a Christian denomination and Protestant sect which originated in Scotland around 1831 and later spread to Germany and the United States.William Cunningham (1805-1861) Moderator of the Free Church of Scotland in 1859 *1843 to 1857 - William Steven (d.1857) second charge since 1829 and Headmaster of

George Heriot's School George Heriot's School is a Scottish independent primary and secondary day school on Lauriston Place in the Old Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. In the early 21st century, it has more than 1600 pupils, 155 teaching staff, and 80 non-teaching staff. ...

-minister of congregation in various temporary venues *1857 to 1860 - William Smith minister of congregation in temporary venues *1860 to 1868 - Robert Wallace, minister to the relocated church on Jeffrey St *1869 to 1870 - Cornelius Griffen, at Jeffrey St *1879 to 1908 - Alexander Kennedy (1840-1908) at Jeffrey St *1908 to ? - William Main (b.1867)

Second Charge

Not only was the church large enough to need two ministers but (more unusually) the second charge ministers often obtained fame in their own right including at least one rising to be Moderator. This is unique to Trinity College Church. This second charge was operational from 1597 to 1782, when the building of St Andrew's Church in the New Town took a large section of the congregation, no longer necessitating second services. Notable second charges were: * 1597 to 1604 - George Robertson, son of Patrick Robertson, Regent of Edinburgh University * 1625 to 1628 - John Maxwell MA, translated from St Giles * 1628 to 1629 - Henry Rollock MA translated to

Greyfriars Kirk Greyfriars Kirk ( gd, Eaglais nam Manach Liath) is a parish church of the Church of Scotland, located in the Old Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is surrounded by Greyfriars Kirkyard. Greyfriars traces its origin to the south-west parish of Edin ...

* !634 to 1640 - James Elliot MA DD * 1641 to 1647 - William Bennet MA his son George Bennet became a baronet in 1671 * 1648 to 1662 - John Smith (d.1667) captured by English Army in 1651 * 1663 to 1668 - Alexander Cairncross (b.1637) * 1668 to 1689 - John MacQueen (d.1733) also Sub Dean of Chapel Royal * 1701 to 1708 - Archibald Riddell (1635-1708) son of Sir Walter Riddell, prisoner on

Bass Rock The Bass Rock, or simply the Bass (), ( gd, Creag nam Bathais or gd, Am Bas) is an island in the outer part of the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland. Approximately offshore, and north-east of North Berwick, it is a steep-sided volca ...

and minister in USA * 1710 to 1719 - James Grierson (1662-1732) Moderator in 1719 (the second Second Charge to become Moderator) * 1732 to 1755 - George Logan (1678-1755) Moderator in 1740 (the third Second Charge to become Moderator) * 1758 to 1782 - Rev Dr Robert Dick DD MA (1722-1792)

Notes

References

* Colston, James, (1896/1897),''Trinity College and Trinity Hospital Edinburgh'', Magistrates and Town Council Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 2 Volumes. * Cowan, Ian B. & Easson, David E., (1976), ''Medieval Religious Houses Scotland'', Longman, London. * Marwick, James, (1891), ''History of the Church of Holy Trinity and Hospital'', Edinburgh, Burgh Records Society, Edinburgh. * Watt, D.E.R.and Murray, A. L. (2003), ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi Ad Annum 1638, The Scottish Record Society, Edinburgh.

External links

Photographs
of a communion plate, 2 communion cups and 2 communion flagons associated with Trinity College Kirk, Edinburgh;

National Museums Scotland National Museums Scotland (NMS; gd, Taighean-tasgaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government. It runs the national museums of Scotland. NMS is one of the country's National Collections ...

Archive of images
of the kirk, held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland
Image of Trinity Hospital
held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland

of a transept window,

University of Glasgow , image = UofG Coat of Arms.png , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of arms Flag , latin_name = Universitas Glasguensis , motto = la, Via, Veritas, Vita , ...

Brass Rubbing Centre
the City of Edinburgh Museums & Galleries {{Authority control 1460 establishments in Scotland Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh Listed churches in Edinburgh Church of Scotland churches in Edinburgh Collegiate churches in Scotland Former churches in Scotland Royal Mile Tourist attractions in Edinburgh History of the University of Edinburgh Renaissance architecture in Scotland