Trinidad Hermenegildo José María Juan Francisco Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho
(13 April 1857 – 26 March 1925) was a Filipino physician, historian and politician of Spanish and Portuguese descent who served as
Deputy Prime Minister of the Philippines in 1899.
Trinidad, also known by his name T. H. Pardo de Tavera, was known for his writings about different aspects of Philippine culture.
Family
Trinidad was born on 13 April 1857 to Spanish lawyer and government official Félix Pardo de Tavera and Juliana Gorricho from a wealthy, illustrious Filipino family. The Pardos de Tavera had a long history. His father, Félix, descended from the Portuguese aristocratic family of ''Pardo'' from
Tavira
Tavira () is a Portuguese town and municipality, capital of the ''Costa do Acantilado'', situated in the east of the Algarve on the south coast of Portugal. It is east of Faro and west of Huelva across the river Guadiana into Spain. The Gilã ...
, Portugal. In late 1640s, the Pardos added the name ''de Tavera'' to affix their place of origin similar to Spanish noble customs. Among the notable members of the family was Juan Pardo de Tavera, who carried the title ''Marquis de Magahon'' and
Juan VI Pardo de Tavera, the
Archbishop of Toledo
This is a list of Bishops and Archbishops of Toledo ( la, Archidioecesis Metropolitae Toletana). ,
Primate of Spain
The Primacy of the Spains ( pt, Primaz das Espanhas; es, Primado de las Españas, ca, Primat de les Espanyes) is the primacy of the Iberian Peninsula, historically known as Hispania or in the plural as the Spains. The Archbishop of Braga, in ...
and
Grand Inquisitor
Grand Inquisitor ( la, Inquisitor Generalis, literally ''Inquisitor General'' or ''General Inquisitor'') was the lead official of the Inquisition. The title usually refers to the chief inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition, even after the reuni ...
of Spain during the reign of
Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...
Charles V Charles V may refer to:
* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
* Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain
* Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise
* Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690)
* Infa ...
(and I of Spain). In 1825, Trinidad's grandfather and Félix's father, Julián Pardo de Tavera, set sail for
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...
shortly after marrying Spanish woman Juana María Gómez. Julián and Juana bore three children: Félix, Joaquín and Carmen.
The Pardos de Tavera lived in Cabildo St.,
Intramuros
Intramuros (Latin for "inside the walls") is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila.
Present-day I ...
. Félix and Joaquín were sent to the
University of Santo Tomas
The University of Santo Tomas (also known as UST and officially as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila) is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines. Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Migue ...
where they both finished as bachelors of law. The brothers also worked for the advisory council of the
governor-general. They married sisters Juliana and Gertrudis Gorricho.
Trinidad's mother has its origins rooted from an Irishman named Joseph Doyle. Juliana Gorricho was the daughter of José Dámaso Gorricho, a wealthy landowner in Manila and
Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest ...
and owner of country's largest money-lending company that time. José's father, Miguel Ignacio Gorricho, was a Spanish from
Pamplona
Pamplona (; eu, Iruña or ), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre, in Spain. It is also the third-largest city in the greater Basque cultural region.
Lying at near above ...
who became the governor of
Capiz province
Capiz, officially the Province of Capiz ( Capiznon/ Hiligaynon: ''Kapuoran sang Capiz''; tl, Lalawigan ng Capiz), is a province in the Philippines located in the central section of Western Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Roxas. It is ...
. Juliana's mother, Ciriaca de los Santos, was a Filipino enterprising woman from Cavite who made their family fortune by selling hay to horses used by the Spanish cavalry.
Félix Pardo de Tavera and Juliana Gorricho bore three children, namely Trinidad himself, Félix ''hijo'' and María de la Paz, who would later marry renowned Filipino painter
Juan Luna
Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (, ; October 23, 1857 – December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recogni ...
.
