The Triaenonychidae are a family of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...

with about 120

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and more than 440 described species.

Description

Most Triaenonychidae are from three to five millimeters long, although some species from South Africa can be only long. Some species in the subfamily Adaeinae are almost long. Legs are almost always short, measuring . The armed

pedipalp Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi) are the second pair of appendages of chelicerates – a group of arthropods including spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. The pedipalps are lateral to the chelicerae ("jaws") and ...

s are large, and much stronger than the legs.

Distribution

Triaenonychidae are found in

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

and

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

and

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, and

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

Relationships

The Triaenonychidae should probably split into at least two families. The genera from the Australian region are considered Triaenonychidae ''sensu stricto'', and may include the strange Synthetonychiidae; the northern species should be grouped with Travuniidae.

Name

The name of the type genus ''Triaenonyx'' is combined from

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

(', "trident, fish spear") and (', "claw").

Genera

The following genera are included in the family:Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog
Triaenonychidae
/ref> ; Triaenonychinae Sørensen ''in'' L. Koch, 1886 * Triaenonychini Sørensen ''in'' L. Koch, 1886 :* '' Acumontia'' Loman, 1898 :* '' Allonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Amatola''

Lawrence Lawrence may refer to: Education Colleges and universities * Lawrence Technological University, a university in Southfield, Michigan, United States * Lawrence University, a liberal arts university in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States Preparator ...

, 1931 :* '' Ankaratrix'' Lawrence, 1959 :* '' Ankylonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Antongila'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Austromontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Austronuncia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Bezavonia'' Roewer, 1949 :* '' Biacumontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Brasiloctis'' Mello-Leitão, 1938 :* '' Breviacantha'' Kauri, 1954 :* '' Bryonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Callihamina'' Roewer, 1942 :* '' Callihamus'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Calliuncus'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Ceratomontia'' Roewer, 1915 :* '' Cluniella'' Forster, 1955 :* '' Conoculus'' Forster, 1949 :* '' Decarynella'' Fage, 1945 :* '' Diaenobunus'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Diasia'' Sørensen, 1902 :* ''

Equitius Saint Equitius ( it, Sant'Equizio) was an abbot of the 6th century. He was born between 480 and 490 in the region of Valeria Suburbicaria (present-day L'Aquila- Rieti- Tivoli). Gregory the Great refers to Equitius in his ''Dialogues'' (I,4 in P ...

'' Simon, 1880 :* '' Graemontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Gunvoria'' Kauri, 1961 :* '' Hedwiga'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Hendea'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Hendeola'' Forster, 1954 :* '' Heteronuncia'' Roewer, 1920 :* '' Hickmanoxyomma'' G. S. Hunt, 1990 :* '' Holonuncia'' Forster, 1955 :* '' Hovanuncia'' Lawrence, 1959 :* '' Ivohibea'' Lawrence, 1959 :* '' Lawrencella'' Strand, 1932 :* '' Leionuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Lispomontia'' Lawrence, 1937 :* '' Lizamontia'' Kury, 2004 South Africa :* '' Lomanella'' Pocock, 1903 :* '' Mensamontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Metanuncia'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Micromontia'' Lawrence, 1939 :* '' Millomontia'' Lawrence, 1959 :* '' Millotonyx'' Lawrence, 1959 :* '' Monomontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Nahuelonyx'' E. A. Maury, 1988 :* '' Neonuncia'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Notonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Nucina'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Nuncia'' Loman, 1902 :* '' Nunciella'' Roewer, 1929 :* '' Nuncioides'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Odontonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Paramontia'' Lawrence, 1934 :* '' Paranuncia'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Parattahia'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Paulianyx'' Lawrence, 1959 :* '' Perthacantha'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Planimontia'' Kauri, 1961 :* '' Prasma'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Prasmiola'' Forster, 1954 :* '' Promecostethus'' Enderlein, 1909 :* '' Psalenoba'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Rhynchobunus'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Roewerania'' Lawrence, 1934 :* '' Rostromontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Speleomontia'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Stylonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Tasmanonyx'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Triaenomontia'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Triaenonychoides'' H. Soares, 1968 :* '' Triaenonyx'' Sørensen ''in'' L. Koch, 1886 :* '' Triconobunus'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Valdivionyx'' E. A. Maury, 1988 :* '' Yatala'' Roewer, 1942 :* '' Yulella'' Lawrence, 1939 * Adaeini Pocock, 1902 :* '' Adaeulum'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Adaeum'' Karsch, 1880 :* '' Cryptadaeum'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Heteradaeum'' Lawrence, 1963 :* '' Larifuga'' Loman, 1898 :* '' Larifugella'' Lawrence, 1933 :* '' Micradaeum'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Montadaeum'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Paradaeum'' Lawrence, 1931 :* '' Triregia'' Forster, 1948 * Triaenobunini Pocock, 1902 :* '' Pyenganella'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Tasmanonuncia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Thelbunus'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Triaenobunus'' Sørensen ''in'' L. Koch, 1886 :* '' Dingupa'' Forster, 1952 :* '' Algidia'' Hogg, 1920 :* '' Allobunus'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Americobunus'' Muñoz-Cuevas, 1972 :* '' Araucanobunus'' Muñoz-Cuevas, 1973 :* '' Cenefia'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Chilobunus'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Chrestobunus'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Dipristes'' Roewer, 1931 :* '' Eubunus'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Glyptobunus'' Roewer, 1914 :* '' Mestonia'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Miobunus'' Roewer, 1915 :* '' Muscicola'' Forster, 1954 :* '' Phanerobunus'' Roewer, 1915 :* '' Phoxobunus'' Hickman, 1958 :* '' Pristobunus'' Roewer, 1931 * ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' :* '' Fumontana'' Shear, 1977 :* '' Picunchenops'' E. A. Maury, 1988 ; Kaolinonychinae Suzuki, 1975 :* '' Kaolinonychus'' Suzuki, 1975 :* '' Mutsunonychus'' Suzuki, 1976 ; Nippononychinae Suzuki, 1975 :* '' Nippononychus'' Suzuki, 1975 :* '' Metanippononychus'' Suzuki, 1975 :* '' Izunonychus'' Suzuki, 1975 ; Paranonychinae Briggs, 1971 :* '' Kainonychus'' Suzuki, 1975 :* '' Metanonychus'' Briggs, 1971 :* '' Paranonychus'' Briggs, 1971 ; Sclerobuninae Dumitrescu, 1976 :* '' Cyptobunus'' Banks, 1905 :* '' Sclerobunus'' Banks, 1893 :* '' Zuma'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 ; Soerensenellinae Forster, 1954 :* ''

Karamea Karamea is a town on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the northernmost settlement of any real size on the West Coast, and is located northeast by road from Westport. Apart from a narrow coastal strip, the town of Karam ...

'' Forster, 1954 :* '' Soerensenella'' Pocock, 1903

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3110771 Harvestmen Harvestman families