The Didymocarpoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family
Gesneriaceae. It was formerly the subfamily Cyrtandroideae. This subfamily consists mostly of
tropical and
subtropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...
Old World genera, found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. One species (''
Rhynchoglossum azureum
''Rhynchoglossum'' is a genus of plant in family Gesneriaceae. In recent times, members of the former genus ''Klugia'' are also included. Species within the broader genus are found in India, southern China to New Guinea and about three species in ...
'') is native to Central and South America.
[
]
Description
Didymocarpoideae is one of two main subfamilies in the Gesneriaceae, the other being Gesnerioideae
The Gesnerioideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Gesneriaceae: based on the type genus ''Gesneria''. Although genera typically originate in the New World, some species have become widely distributed as ornamental plants.
Description
Ges ...
. (The third subfamily, Sanangoideae, contains only the genus ''Sanango
''Sanango'' is a genus of flowering plants containing a single species, ''Sanango racemosum''. The genus was originally placed in family Loganiaceae but has since been variously placed in Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae and Buddlejaceae. As of 201 ...
''.) Didymocarpoideae seedlings usually have cotyledons which become different in size and shape (anisocotylous). One cotyledon ceases to grow at some point and then withers away. The other continues to grow, and in extreme cases may grow to become very large and be the only leaf on the plant (''Monophyllaea
''Monophyllaea'' is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):
* ''Monophyllaea albicalyx'' (A. Weber)
* ''Monophyllaea andersonii'' (B.L.Burtt)
* ''Monophyllaea anthocrena' ...
'', some ''Streptocarpus
''Streptocarpus'' ("twisted fruit" from Greek στρεπτός (''streptos'') "twisted" and καρπός (''carpos'') "fruit") is an Afrotropical genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The genus is native to Afromontane biotopes ...
''). Didymocarpoideae flowers usually have two fertile stamen
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...
s, less often four and rarely one or five. The ovary
The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. ...
is always superior. The fruit is usually a dry capsule, although other kinds of fruit, such as a fleshy berry, are also found.[
]
Tribes and genera
A classification published in 2020 divides the subfamily into two tribes.[
* Tribe Epithemateae
* '']Epithema
''Epithema''von Blume CL (1826) ''Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.'' 14: 737. is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae and subfamily Didymocarpoideae. Species distribution records are mostly from western tropical Africa to Uganda, tropical and subtr ...
''
* '' Gyrogyne''
* ''Loxonia
''Loxonia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Peninsula Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: سمننجڠ مليسيا), or the States of Malaya ( ms, Negeri ...
''
* ''Monophyllaea
''Monophyllaea'' is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):
* ''Monophyllaea albicalyx'' (A. Weber)
* ''Monophyllaea andersonii'' (B.L.Burtt)
* ''Monophyllaea anthocrena' ...
''
* ''Rhynchoglossum
''Rhynchoglossum'' is a genus of plant in family Gesneriaceae. In recent times, members of the former genus ''Klugia'' are also included. Species within the broader genus are found in India, southern China to New Guinea and about three species in ...
''
* ''Stauranthera
''Stauranthera'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old Wor ...
''
* ''Whytockia
''Whytockia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is southern China and Taiwan.
Known species
As accepted by Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database ...
''
* Tribe Trichosporeae
* ''Aeschynanthus
''Aeschynanthus'' is a genus of about 150 species of evergreen subtropical and tropical plants in the family Gesneriaceae. They are usually trailing epiphytes with brightly colored flowers that are pollinated by sunbirds. The genus name comes fro ...
''
* ''Agalmyla
''Agalmyla'' is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae.
Species
, Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ...
''
* ''Allocheilos
''Allocheilos'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Southern China.
Species:
*'' Allocheilos cortusiflorum''
*'' Allocheilos guangxiensis''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q8195906
Didy ...
''
* ''Allostigma
''Allostigma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the ...
''
* ''Anna
Anna may refer to:
People Surname and given name
* Anna (name)
Mononym
* Anna the Prophetess, in the Gospel of Luke
* Anna (wife of Artabasdos) (fl. 715–773)
* Anna (daughter of Boris I) (9th–10th century)
* Anna (Anisia) (fl. 1218 to 1221)
...
