Treviño (in Basque: Trebiñu) is the capital of the
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño ("County of Treviño") is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño. ...
,
province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman '' provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...
of
Burgos
Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos.
Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of ...
, in the
autonomous community
eu, autonomia erkidegoa
ca, comunitat autònoma
gl, comunidade autónoma
oc, comunautat autonòma
an, comunidat autonoma
ast, comunidá autónoma
, alt_name =
, map =
, category = Autonomous administra ...
of
Castile and León, Spain. The Condado de Treviño and the geographically smaller
La Puebla de Arganzón
La Puebla de Arganzón (also written Lapuebla de Arganzón); is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. It is in the Comarca del Ebro and the Judicial district Miranda de Ebro. According to the INE, the munici ...
make up the
enclave of Treviño. Although the enclave is part of Burgos (and, hence, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León) it is surrounded by the province of
Álava
Álava ( in Spanish) or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.
Its c ...
, part of the autonomous community of the
Basque Country. Hence, properly speaking, the enclave of Treviño is an ''
enclave'' within Álava, and an ''
exclave'' of Burgos.
History
An abundance of prehistoric remains testify that the Condado de Treviño has been inhabited since ancient times. In pre-
Roman
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
times, the
Varduls,
Caristios and
Autrigones
The Autrigones were a pre-Roman tribe that settled in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, in what today is the western Basque Country (western regions of Biscay and Álava) and northern Burgos and the East of Cantabria, Spain. Their territory li ...
all lived here at one time or another, attesting to the region's strategic importance.
At the beginning of the 11th century, Alavese ''
comarca
A ''comarca'' (, or , or ) is a traditional region or local administrative division found in Portugal, Spain and some of their former colonies, like Brazil, Nicaragua, and Panama. The term is derived from the term ''marca'', meaning a "march, ...
s'' of the river ''Ivita'' began to be established, in the basin of what is now known as the River
Ayuda, a tributary of the
Zadorra
The Zadorra is a river tributary of the Ebro in the Basque Country at the north of the Iberian Peninsula. The river flows across province Álava all along (with the exception of Burgos' exclave La Puebla de Arganzon) till it pours into the Ebro n ...
, between the
Montes de Vitoria
Mons (; German and nl, Bergen, ; Walloon and pcd, Mont) is a city and municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Mons was made into a fortified city by Count Baldwin IV of Hainaut in the 12th century. T ...
to the north and the
Sierra de Toloño and other ranges of the
Sierra de Cantabria to the south. The name Treviño may stem from , postulated as
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
for 'boundary of the three tribes'.
Foundation of the city of Treviño
The earliest surviving written record of the ''comarca'' Rigo de Ivita is in a document from 1025, the ''
Reja de San Millán'' from the
Cartulary
A cartulary or chartulary (; Latin: ''cartularium'' or ''chartularium''), also called ''pancarta'' or ''codex diplomaticus'', is a medieval manuscript volume or roll (''rotulus'') containing transcriptions of original documents relating to the fo ...
of
San Millán de la Cogolla. The notation "XXXV regas" (''regas'' from ''regar'', "to irrigate") next to the name suggests that it was a place of major importance, with more irrigated fields than any other location on the list. Treviño itself was founded by
Navarrese
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
king
Sancho VI ("the Wise") no later than 1161; some authors say as early as 1151. The date is indeterminate because the text of the ''
fuero
(), (), () or () is a Spanish legal term and concept. The word comes from Latin , an open space used as a market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the French terms and , and the Portuguese terms and ; all ...
'' is not preserved, but it would clearly have been founded in the same period as the nearby Puebla de Arganzón and
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Vitoria-Gasteiz (; ), also alternatively spelled as Vittoria in old English-language sources, is the seat of government and the capital city of the Basque Country and of the province of Álava in northern Spain. It holds the autonomous community' ...
. The royal foundation indicates that at that time the region was controlled by the kings of Navarre, not of
Castile.
