A trefoil () is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings, used in

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings ...

and

Christian symbolism Christian symbolism is the use of symbols, including archetypes, acts, artwork or events, by Christianity. It invests objects or actions with an inner meaning expressing Christian ideas. The symbolism of the early Church was characterized by bei ...

, among other areas. The term is also applied to other symbols with a threefold shape. A similar shape with four rings is called a

quatrefoil A quatrefoil (anciently caterfoil) is a decorative element consisting of a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially overlapping circles of the same diameter. It is found in art, architecture, heraldry and traditional ...

Architecture

Ornamentation

'Trefoil' is a term in

Gothic architecture Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. I ...

given to the ornamental foliation or cusping introduced in the heads of window-lights, tracery, and panellings, in which the centre takes the form of a three-lobed

leaf A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

(formed from three partially overlapping circles). One of the earliest examples is in the plate tracery at

Winchester Cathedral The Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity,Historic England. "Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity (1095509)". '' National Heritage List for England''. Retrieved 8 September 2014. Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Swithun, commonly known as Winche ...

(1222–1235). The fourfold version of an architectural trefoil is a

. A simple trefoil shape in itself can be symbolic of the

Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God the ...

, while a trefoil combined with an equilateral triangle was also a moderately common symbol of the Christian Trinity during the

late Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1300 to 1500. The Late Middle Ages followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the onset of the early modern period (and in much of Europe, the Ren ...

in some parts of Europe, similar to a barbed quatrefoil. Two forms of a trefoil combined with a triangle are shown below: File:Trefoil-Architectural-Equilateral-Triangle-outlined.svg, alt=The outline of three interlocking circles with an equilateral triangle in the centre., Outlined File:Trefoil-Architectural-Equilateral-Triangle-interlaced.svg, alt=Three interlocking circles with a triangle in the centre, the full, interlocking lines of each now shown., Interlaced A dove, which symbolizes the

Holy Spirit In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the Universe or over his creatures. In Nicene Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts ...

, is sometimes depicted within the outlined form of the trefoil combined with a triangle.

Architectural layout

In architecture and archaeology, a 'trefoil' describes a layout or floor plan consisting of three

apse In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin 'arch, vault' from Ancient Greek 'arch'; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an '' exedra''. ...

s in clover-leaf shape, as for example in the Megalithic temples of Malta. Particularly in church architecture, such a layout may be called a "triconchos". File:Evolution du plan des temples copie.jpg, alt=A diagram of six examples of evolving temple floor plans, evolving clockwise, labelled ("temple typology"). The floor plans evolve from small, simple rooms to much larger and more elaborate constructions., Evolution of layout of Maltese Megalithic temples;

Skorba The Skorba temples are megalithic remains on the northern edge of Żebbiegħ, in Malta, which have provided detailed and informative insight into the earliest periods of Malta's neolithic culture. The site was only excavated in the early 1960s ...

(upper right) has a typical trefoil plan File:Trikonchos.gif, alt=A triconchos floor plan, showing a wall with a door on the left side and three trefoil-like alcoves on the right., A typical triconchos

Heraldry

The heraldic 'trefoil' is a stylized

clover Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus ''Trifolium'' (from Latin ''tres'' 'three' + ''folium'' 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume or pea family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus h ...

. It should not be confused with the figure named in French heraldry ("threefoil"), which is a stylized flower with three petals, and differs from the heraldic trefoil in being not slipped. File:Héraldique meuble trèfle 1.svg, Trefoil in heraldry File:Blason famille fr Duprat.svg, ''Or a fess sable between three trefoils vert'' File:Blason ville fr Boissy-sans-Avoir (Yvelines).svg, ''Gules a cross flory argent between four tiercefeuilles Or'' File:16. varaždinska.jpg, Croatian trefoil badge worn by Royal Croatian Home Guard during

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

, depicting oak leaves File:CroatianTrefoil.svg, Croatian trefoil used by the Axis-sympathetic Croatian Air Force Legion in World War II, formed from a defaced '' Balkenkreuz''

Symbols

Symmetrical trefoils are particularly popular as warning and informational symbols. If a box containing hazardous material is moved around and shifted into different positions, it is still easy to recognize the symbol, while the distinctive trefoil design of the recycling symbol makes it easy for a consumer to notice and identify the packaging the symbol has been printed on as recyclable. Easily stenciled symbols are also favored. File:Radiation warning symbol.svg, Ionizing radiation hazard trefoil File:Fallout shelter symbol.svg, Fallout shelter trefoil File:Biohazard symbol.svg, Biological hazard trefoil File:Recycle001.svg, Universal recycling symbol File:Pictogram_VORTAC.svg, VORTAC Aircraft Navigation Beacon File:WikiProject Scouting trefoil fade.svg, One particular stylized form of the heraldic trefoil is used as the main element in the logo of most Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting organizations. For Girl Scouts, the three trefoil leaves represent the three-fold promise: "To serve God and my country, to help people at all times, and to live by the Girl Scout law." While the green trefoil is considered by many to be the symbol of Ireland, the harp has much greater officially recognized status. Therefore, shamrocks generally do not appear on Irish coins or postage stamps. A trefoil is also part of the logo for Adidas Originals, which also includes three stripes.

Notes

References

External links

{{wiktionary, trefoil
Explanation of Christian symbolism of Trefoil
Ornaments Christian symbols Symbols Heraldic charges Visual motifs Piecewise-circular curves