Treviño (in Basque: Trebiñu) is the capital of the
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality' ...
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño ("County of Treviño") is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño. Al ...
,
province
A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...
of
Burgos
Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populous municipality of the province of Burgos.
Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of th ...
, in the
autonomous community
The autonomous communities () are the first-level administrative divisions of Spain, created in accordance with the Spanish Constitution of 1978, with the aim of guaranteeing limited autonomy to the nationalities and regions that make up Sp ...
of
Castile and León
Castile and León is an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in northwestern Spain. Castile and León is the largest autonomous community in Spain by area, covering 94,222 km2. It is, however, sparsely populated, with a pop ...
, Spain. The Condado de Treviño and the geographically smaller
La Puebla de Arganzón make up the
enclave of Treviño
An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is some ...
. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is surrounded by the province of
Álava
Álava () or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a Provinces of Spain, province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country, heir of the ancient Basque señoríos#Lords of Álava, Lordship ...
, part of the autonomous community of the
Basque Country. Hence, properly speaking, the enclave of Treviño is an ''
enclave
An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is so ...
'' within Álava, and an ''
exclave
An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is s ...
'' of Burgos.
History
An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of Roman civilization
*Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...
times, the
Varduls,
Caristios and
Autrigones
The Autrigones were a pre-Roman tribe that settled in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, in what today is the western Basque Country (western regions of Biscay and Álava) and northern Burgos and the East of Cantabria, Spain. Their territory li ...
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
At the beginning of the 11th century, Alavese ''
comarca
A ''comarca'' (, , , ) is a traditional region or local administrative division found in Portugal, Spain, and some of their former colonies, like Brazil, Nicaragua, and Panama. The term is derived from the term ''marca'', meaning a "march, mark ...
s'' of the river ''Ivita'' began to be established, in the basin of what is now known as the River
Ayuda, a tributary of the
Zadorra
The Zadorra is a river tributary of the Ebro in the Basque Country in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The river flows primarily across Álava province (flowing briefly through the Treviño enclave at La Puebla de Arganzón) finally reachin ...
, between the
Montes de Vitoria to the north and the
Sierra de Toloño and other ranges of the
Sierra de Cantabria to the south. The name Treviño may stem from , postulated as
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
for 'boundary of the three tribes'.
Foundation of the city of Treviño
The earliest surviving written record of the ''comarca'' Rigo de Ivita is in a document from 1025, the ''
Reja de San Millán'' from the
Cartulary
A cartulary or chartulary (; Latin: ''cartularium'' or ''chartularium''), also called ''pancarta'' or ''codex diplomaticus'', is a medieval manuscript volume or roll ('' rotulus'') containing transcriptions of original documents relating to the fo ...
of
San Millán de la Cogolla
San Millán de la Cogolla () is a sparsely populated municipality in La Rioja (Spain). The village is famous for its twin monasteries, Yuso and Suso (Monasterio de San Millán de Yuso and Monasterio de San Millán de Suso), which were declared a ...
. The notation "XXXV regas" (''regas'' from ''regar'', "to irrigate") next to the name suggests that it was a place of major importance, with more irrigated fields than any other location on the list. Treviño itself was founded by
Navarrese
Navarre ( ; ; ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre, is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and New Aquitaine in France. T ...
king
Sancho VI ("the Wise") no later than 1161; some authors say as early as 1151. The date is indeterminate because the text of the ''
fuero
(), (), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ...
'' is not preserved, but it would clearly have been founded in the same period as the nearby Puebla de Arganzón and
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz (; ; also historically spelled Vittoria in English) is the seat of government and the capital city of the Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country and of the provinces of Spain, province of Álava in northern Spain. I ...
. The royal foundation indicates that at that time the region was controlled by the kings of Navarre, not of
Castile.
Rule by Castile
After the ''comarca'' was conquered in 1199–1200 by
Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (El Noble) or the one of Las Navas (el de las Navas), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarc ...
