The second treaty of Durham was a
peace treaty
A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a surr ...
concluded between kings
Stephen of England
Stephen (1092 or 1096 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154. He was Count of Boulogne '' jure uxoris'' from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 u ...
and
David I of Scotland
David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: ''Daibhidh I mac haoilChaluim''; – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. The youngest son of Malco ...
, on 9 April 1139.
On 22 August 1138, the Scottish army under the command of David I had been defeated at the
Battle of the Standard
The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Moor near Northallerton in Yorkshire, England. English forces under William of Aumale repelled a Scottish army led by King Dav ...
. But in the spring of 1139, Stephen was to face another problem when
Empress Matilda
Empress Matilda ( 7 February 110210 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was one of the claimants to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The daughter of King Henry I of England, she moved to Germany as ...
, decided to retake the crown of England usurped by Stephen after the death of
Henry I of England
Henry I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. On William's death in ...
, landed in England. This marked the beginning of the English civil war known as
The Anarchy
The Anarchy was a civil war in England and Normandy between 1138 and 1153, which resulted in a widespread breakdown in law and order. The conflict was a war of succession precipitated by the accidental death of William Adelin, the only legi ...
. Stephen, not wishing to face several forces at once had to make concessions with the Scottish king. David's son
Henry was given the
earldom of Northumberland
The title of Earl of Northumberland has been created several times in the Peerage of England and of Great Britain, succeeding the title Earl of Northumbria. Its most famous holders are the House of Percy (''alias'' Perci), who were the most p ...
which included
Carlisle
Carlisle ( , ; from xcb, Caer Luel) is a city that lies within the Northern English county of Cumbria, south of the Scottish border at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril. It is the administrative centre of the City ...
,
Cumberland,
Westmorland and
Lancashire
Lancashire ( , ; abbreviated Lancs) is the name of a Historic counties of England, historic county, Ceremonial County, ceremonial county, and non-metropolitan county in North West England. The boundaries of these three areas differ significa ...
to the north of
Ribble, except the castles of
Bamburgh and
Newcastle. Moreover, Stephen recognised the independence of
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to th ...
. David I, via his son Henry, now controlled an English territory which stretched to the
Tees.
Primary Sources
Howlett, Richard (Edit.): The Cronicles of Richard, Prior of Hexham (= Chronicles of the Regin of Stephan, Henry II., and Richard I. vol. 3, p. 2) London 1964, p. 177-178
See also
*
England and King David I
The relationship between the Kingdom of England and King David I, who was King of Scotland between 1124 and 1153, was partly shaped by David's relationship with the particular King of England, and partly by David's own ambition. David had a good re ...
*
Treaty of Durham (1136)
The first treaty of Durham was a peace treaty concluded between kings Stephen of England and David I of Scotland on 5 February 1136.
In January 1136, during the first months of the reign of Stephen, David I crossed the border and reached Durham, ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty of Durham (1139)
1139
1130s in England
1139 in Scotland
1139 in England
Durham (1139)
Durham (1139)
History of Durham, England
12th-century treaties
England–Scotland relations
Treaties of medieval England