Early life
Trinidad was known in his early years as ''Trini''. He was identified as a "cuarteron" or a person who is three-fourths Spanish by blood.Their house in Cabildo street was just across the central square or ''plaza mayor'', the
Manila Cathedral and the government house or ''cabildo''. In 1870, the government rented one of the wings of the Pardo de Tavera house to support the establishment of ''
Academia de Dibujo y Pintura
The Academia de Dibujo y Pintura ( en, Academy of Drawing and Painting) was an institution for artistic instruction in Manila, Philippines founded in 1821 by Damián Domingo with the support of the Real Sociedad Economica Filipina de los Amigos de ...
'', the country's first state-supported school for drawing and painting.
In 1864, Trini's father Félix died. His uncle, Joaquín, still childless from his marriage to Gertrudis Gorricho, volunteered to become the adoptive father of Trini, Félix ''hijo'' and Carmen or Chiching. To fill Félix's post in the four-people ''Consejo de Administración'', a royal order came to Manila offering the position to Joaquín. To sit in the ''Consejo'' was one of the highest honors in the Philippines during those times: he mingled with the highest officials of the country and was conferred into knighthood
Order of Isabella the Catholic
The Order of Isabella the Catholic ( es, Orden de Isabel la Católica) is a Spanish civil order and honor granted to persons and institutions in recognition of extraordinary services to the homeland or the promotion of international relations a ...
.
When the
Glorious Revolution broke out in Spain in 1868 to overthrow
Isabella II
Isabella II ( es, Isabel II; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868.
Shortly before her birth, the King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the successi ...
, Joaquín was named one of the assemblymen to push reforms in the Philippines. In 1869, they presented list of reforms to the liberal governor
Carlos María de la Torre
Carlos María Javier de la Torre y Nieto (15 November 1873, Quito, Ecuador – 31 July 1968, Quito, Ecuador) was an Ecuadorian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop of Quito, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope ...
which outraged the ''
peninsulares
In the context of the Spanish Empire, a ''peninsular'' (, pl. ''peninsulares'') was a Spaniard born in Spain residing in the New World, Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea. Nowadays, the word ''peninsulares'' makes reference to Peninsular ...
'' (or Spaniards born in mainland Spain). In 1871, de la Torre was replaced by
Rafael de Izquierdo
Rafael may refer to:
* Rafael (given name) or Raphael, a name of Hebrew origin
* Rafael, California
* Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, Israeli manufacturer of weapons and military technology
* Hurricane Rafael, a 2012 hurricane
Fiction
* ''R ...
. In 1872,
a mutiny broke out in Cavite and Joaquín was one of the alleged mutineers arrested by Izquierdo and was imprisoned in
Fort Santiago
Fort Santiago ( es, Fuerte de Santiago; fil, Kutà ng Santiago), built in 1571, is a citadel built by Spanish navigator and governor Miguel López de Legazpi for the newly established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defense fortress is lo ...
. By 15 February 1872, Joaquín was sentenced to be deported in
Guam
Guam (; ch, Guåhan ) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the westernmost point and territory of the United States (reckoned from the geographic cent ...
. Three years later, his sentence was lifted and he was pardoned as one of the suspects of the mutiny. Because of the harassment and humiliation, Joaquín chose not to return to Manila, and reside together with his wife in Paris instead.
Trinidad was already a student at these times. He finished his primary and secondary education at
Ateneo Municipal de Manila
, mottoeng = Light in the Lord
, type = Private, research, non-profit, coeducational basic and higher education institution
, established = December 10, 1859
, religious_affiliation = Roman Catholic (Jesuits)
, academic_af ...
. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1873 at
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
The Colegio de San Juan de Letran, (transl: College of San Juan de Letran) also referred to by its acronym CSJL, is a private Catholic coeducational basic and higher education institution owned and run by the friars of the Order of Preachers i ...
. By 1875, he was on his midway of his study of medicine at
University of Santo Tomas
The University of Santo Tomas (also known as UST and officially as the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila) is a private, Catholic research university in Manila, Philippines. Founded on April 28, 1611, by Spanish friar Migue ...
when his uncle Joaquín, sent an invitation for them to reside in Paris and pursue education in France.