''
* ''Beccarinda
''Beccarinda'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the ...
''
* ''Billolivia
''Billolivia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the ...
''
* ''Boea
''Boea'' is a genus of plants in the family Gesneriaceae, with species originating from Australia, China, India, Malaysia, Birma, Philippines, Polynesia, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, Vietnam an ...
''
* ''Boeica
''Boeica'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Tropical Asia
Tropical Asia refers to the entirety of the areas in Asia with a tropical climate. These areas are of geographic and economic im ...
''
* ''Briggsiopsis
''Briggsiopsis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It contains only one known species, Briggsiopsis delavayi
Its native range is southern central China.
The genus is named in honour of Munro Briggs S ...
''
* ''Cathayanthe
''Cathayanthe'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Hainan
Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various island ...
''
* ''Championia
''Championia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the ...
''
* ''Chayamaritia
''Chayamaritia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Indo-China
Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast Asi ...
''
* ''Codonoboea
''Codonoboea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Many of its species were formerly placed in the genus ''Henckelia
''Henckelia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Many of its species were forme ...
''
* ''Conandron
''Conandron'' is a genus that consists of 3 species of small ornamental alpine perennials, native to Japan and Taiwan. The botanical names comes from the ''Greek'', meaning "cone-shaped anther". These plants are almost stemless herb with radical ...
''
* ''Corallodiscus
''Corallodiscus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of ...
''
* '' Cyrtandra''
* ''Damrongia
''Damrongia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Gesneriad family, centered in Thailand and found in southern China, Southeast Asia, and Sumatra. Species were reassigned to it in 2016 in a revision of Loxocarpinae.
Species
Currently accepted ...
''
* ''Deinostigma
''Deinostigma'' is a genus in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Vietnam and Southern China. In 2016 the genus was expanded with the transfer of several species that had previously been place in the genus ''Primulina
''Primulina'' is a genus o ...
''
* ''Didissandra
''Didissandra'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It includes eight species native to Western Malesia, ranging from Peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the thir ...
''
* ''Didymocarpus
''Didymocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae and typical of the tribe Didymocarpeae. There are about 100 known species distributed in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, southern China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, ...
''
* ''Didymostigma
''Didymostigma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It includes two species native to southeastern China and Hainan
Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of Chin ...
''
* ''Dorcoceras
''Dorcoceras'' is a genus of flowering plants in the African violet family Gesneriaceae, native to Assam, Southeast Asia, China and central Malesia. Its species were transferred from the genus ''Boea'' in 2016.
''D. hygrometrica'' is considered ...
''
* ''Emarhendia
''Emarhendia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It only contains one species,''Emarhendia bettiana'' (M.R.Hend.) Kiew, A.Weber & B.L.Burtt.
It is a subshrub endemic to Pahang in Peninsula Malaysia.
...
''
* ''Glabrella
''Glabrella'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the ...
''
* ''Gyrocheilos
''Gyrocheilos'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Southern China (Guangxi, Guangdong, SE Guizhou).
Species:
*'' Gyrocheilos chorisepalus''
*'' Gyrocheilos lasiocalyx''
*'' Gyrocheilos m ...
''
* ''Haberlea
''Haberlea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The only member of this genus, ''Haberlea rhodopensis'', is endemic to parts of Bulgaria and a small part of northern Greece, especially in the Rhodope Mountains. C ...
''
* '' Hemiboea''
* ''Henckelia
''Henckelia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Many of its species were formerly placed in '' Didymocarpus'' sect. ''Orthoboea'' and in the genus ''Chirita
''Chirita'' was a formerly recognised genus of plants in th ...
''
* ''Hexatheca
''Hexatheca'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Borneo.
Four species are accepted:
*''Hexatheca dolichopoda''
*''Hexatheca fulva''
*''Hexatheca johannis-winkleri''
*''Hexatheca longiped ...
''
* '' Jerdonia''
* ''Kaisupeea
''Kaisupeea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Indo-China. It is found in Myanmar and Thailand.
