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Torch-lighting ceremony ( he, טקס הדלקת המשואות) is the official ceremony that marks the closure of the Yom Hazikaron commemorations and the opening of the Independence Day celebrations in
Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
. The Ceremony is held annually at the burial site of
Theodor Herzl Theodor Herzl; hu, Herzl Tivadar; Hebrew name given at his brit milah: Binyamin Ze'ev (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish lawyer, journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern po ...
, the
Mount Herzl Mount Herzl ( he, הַר הֶרְצְל ''Har Hertsl''), also ''Har ha-Zikaron'' ( lit. "Mount of Remembrance"), is the site of Israel's national cemetery and other memorial and educational facilities, found on the west side of Jerusalem beside ...
in
Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
, and is officiated by the
Speaker of the Knesset The Speaker of the Knesset ( he, יוֹשֵׁב רֹאשׁ הכנסת, Yoshev Rosh HaKnesset, Chairman of the Knesset) is the presiding officer of the Knesset, the unicameral legislature of Israel. The Speaker also acts as President of Israel whe ...
. The ceremony is attended by the
government ministers A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers. In some jurisdictions the head of government is also a minister and is designated the ‘prime minister’, ...
, members of the
Knesset The Knesset ( he, הַכְּנֶסֶת ; "gathering" or "assembly") is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the supreme state body, the Knesset is sovereign and thus has complete control of the entirety of the Israeli government (with ...
, the Chief of General Staff, members of the diplomatic staff,
IDF IDF or idf may refer to: Defence forces * Irish Defence Forces * Israel Defense Forces *Iceland Defense Force, of the US Armed Forces, 1951-2006 * Indian Defence Force, a part-time force, 1917 Organizations * Israeli Diving Federation * Interac ...
veterans and a number of citizens who are accommodated in three pavilions with around 5,000 seats temporarily set up around the compound. The ceremony, which is broadcast live on the main television and radio channels, is designed to give the Day a dignified and festive atmosphere. The lighting of 12 torches that symbolize the
Twelve Tribes of Israel The Twelve Tribes of Israel ( he, שִׁבְטֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל, translit=Šīḇṭēy Yīsrāʾēl, lit=Tribes of Israel) are, according to Hebrew scriptures, the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob, also known as Israel, thro ...
by people who are seen to have made an outstanding contribution to society is the ceremony's highlight, alongside music performances, dances, parades and fireworks. The ceremony is directed by the Information Center of the Ministry of Culture and Sport. The commander of the ceremony between 1983 and 2016 was Colonel
David Rokni David Rokni ( he, דוד רוקני, (born January 6, 1932) is an Israeli colonel. He became an Israeli icon as the commander of the annual Israel Independence Day torch lighting ceremony on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem for nearly four decades. Bio ...
, and since 2017 is Lieutenant Colonel Shimon Deri.


History

The tradition of lighting torches was started in 1949 by the members of the Gadna premilitary program and Speaker of the Knesset when they visited Theodor Herzl's grave bearing torches. The torch-lighting ceremony become an official event in 1950, emphasizing the unity of the nation.


Selection of torchbearers

Ceremony's highlight is the lighting of 12 torches that symbolize
Twelve Tribes of Israel The Twelve Tribes of Israel ( he, שִׁבְטֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל, translit=Šīḇṭēy Yīsrāʾēl, lit=Tribes of Israel) are, according to Hebrew scriptures, the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob, also known as Israel, thro ...
. Each year, the ceremony has a different central theme which corresponds to a phase in Israel's struggle for statehood and survival, as chosen by the Ministerial Committee on Ceremonies and Symbols. A few months before the Independence Day, a public notice for the selection of torchbearers is published in the media. A public advisory committee headed by the Director of the Information Center examines the proposals and chooses the torchbearers for that year. The committee consists of 8 to 10 members, including one representative of the chairman of the Ministerial Committee, Knesset and
Israeli Prime Minister The prime minister of Israel ( he, רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה, Rosh HaMemshala, Head of the Government, Hebrew acronym: he2, רה״מ; ar, رئيس الحكومة, ''Ra'īs al-Ḥukūma'') is the head of government and chief exe ...
. Torch lighting is considered an honor. The conditions for selection are stipulated in the government's ''Rules for the Selection of Torchbearers at the Independence Day Ceremony''. The criteria for differentiation of candidates are: balanced geographical distribution, distribution according to age groups to ensure inclusion of people of all generations, diversity in terms of the candidate's background and family's employment, candidate's sensibility towards national and personal pain (Holocaust, bereavement, terrorism) and inclusion of both men and woman, secular and religious people, national and religious minorities, native- and foreign-born Jews, members of different institutions and organizations and representatives of the IDF.


The Ceremony

Although the pattern is fixed, certain changes are made occasionally, so the description below may not be fully accurate. The ceremony can be divided into two parts: the ''ritual'' and ''celebrational''.