, it retained the name of ''Ivita'', ''Ibidam'', or ''Uda'' and continued to be identified as a specific part of the land of Álava, as is clearly indicated in ''
De rebus Hispaniae
''De rebus Hispaniae'' or ''Historia gothica'De rebus Hispaniae'' is the original Latin title. ''Historia gótica'' is the later vulgar title. It is also known as the ''Cronicón del Toledano'' or ''Cronicón de las cosas sucedidas en España' ...
'' by
archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
Rodrigo Jiménez (or Ximénez) de Rada (c. 1170 – 10 June 1247) was a Roman Catholic bishop and historian, who held an important religious and political role in the Kingdom of Castile during the reigns of Alfonso VIII of Castile, Alfonso VIII ...
. Gradually, the predominance of the town that develops based on ''fueros'' granted by
Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, ; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, Kingdom of León, León and Kingdom of Galicia, Galicia from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During the April 1257 Imperial election, election of 1 ...
in 1254 supplants the old comarcal name; the area comes to be referred to as ''de Treviño'' rather than ''de Uda'', although for about a century the town is known as ''Treviño de Uda''.
Following its incorporation into Castile, a good portion of Álava was organized into ''
behetrías'', at least nominally choosing their own local leader. However, Treviño and Vitoria were not included in this plan, remained directly under the control of the monarch as part of the royal
seigneury
A seigneur () or lord is an originally feudal system, feudal title in Ancien Régime, France before the French Revolution, Revolution, in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. The seigneur owne ...
.
[ ''Crónica de Alfonso XI'', chapter 97: "... et aquella tierra, sin aquestas villas, llamaban Confradía de Alava..."] In 1332, at the Campo de
Arriaga the
Brotherhood of Álava formally recognized the royal seigneury over Treviño and its surrounding territories.
On 8 April 1366,
Henry II of Castile
Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (''el Fratricida''), was the first List of Castilian monarchs, King of Castile and List of Leonese monarchs, León from the House of Trastámara. He became ...
ceded to
Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of ''Treviño de Uda'' and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño ("County of Treviño") is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño. Al ...
when
Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique y de Castilla (c. 1412 – c. 1490) was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist.
Biography
Gómez Manrique was born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, (1382–1440), adelantado mayor of ...
(great-grandson of Pedro Manrique) was given the title of
count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
. The
Catholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs were Isabella I of Castile, Queen Isabella I of Crown of Castile, Castile () and Ferdinand II of Aragon, King Ferdinand II of Crown of Aragón, Aragon (), whose marriage and joint rule marked the ''de facto'' unification of ...
would later (in 1482) grant the title of
Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these counts of Treviño, dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ''
ayuntamiento
''Ayuntamiento'' ()In other languages of Spain:
* ().
* ().
* (). is the general term for the town council, or ''cabildo'', of a municipality or, sometimes, as is often the case in Spain and Latin America, for the municipality itself. is mai ...
'' (town hall) of the municipality.
Thus Treviño found itself generally left to its own devices as the seat of a noble family, sitting in the middle of Álava, surrounded by communities operating under the more egalitarian ''fueros'' typical of the
Basque Country.
Annual festivals and events
* The Fiesta of
San Juan Bautista, the patron saint of Treviño proper, is celebrated 24 June. When that falls on a weekday, some of the festivities take place on the nearest weekend.
* Feria de las Moscas ("
Fly
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...
Fair") The first Sunday in July, unless that falls on 1 July, in which case the fair takes place 8 July.
* The
pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a travel, journey to a holy place, which can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life. A pilgrim (from the Latin ''peregrinus'') is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) w ...
of
San Formerio, the patron saint of Condado de Treviño, place on the Sunday closest to 25 September. The
Hermitage of San Formerio is in
Pangua, Condado de Treviño.
Notes
External links
Condado de Treviño official site.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevino
Municipalities in the Province of Burgos
eu:Trebiñu