The genus name of ''Kaisupeea'' is in honour of Supee Saksuwan Larsen (b. 1939) and her husb ...
''
* '' Leptoboea''
* ''Liebigia
''Liebigia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
It is native to Java, Sumatera and Lesser Sunda Islands.
The genus name of ''Liebigia'' is in honour of Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), a German scientist who mad ...
''
* ''Litostigma
''Litostigma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the ...
''
* ''Loxocarpus
''Loxocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Many of its species were formerly placed in the genus ''Henckelia
''Henckelia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. Many of its species were forme ...
''
* ''Loxostigma
''Loxostigma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Himalaya to Southern China and Indo-China
Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the contine ...
''
* '' Lysionotus''
* ''Metapetrocosmea
''Metapetrocosmea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It includes ten species native to southern China, Hainan, and Vietnam.
A 2022 phylogenetic and morphological study by Peng-Wei Li ''et al.'' concluded that ...
''
* ''Microchirita
''Microchirita'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, subfamily Didymocarpoideae
The Didymocarpoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It was formerly the subfamily Cyrtandroideae. This subfamily co ...
''
* '' Middletonia''
* ''Orchadocarpa
''Orchadocarpa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It contains a single species, ''Orchadocarpa lilacina'', a lithophyte native to the Titiwangsa Range on the Malay Peninsula
The Malay Peninsula (Malay ...
''
* '' Oreocharis''
* ''Ornithoboea
''Ornithoboea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. It includes 17 species native to south-central China, Indochina, and Peninsular Malaysia.
Species
17 species are accepted.
*''Ornithoboea arachnoidea''
*''Orn ...
''
* '' Paraboea''
* ''Petrocodon
''Petrocodon'' is a diverse genus of the family Gesneriaceae found in Southern China. ''Petrocodon'' formerly had few species, but recent genetic analysis has refined our understanding of the genus. ''Calcareoboea, Paralagarosolen, Dolicholoma'' ...
''
* ''Petrocosmea
''Petrocosmea'' is a genus of the family Gesneriaceae, the African violet family. Most of the species within this genus are endemism, endemic to high-altitude areas in Western China,''Petrocosmea'' Retrieved November 10th, 2008, from http://www. ...
''
* ''Platystemma
''Platystemma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
It contains a single species, ''Platystemma violoides'', an annual native to the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, south-central China ( Yunnan), and Penins ...
''
* ''Primulina
''Primulina'' is a genus of flowering plants in the African violet family Gesneriaceae. In 2011 the genus was expanded with the transfer of many species that had previously been placed in the genus ''Chirita
''Chirita'' was a formerly recogn ...
''
* '' Pseudochirita''
* ''Rachunia
''Rachunia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
It contains a single species, ''Rachunia cymbiformis'', which is endemic to Thailand.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q95716806, from2=Q95988267
Didymocarpoide ...
''
* '' Ramonda'', including ''Jankaea''
* ''Raphiocarpus
''Raphiocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Southern China to Vietnam.
Species:
*''Raphiocarpus annamensis''
*''Raphiocarpus asper''
*''Raphiocarpus aureus''
*''Raphiocarpus bego ...
''
* '' Rhabdothamnopsis''
* '' Rhynchotechum''
* ''Ridleyandra
''Ridleyandra'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Thailand to western Malesia. It is found in Borneo, Malaya and Thailand.
The genus name of ''Ridleyandra'' is in honour of Henry Nicholas Ri ...
''
* ''Senyumia
''Senyumia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
It is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
Species
Species:
*'' Senyumia granitica''
*'' Senyumia minutiflora''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q21293644
Didym ...
''
* ''Sepikea
''Sepikea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
It contains a single species, ''Sepikea cylindrocarpa'', a subshrub
A subshrub (Latin ''suffrutex'') or dwarf shrub is a short shrub, and is a woody plant. Pr ...
''
* '' Somrania''
* ''Spelaeanthus
''Spelaeanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
Its native range is Malaysian Peninsula
The Malay Peninsula ( Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The land ...