Ritual segment

The ceremony was hosted for many years by Shmira Imber and Aryeh Orgad, and is since 2015 hosted by various presenters, including Naomi Rabi'a and Yigal Ravid. The ceremony opens at 19:45 (7:45 pm). At first, a squad of Knesset Guards enters the ceremonial square to welcome the entourage of the
Speaker of the Knesset The Speaker of the Knesset ( he, יוֹשֵׁב רֹאשׁ הכנסת, Yoshev Rosh HaKnesset, Chairman of the Knesset) is the presiding officer of the Knesset, the unicameral legislature of Israel. The Speaker also acts as President of Israel whe ...
. The entourage is then greeted with the ceremonial fanfare sound played by three trumpeters from the IDF Orchestra and the raising of the Speaker's flag. The entourage then inspects the guard platoon and sits after which the commander of the ceremony arrives and asks the Speaker for the permission to continue the ceremony. Only when the permission is granted, the Guards are allowed to leave and take their place near the stage. The ceremony begins with the mourning taps and the reading of the Jewish memorial prayer
Yizkor Hazkarat Neshamot (), commonly known by its opening word Yizkor (), is an Ashkenazi Jewish memorial prayer service for the dead. It is important occasion for many Jews, even those who do not attend synagogue regularly. In most Ashkenazi communitie ...
. The prayer and selected passages from
Tanakh The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
'' Amikam Gurevitch, and are since the
2010s File:2010s collage v21.png, From top left, clockwise: Anti-government protests called the Arab Spring arose in 2010–2011, and as a result, many governments were overthrown, including when Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi was killed; Crimea is ...
read by different people connected to military and security operations conducted months prior to the ceremony. Then, at 20:00 (8:00 pm) exactly, the
flag of Israel The flag of Israel ( he, דגל ישראל '; ar, علم إسرائيل ') was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the establishment of the State of Israel. It depicts a blue hexagram on a white background, between two horizontal blu ...
is raised from half mast to the top of the flagpole which symbolizes the transition from Memorial Day to Independence Day. After the conclusion of the reading of the selected passages from Tanakh, the Speaker is expected to deliver the speech which is usually the only speech at the ceremony, except for certain years, mostly anniversary years during which the Prime Ministers also delivered a speech. At the end of his speech, the Speaker is honored to kindle the central torch, marking the formal beginning of Independence Day. After Speaker returns to his seat, 12 torchbearers are invited to kindle 12 torches representing the 12 tribes of Israel. Every torchbearer introduces himself, elaborates in honor of who or what he is kindling the torch, and ends his speech with the words "To the glory of the State of Israel!". The lighting is accompanied by the IDF orchestra and singing groups singing various Israeli songs including " We Carry Torches". After all twelve torches were kindled, the host says "Ladies and gentlemen, twelve torches representing the twelve tribes of Israel!", after which singers and dancers take the stage marking the commencement of the celebrational part of the ceremony.


Celebrational part

The celebrational part of the ceremony begins with the drilling exercises performed by the soldiers bearing the flags of various
IDF IDF or idf may refer to: Defence forces * Irish Defence Forces * Israel Defense Forces *Iceland Defense Force, of the US Armed Forces, 1951-2006 * Indian Defence Force, a part-time force, 1917 Organizations * Israeli Diving Federation * Interac ...
,
police The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and th ...
and fire and rescue services units. The number of soldiers is the same as the number of the years of Israel celebrated that year. In the meantime, the IDF Orchestra plays several marches, patriotic songs and sometimes modern Jewish pop tunes. During the exercises, soldiers of the color guard create accurate structures symbolizing various things relevant to the central ceremony. Among others, they create a Star of David, letters or numbers that symbolize the years of Israel and the seven-branched menorah. At the end of the exercises, two additional segments, consisting of song/dance numbers, are presented, first celebrating the central theme and the second Independence Day. Following these the Orchestra and colour guard now take their places, together with the Knesset Guard, for the finale, alongside a composite guard of honor contingent of service personnel of the IDF formed as a platoon (beginning 2016). Each year, the flags of Israel and IDF are guarded by a different IDF unit. In a special segment of the ceremony, the flags are handed over from the unit that had been safekeeping them the previous year to the unit that would safe keep them until the next celebration, following these the incoming and outgoing color companies take their places in the field. Afterward, everyone sings the national anthem of Israel,
Hatikvah Hatikvah ( he, הַתִּקְוָה, haTīqvā, ; ) is the national anthem of the State of Israel. Part of 19th-century Jewish poetry, the theme of the Romantic composition reflects the 2,000-year-old desire of the Jewish people to return t ...
, as the parade renders the final honors to the dignitaries present. After the singing of the national anthem, the ceremonial commander orders the march off, and the whole ceremonial formation marches past the stands and off the field. The Commander of the ceremony then approaches the Speaker, salutes him and says "Madam/Sir Speaker, the ceremony has been concluded!". At the end of the ceremony, a famous singer sings a final song which is followed by a fireworks display and a performance by dancers.