Life in Paris
![Père-Lachaise - Division 96 - Pardo de Tavera 05](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_96_-_Pardo_de_Tavera_05.jpg)
In Paris, who was still plagued by the aftermath of the
Franco-Prussian War and the
Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (french: Commune de Paris, ) was a revolutionary government that seized power in Paris, the capital of France, from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard had defended ...
that had happened around 1870 until 1871, the Pardos de Tavera befriended many powerful French politicians, including Prime Minister
Léon Gambetta
Léon Gambetta (; 2 April 1838 – 31 December 1882) was a French lawyer and republican politician who proclaimed the French Third Republic in 1870 and played a prominent role in its early government.
Early life and education
Born in Cahors, Ga ...
and
presidents
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
Maurice de MacMahon and
Jules Grévy
François Judith Paul Grévy (15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891), known as Jules Grévy (), was a French lawyer and politician who served as President of France from 1879 to 1887. He was a leader of the Moderate Republicans, and given that hi ...
. The Pardos de Tavera made a living by receiving the income made by their real properties left in the Philippines.
Trinidad enrolled at the
University of Paris
, image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of Arms
, latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis
, motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin)
, mottoeng = Here and a ...
to continue his degree in medicine. One of his prominent professors was
Étienne Stéphane Tarnier
Stéphane Étienne Tarnier (29 April 1828 – 23 November 1897) was a French obstetrician who was a native of Aiserey.
He studied and practiced medicine in Paris, and is often considered as doyen of French obstetrics during the second half of t ...
(1828–1897), an
obstetrician
Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a surgic ...
and one of the pioneers of introducing
Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (, ; 27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization, the latter of which was named after ...
and
Lister theories in obstetrics. While at the university, he met Louise Ivanovna Krilof and Maria Nikolaevna Lujine, Russian
Nihilists. At a visit to one of them, Trinidad learned the idea of the Nihilist movement and shared his own experience of repression while in the Philippines.
In 1880, Trinidad received his licentiate in medicine at the
Faculté de Médecine de Paris
, image_name = Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg
, image_size = 150px
, caption = Coat of Arms
, latin_name = Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis
, motto = ''Hic et ubique terrarum'' (Latin)
, mottoeng = Here and a ...
and in 1881, his bachelor in medicine. In mid-1880s, he enrolled in
École nationale des langues orientales vivantes
Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales ( en, National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations), abbreviated as INALCO, is a French university specializing in the teaching of languages and cultures from the world. ...
(now ''Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales'') and took courses under Pierre Étienne Lazare Favre. In December 1885, he received his diploma in
Malay language
Malay (; ms, Bahasa Melayu, links=no, Jawi alphabet, Jawi: , Rejang script, Rencong: ) is an Austronesian languages, Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spo ...
. During his study at Paris, he tracked down rare collections of books and maps about the Philippines, its culture, tradition and history. He submitted medical articles to various journals, one of them maybe an article he wrote about
Pott's disease in 1881 and was published at ''El Siglo Médico'' in
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
. In 1884, he sent an article about faith and folk healing in
Luzon
Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...
to Paris' ''Journal médecine''. In 1886, he published his thesis ''Contribution a l'etude de la periarthrite du genou (Affections de la bourse sereuse de la patte d'oie)'' or ''Contribution to the Study of Periarthritis of the Knee (Diseases of the
Bursa
( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa, Latin: Prusa, ota, بورسه, Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the ...
of Crow's Feet)''.
While a student at the ''École nationale'', he wrote ''Contribución para el estudio de los antiguos alfabetos Filipinos'' (Contribution to the study of ancient Filipino alphabet) in 1884 which was published in
Lausanne
, neighboring_municipalities= Bottens, Bretigny-sur-Morrens, Chavannes-près-Renens, Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Crissier, Cugy, Écublens, Épalinges, Évian-les-Bains (FR-74), Froideville, Jouxtens-Mézery, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Lugrin (FR ...
and ''El sánscrito en la lengua tagala'' in 1887. The ''El sánscrito'' investigates the etymology and influence of the
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
family of languages to
Filipino grammar
Tagalog grammar (Tagalog: ''Balarilà ng Tagalog'') is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Tagalog language, the language of the Tagalog region of the Philippines.
