Treaty Of Washington (1819)

The Cherokee have participated in over forty treaties in the past three hundred years.

Pre-American Revolution

;Treaty between two Cherokee towns with English traders of Carolina, 1684 : Established a steady trade in deerskins and Indian slaves. Cherokee leaders who signed were: the Raven (Corani or Kalanu); Sinnawa the Hawk (Tawodi); Nellawgitchi (possibly Mankiller); Gorhaleke; Owasta; – all from Toxawa; and Canacaught (the Great Conqueror); Gohoma; and Caunasaita of Keowa. In 1690 the first trader established himself among the Cherokee people, and took a native wife. He was Cornelius Doughtery, an Irishman from Virginia. Although contact was limited initially to white traders, important changes began to occur within the Cherokee society as a result. Leadership shifted from priest to warrior, and warriors became hunters for profit. In 1690, the secretary of the colony, James Moore, ventured into the Cherokee country looking for gold. Some Cherokee chiefs visited Charleston in 1693 demanding firearms for their wars against neighboring tribes.
;Treaty with South Carolina, 1721 : Ceded land between the Santee, Saluda, and Edisto Rivers to the Province of South Carolina.
;Treaty of Nikwasi, 1730 : Trade agreement with the newly formed royal colony of North Carolina thru Alexander Cuming.
;Treaty of Whitehall, 1730 : "Articles of Trade and Friendship" between the Cherokee and the English colonies. Signed between seven Cherokee chiefs (including Attakullakulla) and George II of Great Britain.
;Treaty with South Carolina, 24 November 1755 : Ceded land between the Wateree and Savannah Rivers to the Province of South Carolina.
;Treaty with North Carolina, 1756 : Treaty of alliance during the French and Indian War.
;Treaty of Long-Island-on-the-Holston, 20 July 1761 : Ended the Anglo-Cherokee War with the Colony of Virginia.
;Treaty of Charlestown, 18 December 1761 : Ended the Anglo-Cherokee War with the Province of South Carolina.
;Treaty of Johnson Hall, 12 March 1768 : Guaranteed peace between the Cherokee on one side and the Iroquois, the Seven Confederate Nations, and the Caughnawaga on the other.
; Treaty of Hard Labour, 14 October 1768 : Ceded land in southwestern Virginia to the British Indian Superintendent, John Stuart.
; Treaty of Lochaber, 18 October 1770 : Ceded land in the later states of Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky to the Colony of Virginia.
;Treaty with Virginia, early 1772 : Ceded land in Virginia and eastern Kentucky to the Colony of Virginia. This actually seems to have been an 'arrangement' made pursuant to the Treaty of Lochaber in 1771, not a ''bona fide'' treaty.
;Treaty of Augusta, 1 June 1773 : Ceded Cherokee claim to to the Colony of Georgia.
; Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, 14 March 1775 : Ceded claims to the hunting grounds between the Ohio and Cumberland Rivers to the Transylvania Land Company.

Pre-U.S. Constitution

;Treaty of Dewitt's Corner, 20 May 1777 : Ceded the lands of the Cherokee Lower Towns in the State of South Carolina, except for a narrow strip of what is now Oconee County.
;Treaty of Fort Henry, 20 July 1777 : Confirmed the cession of the lands to the Watauga Association with the States of Virginia and North Carolina.
;Treaty of Long-Island-on-the-Holston, 26 July 1781 : Peace treaty between the Overhill, Valley, and Middle Towns, and the Overmountain settlers that confirmed former cessions but gave up no additional land.
Treaty of Augusta
25 May 1783 : The Cherokees ceded their lands between the Savannah and Keowee rivers on the east and the Oconee River on the west in Georgia.
;Treaty of Long Swamp Creek, 30 May 1783 : Confirmed the northern boundary of the State of Georgia with the Cherokee, between the latter and that state, with the Cherokee ceding large amounts of land between the Savannah and Chattachoochee Rivers to the State of Georgia.
; Treaty of Pensacola, 30 May 1784 : For alliance and commerce between New Spain and the Cherokee and Muscogee.
;Treaty of Dumplin Creek, 10 June 1785 : Ceded the "territory south of the French Broad and Holston Rivers and west of the Big Pigeon River" and east of the ridge dividing Little River from the Tennessee River to the State of Franklin.
; Treaty of Hopewell, 28 November 1785 : Changed the boundaries between the U.S. and Cherokee lands.
;Treaty of Coyatee, 3 August 1786 : Made with the State of Franklin at gunpoint, this treaty ceded the remaining land north and east of the Little Tennessee River to the ridge dividing it from Little River.

