The Treviño Enclave ( eu, Trebiñuko Barrendegia es, Enclave de Treviño) in northern

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

is part of the territory of the

province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...

Burgos Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos. Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of t ...

(part of

Castile and León Castile and León ( es, Castilla y León ; ast-leo, Castiella y Llión ; gl, Castela e León ) is an autonomous community in northwestern Spain. It was created in 1983, eight years after the end of the Francoist regime, by the merging of the ...

), but is completely surrounded by the territory of the Basque Country province of

Álava Álava ( in Spanish) or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see. Its ca ...

. Thus, it is an enclave of the Basque Country and an exclave of

.Visitando La Puebla de Arganzón
''El Correo'' (Bilbao), 2009-12-14. Accessed online 2010-01-01. It consists of two

municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...

—

Condado de Treviño Condado de Treviño ("County of Treviño") is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño. ...

and

La Puebla de Arganzón La Puebla de Arganzón (also written Lapuebla de Arganzón); is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. It is in the Comarca del Ebro and the Judicial district Miranda de Ebro. According to the INE, the munici ...

—and is part of the

Judicial district A judicial district or legal district denotes the territorial area for which a legal court (usually a district court) has jurisdiction. By region Europe Austria In texts concerning Austria, "judicial district" (german: Gerichtsbezirk) refers ...

(''partido judicial'') of

Miranda de Ebro Miranda de Ebro (Spanish: iˈɾan̪da ðe ˈeβɾo is a city on the Ebro river in the Burgos (province), province of Burgos in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It is located in the north-eastern part of the province, on th ...

in the province of Burgos. The enclave consists of the municipalities of Condado de Treviño, with an area of and a 2009 population of 1,432, giving it a

population density Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical term.Matt RosenberPopul ...

of and La Puebla de Arganzón, with an area of and a 2009 population of 529, giving it a

of . This gives the enclave as a whole an area of and a 2009 population of 1,961, for a population density of .

History

La Puebla de Arganzón obtained its founding ''

fuero (), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ; all ...

s'' from

Sancho VI of Navarre Sancho Garcés VI ( eu, Antso VI.a; 21 April 1132 - 27 June 1194), called the Wise ( eu, Jakituna, es, el Sabio) was King of Navarre from 1150 until his death in 1194. He was the first monarch to officially drop the title of ''King of Pamplona'' ...

("Sancho el Sabio", "Sancho the Wise") in 1191. The original ''fuero'' of Condado de Treviño is lost, but is believed to have been granted by the same king in 1161. In 1200, it was conquered by

Alfonso VIII Alfonso VIII (11 November 11555 October 1214), called the Noble (''El Noble'') or the one of Las Navas (''el de las Navas''), was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at ...

of Castile. After Castile conquered Álava, most of the region was left under the relatively egalitarian ''fueros'' typical of the Basque Country. Treviño was not. First a royal

seigneury ''Seigneur'' is an originally feudal title in France before the Revolution, in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. A seigneur refers to the person or collective who owned a ''seigneurie'' (o ...

, ''Treviño de Uda'' and its outlying villages were granted in 1366 to the noble .Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo
Informe de la primera campaña de excavación del castillo de Treviño
, Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Medieval y Postmedieval, Área de Arqueología de la Universidad del País Vasco, p. 13. Accessed online 2010-01-13. In 1453 Diego Gómez Manrique de Lara y Castilla became a count, hence the ''Condado ountyde Treviño''. His son became in 1482, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these Counts of Treviño, Dukes de Nájera since 1593, built a palace at Treviño, which is now the ''ayuntamiento'' (town hall) of the municipality. As a result, Treviño remained closely tied to Castile. The enclave of Treviño was one of the few enclaves preserved in the

1833 territorial division of Spain The 1833 territorial division of Spain divided the country into provinces, in turn classified into "historic regions" ( es, link=no, regiones históricas).Old Castile Old Castile ( es, Castilla la Vieja ) is a historic region of Spain, which had different definitions along the centuries. Its extension was formally defined in the 1833 territorial division of Spain as the sum of the following provinces: San ...

in the midst of Álava. That arrangement of the territory of Spain remains largely in effect today, Eduardo Barrenechea
Los 'gibraltares' de unas regiones en otras: Treviño, Llivia, Rincón de Ademuz...
''

El País ''El País'' (; ) is a Spanish-language daily newspaper in Spain. ''El País'' is based in the capital city of Madrid and it is owned by the Spanish media conglomerate PRISA. It is the second most circulated daily newspaper in Spain . ''El Pa ...

'', 1983-02-08. Accessed online 2000-12-30. This article comments on the persistence of the 1833 territorial division, in the context of a discussion of the remaining

enclaves An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to deno ...

of various provinces. although the province of Burgos is now part of Castile-León rather than the historic region of Old Castile.

Current status of the enclave

The status of the enclave of Treviño has long been the subject of bitter contention between the autonomous government of Castile and León and the governments of the Basque Country, especially the provincial government of Álava.La Junta confía en que un gobierno no nacionalista 'aparque' Treviño
''El Mundo'' (Spain), 2009-03-03. Accessed online 2010-01-04. The drive to integrate the enclave into Álava extends to nearly the whole political spectrum in Álava, such as the regional branch of the right-of-center PP, who differ with their co-partisans in Burgos on the matter.Inmaculada Ranedo entrevistada en Punto Radio
, lapuebladearganzon.net, 2008-07-01. Accessed online 2010-01-04. Inmaculada Ranedo of the PP, the mayor of Condado de Treviño, as of July 2008 leant toward at least cooperation with Álava, but she chose to let the governments at higher levels sort out the issues linked to its formal status. The inhabitants of the enclave receive many of their services (health, education, etc.) in

Vitoria-Gasteiz es, vitoriano, vitoriana, , population_density_km2 = auto , blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s) , blank_info_sec1 = Spanish, Basque , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

, but they pay tax to the Spanish central tax office, and not to the autonomous Basque one, at least since 1833 (new Spanish administrative distribution). During the last 100 years of litigation, the population in the enclave has unequivocally inclined towards the annexation of Treviño to Álava, as expressed by vote or as demanded by its municipal institutions. In 1940, just after the start of the

Francoist regime Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...

, a

plebiscite A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

in the enclave, conducted by the Civil Government of Burgos, showed 98% support for the integration of Treviño into Álava, however that was not acted upon. Mariano González Clavero
Partidos políticos en el proceso autonómico de Castilla y León. 1975 - 1983
, 2002 doctoral thesis at the

University of Valladolid The University of Valladolid is a public university located in the city of Valladolid, Valladolid province, autonomous region of Castile and Leon, Spain. Established in the 13th century, it is one of the oldest universities in the world. The un ...

, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 501. This is page 517 of the PDF. Accessed online 2010-01-04. The last 1998 popular vote supported a referendum on the issue, but so far the regional council of

has repeatedly rejected local claims.

Language

Many of the local place names in the enclave are of Basque origin, especially in the central and eastern parts.Pedro Uribarrena, Roberto González de Viñaspre: Toponimia en lengua vasca de Marauri (Condado de Trevino)
(In Spanish) The Basque language is supposed to have been spoken in the enclave up to the late 18th century. As late as 1810, a French civil servant, Eugène Coquebert de Montbret, pinpointed La Puebla as the southernmost Basque speaking town in Álava on a map showing Basque language boundaries. There is no formal recognition of Basque (official in all of Álava, but not in Treviño).Eva Pons Parera
International Legislation and the Basque Language
, in ''Eusko Ikaskuntza'', Donostia-San Sebastián (2008) 73:91, . p. 88 (p. 16 of PDF), including footnote. Accessed online 2010-01-13. An

ikastola An (, plural ) is a type of primary and secondary school in the Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre and (to a much lesser extent) the French Basque Country (see Basque Country) in which pupils are taught either entirely or predominantly in the ...

(Basque language school), Argantzon Ikastola, was created in La Puebla in 2003. The main Basque education journal (''Hik Hasi'') claims an enrollment of children originating from the following locations: Tuyo, Grandival, Añastro, Burgeta, Pangua, Miranda, Araico, San Esteban, and Vitoria, all located in Treviño or surrounding areas. At any rate, local councils have agreed to promote Basque in their towns. According to a 2012 linguistic study 22% of the population can speak Basque, and another 17% understands (but does not speak) the language. Basque is more prevalent among younger people, as 65% of those under 16 are bilingual.Enclave de Treviño. Estudio sociolingüístico 2012

Notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevino enclave Province of Burgos Álava Enclaves and exclaves