In Tagalog, there are nine basic parts of speech: ...
and
orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.
Most transnational languages in the modern period have a writing system, and mos ...
.
Jose Rizal
Jose is the English transliteration of the Hebrew and Aramaic name ''Yose'', which is etymologically linked to ''Yosef'' or Joseph. The name was popular during the Mishnaic and Talmudic periods.
* Jose ben Abin
* Jose ben Akabya
*Jose the Gali ...
lamented after the publication of the ''El sánscrito en la lengua tagala'', he said that "I envy Pardo de Tavera's knowledge of Sanskrit." In 1886, he joined several linguistic societies such as ''Société académique indo-chinoise'' (Indo-Chinese Academic Society), ''Société hespagnole d'hygiène'' (Spanish Society of Hygiene) and ''Société d'anthrologie'' (Anthropologic Society). His papers ''Contribución para el estudio'' and ''El sánscrito'' were later lauded by overseas research journals and publications such as the ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' and ''Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''.
Career
He was recognized as the first Filipino to publish a medical article in a professional journal, as he wrote down ''La medicine a l'Ile de Luzon, Archipel des Philippine''.
In 1901, he published a report entitled ''Etimologia de los nombres de razas de Filipinas'' which is about the etymological origins of the names of races found in the Philippines. The work was dedicated to Professor
Dean Worcester, who was head of the medical and zoological division in the Philippines at that time.
In 1906, he published a ''Reseña histórica de Filipinas desde su descubrimiento hasta 1903'', in Manila.
However, it was condemned by the religious sector, primarily by a Dominican priest, Fr. Serapio Tamayo. He mocked Pardo by stating that he was of "mediocre intelligence."
Ferdinand Blumentritt stressed out that he and
Rizal were "the only learned scholars of Malaysia produced by Spain."
During the American occupation, Trinidad was hailed as the "interpreter of American intentions towards the Philippines" and as the "right-hand man of Governor Taft in the establishment of civil government." He always envisioned the Philippines being admitted into the "American union" since from the very start, he was very convinced that an independent Philippine state was not the most "dignified" option for the Filipinos.
Personal life and beliefs
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, during his stay at Paris, was immersed through a plethora of works, since he could understand different languages such as Spanish, French, German, Italian, English and apparently, Russian. He read works by prominent figures such as
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (, also , ; ; 22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a Prussian philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin, which was named afte ...
, Abel de Remusat,
Eugene Burnouf
Eugene may refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Eugene (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Eugene (actress) (born 1981), Kim Yoo-jin, South Korean actress and former member of the sin ...
,
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (; or ; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician. He is known as "the father of modern pathology" and as the founder ...
and
Fedor Jagor. He was also an avid follower of the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (, , ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and ...
. He was inspired by Kant's idea that reason is the source of morality, morality is the work of freedom and individual self-mastery is the very essence of a human being. His hatred of exclusiveness and privilege were credited as an Kantian influence. He also patterned
Auguste Comte
Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (; 19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857) was a French philosopher and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. He is often regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense ...
's societal evolution to that of the Philippines, from a "theological-military" stage towards a "positivistic-industrial" stage.
Death
On March 26, 1925, Trinidad passed away in his bedroom in Manila, going unnoticed since his sons thought he was taking an afternoon nap. He was cremated and his ashes interred beside his mother's grave in Paris.
References
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pardo de Tavera, Trinidad
1857 births
1925 deaths
University of Santo Tomas alumni
20th-century Filipino historians
19th-century Filipino medical doctors
20th-century Filipino medical doctors
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
People from Intramuros
Tagalog people
INALCO alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Burials at San Agustin Church (Manila)
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
University of Paris alumni
Members of the Malolos Congress