Post-U.S. Constitution

; Treaty of Holston, 2 July 1791 : Established boundaries between the United States and the Cherokee. Guaranteed by the United States that the lands of the Cherokee have not been ceded to the United States.
;Treaty of Philadelphia, 17 February 1792 : Supplemented the previous Holston treaty regarding annuities, etc.
;Treaty of Walnut Hills, 10 April 1792 : Between the Spanish governor in New Orleans and the Cherokee, Muscogee, Choctaw, and Seminole in which the former promised the latter military protection.
;Treaty of Pensacola, 26 September 1792 : Between the Chickamauga Cherokee (or Lower Cherokee) under John Watts and Arturo O'Neill, governor of Spanish West Florida, for arms and supplies with which to wage war against the United States.
;Treaty of Philadelphia, 26 June 1794 : Reaffirmed the provisions of the 1785 Treaty of Hopewell and the 1791 Treaty of Holston, particularly those regarding land cession.
;Treaty of Tellico Blockhouse, 8 November 1794 : Peace treaty with of the United States with the Lower Cherokee ending the Cherokee–American wars.
; Treaty of Tellico, 2 October 1798 : The boundaries promised in the previous treaty had not been marked and white settlers had come in. Because of this, the Cherokee were told they would need to cede new lands as an "acknowledgment" of the protection of the United States. The U.S. would guarantee the new Cherokee Nation could keep the remainder of its land "forever".
;Treaty of Tellico, 24 October 1804 : Ceded land.
;Treaty of Tellico, 25 October 1805 : Ceded land, including that for the Federal Road through the Cherokee Nation.
;Treaty of Tellico, 27 October 1805 : Ceded land for the state assembly of Tennessee, whose capital was then in East Tennessee, to meet upon.
;Treaty of Washington, 7 January 1806 : Ceded land.
; Treaty of Fort Jackson, 9 August 1814 : Ended the Creek War, demanded land from both the Muscogee (Creek) and the Cherokee.
;Treaties of Washington, 22 March 1816 : Ceded last remaining lands within the territory limits claimed by South Carolina to the state.
;Treaty of Chickasaw Council House, 14 September 1816 : Ceding land.

;Treaty of the Cherokee Agency, 8 July 1817 : Acknowledged the division between the Upper Towns, which opposed emigration, and the Lower Towns, which favored emigration, and provided benefits for those who chose to emigrate west and reservations for those who did not, with the possibility of citizenship of the state they are in.
;Treaty of Washington, 27 February 1819 : Reaffirmed the Treaty of the Cherokee Agency of 1817, with a few added provisions specifying land reserves for certain Cherokee.Treaty with the Cherokee 1819
, Retrieved 22 October 2015
;Council Bluffs Treaty, 11 December 1821 : Established a new boundary between the Cherokee and Creek nations. The north boundary was later used in the first survey of Carroll County, Georgia.
;Treaty of San Antonio de Bexar, with the Spanish Empire, 8 November 1822 : Granted land in the province of Tejas in Spanish Mexico upon which the Texas Cherokee band of Richard Fields and The Bowl could live. Though signed by the Spanish governor of Tejas, the treaty was never ratified, neither by the Viceroyalty of New Spain nor by the succeeding First Mexican Empire or Republic of Mexico.
;Treaty of Washington, 6 May 1828 : Cherokee Nation West ceded its lands in Arkansas Territory for lands in what becomes Indian Territory.
; Treaty of New Echota, 29 December 1835 : Surrendered to the United States the lands of the Cherokee Nation East in return for $5,000,000 dollars to be disbursed on a per capita basis, an additional $500,000 dollars is for educational funds, title in perpetuity to an equal amount of land in Indian Territory to that given up, and full compensation for all property left in the East. The treaty is rejected by the Cherokee National Council but approved by the U.S. Senate.
;Treaty of Bowles Village with the Republic of Texas, 23 February 1836 : Granted nearly of east Texas land to the Texas Cherokees and twelve associated tribes. (Violation of this treaty led to the Cherokee War of 1839, during which most Cherokees were driven north into the Choctaw Nation or who fled south into Mexico. Following this bloody episode, remaining Texas Cherokees under Chicken Trotter joined Mexican forces in a guerrilla war, culminating in the invasion of San Antonio by Mexican General Adrian Woll. Cherokee and allied Indians saw action at the Battle of Salado Creek

HOME


Content is Copyleft
Website design, code, and AI is Copyrighted (c) 2014-2017 by Stephen Payne


Consider donating to Wikimedia



As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases