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Transition metal thioether complexes comprise coordination complexes of thioether (R2S) ligands. The inventory is extensive.
Thioether complexes feature pyramidal sulfur centers. Typical C-S-C angles are near 99° in both free thioethers and their complexes. The C-S distance in dimethylsulfide is 1.81 Å, which is also unaffected in its complexes.
The stereochemistry of thioether complexes have been extensively studied. Unsymmetrical thioethers, e.g., SMeEt, are prochiral ligands, and their complexes are chiral. One example is u(NH3)5(SMeEt)sup>2+. The complex ''cis''-VOCl2(SMeEt)2 exists as meso- and a pair of enantiomers. In complexes of thioethers of the type S(CH2R)2 (R ≠ H), the methylene protons are diastereotopic. Examination of the NMR spectra of such complexes reveal that they undergo inversion at sulfur, without dissociation of the M-S bond.
Unlike ethers, thioethers occasionally serve as bridging ligands. The complexes Nb2Cl6(SMe2)3 is one such example. It adopts a face-sharing bioctahedral structure with a Nb(III)=Nb(III) bond, spanned by two chloride and one dimethylsulfide ligands. The complex Pt2Me4(μ-SMe2)2 is a source of "PtMe2".
File:Ag(18-ane-S6) dication.png, Structure of g(18-ane-S6)sup>2+. The Ag-S distances are 2.62 Å.
File:Ru(15-ane-5)Cl+ (ORIZIZ).png, Structure of u(15-ane-S5)Clsup>+.
File:(DTCO)PdCl2 (VIVXUT).png, Structure of ( DTCO)PdCl2.
Thiacrown ligands are analogous to crown ethers. The best studied thiacrown ligands have the formula (SCH2CH2)n (n = 3,4,5,6). The tridentate tri-thioether 9-ane-S3 forms extensive families of complexes of the type M(9-ane-S3)L3 and (9-ane-S3)2sup>2+. Examples of Cu(II)-thioether complexes were prepared from 14-ane-S4 and 15-ane-S5. The hexadentate ligand 18-ane-6 also forms extensive family of complexes, including unusual examples of Pd(III) and Ag(II). Examples of homoleptic complexes (SR2)6sup>n+ are otherwise rare.
Transition metal thioether complexes comprise coordination complexes of thioether (R2S) ligands. The inventory is extensive.
Dimethylsulfide complexes
As the simplest thioether,dimethyl sulfide
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or methylthiomethane is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide is a flammable liquid that boils at and has a characteristic disagreeable odor. It is a component of the smell produced from cook ...
forms complexes that are illustrative of the class. Well characterized derivatives include ''cis''- iCl4L2 VCl3L2, NbCl5L, NbCl4L2, Cr(CO)5L, CrCl3L3, RuCl2L4, RuCl3L3, RhCl3L3, ''cis''- and ''trans''- rCl4L3, ''cis''-MCl2L2 (M = Pd, Pt), tCl3Lsup>−, ''cis''- and ''trans''- tCl4L2(L = SMe2). With respect to donor properties, dimethyl sulfide is a soft ligand with donor properties weaker than phosphine ligands. Such complexes are generally prepared by treating the metal halide with the thioether. Chloro(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I) can however be prepared by redox reaction of elemental gold and DMSO in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
Stereochemistry
Thioether complexes feature pyramidal sulfur centers. Typical C-S-C angles are near 99° in both free thioethers and their complexes. The C-S distance in dimethylsulfide is 1.81 Å, which is also unaffected in its complexes.
The stereochemistry of thioether complexes have been extensively studied. Unsymmetrical thioethers, e.g., SMeEt, are prochiral ligands, and their complexes are chiral. One example is u(NH3)5(SMeEt)sup>2+. The complex ''cis''-VOCl2(SMeEt)2 exists as meso- and a pair of enantiomers. In complexes of thioethers of the type S(CH2R)2 (R ≠ H), the methylene protons are diastereotopic. Examination of the NMR spectra of such complexes reveal that they undergo inversion at sulfur, without dissociation of the M-S bond.
Thioether as a bridging ligand
Unlike ethers, thioethers occasionally serve as bridging ligands. The complexes Nb2Cl6(SMe2)3 is one such example. It adopts a face-sharing bioctahedral structure with a Nb(III)=Nb(III) bond, spanned by two chloride and one dimethylsulfide ligands. The complex Pt2Me4(μ-SMe2)2 is a source of "PtMe2".
Complexes chelating thioether ligands
Occurrence
Thioether complexes in nature arise from coordination of the sulfur substituent found in the amino acidmethionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) () is an essential amino acid in humans. As the precursor of other amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, versatile compounds such as SAM-e, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine plays a critical ro ...
. One of the axial ligands in cytochrome c
The cytochrome complex, or cyt ''c'', is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. It belongs to the cytochrome c family of proteins and plays a major role in cell apoptosis. Cytochrome c is hig ...
is illustrative. Methionine sulfur weakly binds to copper in azurin
Azurin is a small, periplasmic, bacterial blue copper protein found in ''Pseudomonas'', ''Bordetella'', or ''Alcaligenes'' bacteria. Azurin moderates single-electron transfer between enzymes associated with the cytochrome chain by undergoing oxida ...
.
References