''
* ''Streptocarpus
''Streptocarpus'' ("twisted fruit" from Greek στρεπτός (''streptos'') "twisted" and καρπός (''carpos'') "fruit") is an Afrotropical genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The genus is native to Afromontane biotopes ...
'', including ''Saintpaulia''
* ''Tetraphyllum
''Tetraphyllum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. , there was no consensus as to whether the correct scientific name for the genus is ''Tetraphyllum'' or ''Tetraphylloides'', some sources using the former and s ...
'' (syn. ''Tetraphylloides'')
* ''Tribounia
''Tribounia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.
It is native to Thailand.
Known species, according to Kew:
* '' Tribounia grandiflora'' D.J.Middleton
* '' Tribounia venosa'' (Barnett) D.J.Middleton
The genus ...
''
File:Aeschynanthus.jpg, ''Aeschynanthus speciosus
''Aeschynanthus speciosus'', also known as the basket plant, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. There are many species of ''Aeschynanthus'', all of which have long, trailing stems and bright flowers. The large, fleshy, da ...
''
File:Cyrtandra cyaneoides (5490666621).jpg, ''Cyrtandra cyaneoides
''Cyrtandra cyaneoides'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the Gesneriaceae, African violet family known by the common name māpele. It is Endemism, endemic to Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi, where it is known from eleven populations containing a tota ...
''
File:Damrongia-orientalis Roberts.jpg, ''Damrongia orientalis
''Damrongia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Gesneriad family, centered in Thailand and found in southern China, Southeast Asia, and Sumatra. Species were reassigned to it in 2016 in a revision of Loxocarpinae.
Species
Currently accepted ...
''
File:Haberlea rhodopensis.jpg, ''Haberlea rhodopensis
''Haberlea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The only member of this genus, ''Haberlea rhodopensis'', is endemic to parts of Bulgaria and a small part of northern Greece, especially in the Rhodope Mountains. C ...
''
File:Microchirita lavandulacea (Chirita lavandulacea) - Botanischer Garten, Dresden, Germany - DSC08590.JPG, ''Microchirita lavandulacea
''Microchirita lavandulacea'', called the lavender microchirita, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Microchirita'', native to southern Vietnam. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Gar ...
''
File:Monophyllaea glauca.jpg, '' Monophyllaea glauca'' – each leaf is one separate plant
File:Petrocosmea rosettifolia.JPG, ''Petrocosmea rosettifolia
''Petrocosmea rosettifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. A new species ''Petrocosmea cryptica'' J.M.H.Shaw was described in 2011, long known in cultivation but mistakenly identified as ''P. rosettifolia''.
Descrip ...
''
File:RAMONDA MYCONI - LA CORRIU - IB-467 (Orella d'ós).JPG, ''Ramonda myconi
''Ramonda myconi'', the Pyrenean-violet or rosette mullein, syn. ''R. pyrenaica'', is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae, which is a relictual endemite of shady, rocky places in the Pyrenees and north eastern Spain. It is a ...
''
File:KlugiaWynaad.jpg, ''Rhynchoglossum notonianum
''Rhynchoglossum'' is a genus of plant in family Gesneriaceae. In recent times, members of the former genus ''Klugia'' are also included. Species within the broader genus are found in India, southern China to New Guinea and about three species in ...
''
File:Streptocarpus saxorum in bloom.jpg, ''Streptocarpus saxorum
''Streptocarpus saxorum'', called the false African violet, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Streptocarpus'', subgenus ''Streptocarpella'', native to Kenya and Tanzania. It is an evergreen perennial that often bears flowers nearly y ...
''
Distribution
The species of the subfamily Didymocarpoideae are native to Europe, Africa, Asia, Malesia, the Pacific and Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, except for a single species, ''Rhynchoglossum azureum
''Rhynchoglossum'' is a genus of plant in family Gesneriaceae. In recent times, members of the former genus ''Klugia'' are also included. Species within the broader genus are found in India, southern China to New Guinea and about three species in ...
'', which is native to the Neotropics (Central and South America).[
]
References
External links
*
*
{{taxonbar, from1=Q21234240, from2=Q5795565
Didymocarpoideae
Plant subfamilies