The Treaty of Ayacucho was an agreement between the

Empire of Brazil The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom ...

and Bolivia signed in 1867. It assigned the land of Acre (now a state in Brazil) to Bolivia in exchange for 102,400 square kilometers of territory further north then annexed to Amazonas.Maria Luise Wagner. "Political instability and economic decline (1839-79)". In Hudson & Hanratty. It lasted until 1899, when an expedition led by Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias established the

Republic of Acre es, República del Acre , conventional_long_name = Republic of Acre , common_name = Acre , status = Unrecognized state , era = , government_type = Presidential republic , event_start ...

Background

Brazil was pressured to sign the agreement due to a threat of Bolivia joining in the war between Paraguay and Brazil. However, despite Bolivian pressure demarcation was not started until the end of the 19th century.

Collapse

In Acre profits in rubber drew thousands of Brazilians, largely immigrants from the poor northern coast of the country (deep semi arid of center-southern Ceará state). In 1889, the situation escalated when the Brazilians living in Acre decided to defy the authority of Bolivia. They wanted to create an independent territory, and request annexation from Brazil. Bolivia's response was to found the city of Puerto Alonso (today

Porto Acre Porto Acre () is a municipality located in the northeast of the Brazilian state of Acre. The economy is mainly based on agriculture. As of 2020 the municipality had an estimated population of 18,824. Location Porto Acre is in the eastern part of ...

). Using military force, in October 1889 the Brazilians occupied and expelled the Bolivians. In July 1899, with the help of the governor of the state of Amazonas, the Brazilian population proclaimed the Republic of Acre. Bolivia then leased the region through the Treaty of Aramayo to The Bolivian Syndicate of New York in 1901. However, by August 1902, an insurrection of around two thousand Brazilian guerrillas began. They would finally defeat the Bolivian force in 1903.

José Plácido de Castro José Plácido de Castro (9 September 1873 – 11 August 1908) was a Brazilian soldier, surveyor, rubber producer and politician who led the armed revolt during the Acre War of 1902–3, when the Republic of Acre broke away from Bolivia. He was ...

was proclaimed governor of the Independent Acre.

Supersession

Finally, it was superseded in 1903 by the

Treaty of Petrópolis The Treaty of Petrópolis, signed on November 11, 1903, in the Brazilian city of Petrópolis, ended the Acre War between Bolivia and Brazil over the then-Bolivian territory of Acre (today the Acre state), a desirable territory in the Bolivia-B ...

, which gave Acre to Brazil, in exchange for some concessions in Mato Grosso.

References

1867 in Brazil 1867 in Bolivia Treaties of the Empire of Brazil Treaties of Bolivia

Ayacucho Ayacucho (, qu, Ayak'uchu) is the capital city of Ayacucho Region and of Huamanga Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru. During the Inca Empire and Viceroyalty of Peru periods the city was known by the name of Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanga), and it c ...

Bolivia–Brazil relations Treaties involving territorial changes {{treaty-stub