The Treaty of Canton (, sv, Fördraget i Kanton) was the first treaty made between
Sweden-Norway and the
Chinese Empire. The treaty was negotiated in March 1847 by
Carl Fredrik Liljevalch Carl may refer to:
* Carl, Georgia, city in USA
* Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
*Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name
* Carl², a TV series
* "Carl", an episode of ...
and
Qiying
Keying (愛新覺羅 耆英, 21 March 1787 – 29 June 1858), also known by his romanized Mandarin Chinese name Qiying or Ch'i-ying ( Wade-Giles) and his Manchu name Kiyeng, was a Manchu statesman during the Qing dynasty of China. An imperial ...
, the
Viceroy of Liangguang, and was one of the
unequal treaties between Western powers and China that followed the
First Opium War
The First Opium War (), also known as the Opium War or the Anglo-Sino War was a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China between 1839 and 1842. The immediate issue was the Chinese enforcement of the ...
.
The treaty was actually never ratified by Chinese representatives, which cast a shadow over the legality of the outcome, but nevertheless went into effect, lasting the following 60 years.
Provisions
Its terms, similar to the 1844
Treaty of Wanghia between the
United States and China, provided that Sweden-Norway would have the same privileges in China as other treaty powers, so-called
most-favored-nation status.
Like the United States and
British Empire before it, commercial access was granted to the five
treaty ports of
Canton
Canton may refer to:
Administrative division terminology
* Canton (administrative division), territorial/administrative division in some countries, notably Switzerland
* Township (Canada), known as ''canton'' in Canadian French
Arts and ent ...
(Kwangchow),
Amoy,
Fuzhou
Fuzhou (; , Fuzhounese: Hokchew, ''Hók-ciŭ''), alternately romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute t ...
,
Ningbo and
Shanghai. This was in stark contrast to previous Western relations with China, when only Canton was open for foreign trade.
Like other Western countries, extraterritorial rights was given to Sweden-Norway; jurisdiction over citizens of Sweden and Norway in the treaty ports was transferred from China to Sweden-Norway.
The treaty furthermore allowed Sweden-Norway to send consuls to China, and to have its commerce being subjected to fixed tariffs only.
The provisions of the treaty remained in force until the twentieth century, with a new treaty being negotiated in 1908 by Gustav Oscar Wallenberg, three years after the
dissolution of Sweden-Norway.
See also
*
Unequal treaties
*
Treaty port
Notes
References
* Hofbert, Herman ''et al.'' (1906). ''Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon: alfabetiskt ordnade lefnadsteckningar af Sveriges namnkunniga män och kvinnor från reformationen till nuvarande tid'' Stockholm: A. Bonnier
OCLC 13256154*
Liljevalch, Carl Fredrik. (1848). ''Chinas handel: industri och Statsforfattning'' (China's Trade Industry and Government). Stockholm: Beckman
OCLC 51350379* Tai, En-Sai. (1918). ''Treaty ports in China (a study in diplomacy).'' New York: University Printing Office, Columbia University (Ph.D. thesis)
OCLC 3213067
External links
{{Qing dynasty topics
Unequal treaties
Treaties of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Treaties of the Qing dynasty
1847 treaties
China–Sweden relations
China–Norway relations