Rule by Castile
After the ''comarca'' was conquered in 1199–1200 by
Alfonso VIII of Castile, it retained the name of ''Ivita'', ''Ibidam'', or ''Uda'' and continued to be identified as a specific part of the land of Álava, as is clearly indicated in ''
De rebus Hispaniae
''De rebus Hispaniae'' or ''Historia gothica'De rebus Hispaniae'' is the original Latin title. ''Historia gótica'' is the later vulgar title. It is also known as the ''Cronicón del Toledano'' or ''Cronicón de las cosas sucedidas en España' ...
'' by
archbishop Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
Rodrigo Jiménez (or Ximénez) de Rada (c. 1170 – 10 June 1247) was a Roman Catholic bishop and historian, who held an important religious and political role in the Kingdom of Castile during the reigns of Alfonso VIII and Ferdinand III, a per ...
. Gradually, the predominance of the town that develops based on ''fueros'' granted by
Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, es, el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Ger ...
in 1254 supplants the old comarcal name; the area comes to be referred to as ''de Treviño'' rather than ''de Uda'', although for about a century the town is known as ''Treviño de Uda''.
Following its incorporation into Castile, a good portion of Álava was organized into ''
behetrías'', at least nominally choosing their own local leader. However, Treviño and Vitoria were not included in this plan, remained directly under the control of the monarch as part of the royal
seigneury
''Seigneur'' is an originally feudal title in France before the Revolution, in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. A seigneur refers to the person or collective who owned a ''seigneurie'' (o ...
.
[ ''Crónica de Alfonso XI'', chapter 97: "... et aquella tierra, sin aquestas villas, llamaban Confradía de Alava..."] In 1332, at the Campo de
Arriaga the ''
Cofradía
A confraternity ( es, cofradía; pt, confraria) is generally a Christian voluntary association of laypeople created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy. They are most c ...
'' ("brotherhood") of Álava formally recognized the royal seigneury over Treviño and its surrounding territories.
On 8 April 1366,
Henry II of Castile
Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (''el Fratricida''), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara. He became king in 1369 by defeating his half-brother Peter th ...
ceded to
Pedro Manrique I de Lara, for services rendered, a seigneury consisting of ''Treviño de Uda'' and its outlying villages. In 1453 it became the
Condado de Treviño
Condado de Treviño ("County of Treviño") is a municipality in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. This municipality and the geographically smaller La Puebla de Arganzón make up the enclave of Treviño. ...
when
Gómez Manrique
Gómez Manrique y de Castilla (c. 1412 – c. 1490) was a Spanish poet, soldier, politician and dramatist.
Biography
Gómez Manrique was born in Amusco. The fifth son of Pedro Manrique de Lara y Mendoza, (1382–1440), adelantado mayor of L ...
(great-grandson of Pedro Manrique) was given the title of
count
Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
. The
Catholic Monarchs
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the ''de facto'' unification of Spain. They were both from the House of Trastámara and were second cousins, being bot ...
would later (in 1482) grant the title of
Duke of Nájera to Gómez Manrique's son Pedro Manrique de Lara, a title that continues in the family down to the present day. In the 16th century these counts of Treviño, dukes de Nájera, would build a palace at Treviño, which is now the ''
ayuntamiento
''Ayuntamiento'' ()In other languages of Spain:
* ca, ajuntament ().
* gl, concello ().
* eu, udaletxea (). is the general term for the town council, or ''cabildo'', of a municipality or, sometimes, as is often the case in Spain and Latin Amer ...
'' (town hall) of the municipality.
Thus Treviño found itself generally left to its own devices as the seat of a noble family, sitting in the middle of Álava, surrounded by communities operating under the more egalitarian ''fueros'' typical of the
Basque Country.
Annual festivals and events
* The Fiesta of
San Juan Bautista, the patron saint of Treviño proper, is celebrated 24 June. When that falls on a weekday, some of the festivities take place on the nearest weekend.
* Feria de las Moscas ("
Fly Fair") The first Sunday in July, unless that falls on 1 July, in which case the fair takes place 8 July.
* The
pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, aft ...
of
San Formerio, the patron saint of Condado de Treviño, place on the Sunday closest to 25 September. The
Hermitage of San Formerio is in
Pangua, Condado de Treviño.
Notes
External links
Condado de Treviño official site.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trevino
Municipalities in the Province of Burgos
eu:Trebiñu