The Trianon Syndrome or Trianon Trauma ( hu, Trianon szindróma or ) is the name given to a social phenomenon mostly occurring in

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...

. It consists of resentment about the consequences of the

Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (french: Traité de Trianon, hu, Trianoni békeszerződés, it, Trattato del Trianon) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It forma ...

and in the belief that Hungary was better in the past than in the present. The Treaty of Trianon was a peace treaty signed after

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...

through which the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coronation of the Hungarian monarch, c ...

lost over two-thirds of its land to

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Kingdom commonly refers to: * A monarchy ruled by a king or queen * Kingdom (biology), a category in biological taxonomy Kingdom may also refer to: Arts and media Television * ''Kingdom'' (British TV series), a 2007 British television drama s ...

(later renamed to Yugoslavia),

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

and

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

. The Trianon Syndrome may also be considered as being present in some of these countries in the form of worry about Hungarian revisionism. The Trianon Syndrome had great relevance in Hungary from 1920 to 1945, after which the country was occupied by the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

, and re-emerged following the end of Soviet influence in 1990, with current Hungarian society being divided between those who remain concerned about the Treaty of Trianon and those who aim to forget it. In recent years, the Trianon Syndrome has been exploited by

nationalist Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: The ...

and

populist Populism refers to a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against " the elite". It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed ...

politicians in Hungary, particularly by

Fidesz Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (; hu, Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség) is a right-wing populist and national-conservative political party in Hungary, led by Viktor Orbán. It was formed in 1988 under the name of Alliance of Young ...

, the ruling political party in the country, and

Viktor Orbán Viktor Mihály Orbán (; born 31 May 1963) is a Hungarian politician who has served as prime minister of Hungary since 2010, previously holding the office from 1998 to 2002. He has presided over Fidesz since 1993, with a brief break between 20 ...

, the current

Prime Minister of Hungary The prime minister of Hungary ( hu, Magyarország miniszterelnöke) is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party ...

. This has been done through commemorations,

rallies and the raising of

monument A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, his ...

s. For instance, since 2010, every 4 June is celebrated in Hungary as the Day of National Unity, originally approved with the hope of bringing Hungary closer to Hungarians living outside of the country. Hungarian media has also suggested that the Trianon Syndrome is found in

as well, among politicians and

intellectuals. As the centenary of the signing of the treaty got closer, articles on the treaty in Romanian media increased in number. Furthermore, a Romanian politician,

Titus Corlățean Titus Corlățean (; born 11 January 1968) is a Romanian politician and diplomat, former Minister of Justice and of Foreign Affairs. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), part of the Party of European Socialists, and was elected to ...

, pushed for the declaration of 4 June as the

Trianon Treaty Day The Trianon Treaty Day ( ro, Ziua Tratatului de la Trianon) is a public holiday in Romania celebrated every 4 June to commemorate the signing of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. The holiday was first proposed in 2015 by the Romanian politician Tit ...

in Romania to celebrate the union of Transylvania with the country. This holiday was in the end promulgated on 18 November 2020 by the then

President of Romania The president of Romania ( ro, Președintele României) is the head of state of Romania. Following a modification to the Constitution of Romania, Romanian Constitution in 2003, the president is directly elected by a two-round system and serves ...

Klaus Iohannis Klaus Werner Iohannis (; ; also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959) is a Romanian politician, physicist and former teacher who has been serving as the president of Romania since 2014. He became leader of the National Liberal Party (Romania), Na ...

. The administrative division of Slovakia, which disadvantages the Hungarian minority of the country, and the

non-recognition Non-recognition is the practice and legal obligation not to extend diplomatic recognition to annexations or de facto states created through violation of international law. It is a counterpart to the rejection of right of conquest in modern interna ...

of the independence declaration of

Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a partially recognised state in Southeast Euro ...

by both Romania and Slovakia have also been attributed to the Trianon Syndrome by Hungarian media.

References

{{Reflist, 2 Society of Hungary Hungarian nationalism Hungarian irredentism 20th century in Hungary 21st century in Hungary Anti-Hungarian sentiment Hungary–Romania relations Hungary–Slovakia relations

See also

References