Toshavim ( he, תושבים, "residents") is a generic reference to non-

Sephardic Sephardic (or Sephardi) Jews (, ; lad, Djudíos Sefardíes), also ''Sepharadim'' , Modern Hebrew: ''Sfaradim'', Tiberian Hebrew, Tiberian: Səp̄āraddîm, also , ''Ye'hude Sepharad'', lit. "The Jews of Spain", es, Judíos sefardíes (or ), ...

Jews Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

who inhabited lands in which the Jews expelled from Spain in 15th century settled ("

Megorashim Megorashim ( he, מגורשים "expelled") is a term used to refer to Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who arrived in North Africa as a result of the anti-Jewish persecutions of 1391 and the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. These migrants we ...

", "expellees")."Toshavim"
''

Brill Brill may refer to: Places * Brielle (sometimes "Den Briel"), a town in the western Netherlands * Brill, Buckinghamshire, a village in England * Brill, Cornwall, a small village to the west of Constantine, Cornwall, UK * Brill, Wisconsin, an un ...

online'' The indigenous Jews in the area of

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

known as

Maghreb The Maghreb (; ar, الْمَغْرِب, al-Maghrib, lit=the west), also known as the Arab Maghreb ( ar, المغرب العربي) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of North Africa and the Arab world. The region includes Algeria, ...

are also referred to as ''Maghrebim'' (

Maghrebi Jews :''See Mashriqi Jews for more information about Jews in the rest of North Africa and Western Asia.'' Maghrebi Jews ( or , ''Maghrebim'') or North African Jews ( ''Yehudei Tzfon Africa'') are ethnic Jews who had traditionally lived in the Maghre ...

). In particular, the term "Toshavim" was applied to the indigenous

Jews of Morocco Moroccan Jews ( ar, اليهود المغاربة, al-Yahūd al-Maghāriba he, יהודים מרוקאים, Yehudim Maroka'im) are Jews who live in or are from Morocco. Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community dating to Roman times. Jews b ...

. ''Toshavim'' had their own '' minhagim'' ( Judaic traditions) and they spoke

Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Arabic dialects (, ; ; ) are ethnolects formerly spoken by Jews throughout the Arabic-speaking world. Under the ISO 639 international standard for language codes, Judeo-Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage under the code jrb, encomp ...

Judeo-Berber Judeo-Berber or Judeo-Amazigh ( ber, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ''tamazight n wudayen'', berberit yehudit) is any of several hybrid Berber varieties traditionally spoken as a second language in Berber Jewish communities of ...

dialects. The new arrivals did not always deal well with the local Jews. For example, in

Algiers Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques ...

they called the local Jews derisively "

turban A turban (from Persian دولبند‌, ''dulband''; via Middle French ''turbant'') is a type of headwear based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear by people of various cultures. Communities with promine ...

-wearers" and vice versa, the Spanish Jews were called " beret-wearers".

Richard Ayoun Richard Ayoun (born 23 January 1948 in Algeria, died on 30 May 2008 in Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of ...

, "A l’arrivée des Juifs espagnols en Algérie : mutation de la communauté"Richard Ayoun, "Le Judaïsme Séfarade après l'expulsion d'Espagne de 1492, est-il un monde éclaté", ''Histoire, économie & société'', 1991, vol 10, no.2 pp. 143-158, Despite the fact that ''Toshavim'' were apparently overwhelmed an absorbed by Sephardic immigrants, the differences in many areas of communal lives of ''Toshavim'' and ''Megorashim'' persisted for very long time: separate ''

negidim Nagid ( he, נגיד ) is a Hebrew term meaning a prince or leader. This title was often applied to the religious leader in Sephardic communities of the Middle Ages. In Egypt, the Jewish ''Nagid'' was appointed over all the Jews living under the do ...

'', separate synagogues, separate teachers, separate cemeteries, etc.Jane S. Gerber, "THE DEMOGRAPHY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF FEZ AFTER 1492", ''Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies'', 1973, pp. 31-44 For example, in

Fez, Morocco Fez or Fes (; ar, فاس, fās; zgh, ⴼⵉⵣⴰⵣ, fizaz; french: Fès) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fès-Meknès, Fès-Meknès administrative region. It is the List of cities in Morocco, second largest city i ...

, the common ''

minhag ''Minhag'' ( he, מנהג "custom", classical pl. מנהגות, modern pl. , ''minhagim'') is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. A related concept, ''Nusach (Jewish custom), Nusach'' (), refers to the traditional order and fo ...

'' for (most of) the two communities was accepted only in 18th century.

References

{{reflist Maghrebi Jews Jewish Moroccan history Jewish Algerian history Jewish Tunisian history Hebrew words and phrases

See also

References