Incidents

Chief rehabilitation nurse in the rehabilitation department of
Hadassah Medical Center Hadassah Medical Center ( he, הָמֶרְכָּז הָרְפוּאִי הֲדַסָּה) is an Israeli medical organization established in 1934 that operates two university hospitals in Jerusalem – one in Ein Karem and one in Mount Scopus –, ...
Naomi Nalbandian, a third-generation survivor of the 1915
Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
, was chosen as one of the torchbearers for the 2003 ceremony. Nalbandian wanted to mention the
Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily through t ...
during her ceremony speech, but was pressured not to mention it so she wouldn't harm Israel-Turkey relations. Nalbandian expressed her dissatisfaction, saying that "people change everything because of politics." In 2004, it was decided that the ceremony would be marked by the Israeli achievements in sports. The committee selected eleven torchbearers and decided to let citizens vote by text messages for the twelfth. This method of election aroused criticism since many believed that it wasn't fitting for such an important state ceremony. Football player
Eli Ohana Eliyahu "Eli" Ohana ( he, אלי אוחנה; born ) is an Israeli former football player and the former chairman of Israeli club Beitar Jerusalem. He played as forward or midfielder for Beitar Jerusalem, KV Mechelen, S.C. Braga, and the I ...
won, but the criticism grew when the public found out that many of Israel's greatest athletes were not among other eleven torchbearers. As a result of the protests, basketball player
Miki Berkowitz Moshe "Miki" Berkovich (or Mickey Berkowitz; he, משה "מיקי" ברקוביץ'; born 17 February 1954) is an Israeli former professional basketball player. A 193 cm shooting guard, he is considered to be one of the greatest Israeli basket ...
was added to the honorees. In 2005, amid the struggle over the
Israeli disengagement from Gaza The Israeli disengagement from Gaza ( he, תוכנית ההתנתקות, ') was the unilateral dismantling in 2005 of the 21 Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip and the evacuation of Israeli settlers and army from inside the Gaza Strip. T ...
, Speaker
Reuven Rivlin Reuven "Ruvi" Rivlin ( he, רְאוּבֵן "רוּבִי" רִיבְלִין ; born 9 September 1939) is an Israeli politician and lawyer who served as the tenth president of Israel between 2014 and 2021. He is a member of the Likud party. R ...
, one of the opponents of the disengagement, made a political speech in which he praised the settlers which triggered the criticism on the left who accused him of taking advantage of the position he was given in ceremony as a state official. In 2011, Yoel Shalit, brother of an Israeli soldier
Gilad Shalit Gilad Shalit ( he-a, גלעד שליט, Shalit.ogg, ''Gilˁad Šaliṭ'', born 28 August 1986) is a former MIA soldier of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who on 25 June 2006, was captured by Palestinian militants in a cross-border raid via tu ...
who had been held captive by
Hamas Hamas (, ; , ; an acronym of , "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant, and nationalist organization. It has a social service wing, Dawah, and a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam ...
for five years, and his girlfriend Ya’ara Winkler ran into the square and waved signs reading, "My father is a bereaved brother, I don’t want to be one too", and "Gilad is still alive." At the same ceremony, one of the torchbearers, Rabbi Shimon Rosenberg, whose daughter Rivka Holzberg was killed in a 2008 Mumbai attacks, changed the regular formula said when lighting the torches, saying "For the glory of the State of Eretz (the land of) Israel" because of the pressure put on him by Chabad leaders who objected to his participation, saying that if the rebbe
Menachem Mendel Schneerson Menachem Mendel Schneerson (Modern Hebrew: מנחם מענדל שניאורסון; old-fashioned spelling: מנחם מענדל שניאורסאהן; April 5, 1902 OS – June 12, 1994; AM 11 Nissan 5662 – 3 Tammuz 5754), known to man ...
were alive he would have forbidden him from taking part, out of opposition to
Zionism Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after '' Zion'') is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Je ...
. On 18 April 2012, during a ceremony rehearsal, Lieutenant Hila Bezaleli was killed and seven other soldiers from the flag squad were injured when a steel lighting rig above the square collapsed. In 2014, the committee, at the time headed by Limor Livnat, discriminated against men by only choosing women as torchbearers. In 2016, during the drilling exercises, soldiers spelled the phrase "one people, one state" which reminded many of the Nazi slogan " one people, one Reich, one Führer". Speaker of the Knesset
Yuli Edelstein Yuli-Yoel Edelstein ( he, יוּלִי־יוֹאֵל אֵדֶלְשְטֵיין, russian: Ю́лий Ю́рьевич Эдельште́йн, link=no, uk, Ю́лій Ю́рійович Едельште́йн, born 5 August 1958) is an Israeli ...
and Minister of Culture
Miri Regev Miriam "Miri" Regev ( he, מִרְיָם "מִירִי" רֶגֶב; born Miriam Siboni on 26 May 1965) is an Israeli politician and a former brigadier-general in the Israel Defense Forces, in which she served as IDF Spokeswoman. She currently s ...
disagreed over whether Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (; ; born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who served as the ninth prime minister of Israel from 1996 to 1999 and again from 2009 to 2021. He is currently serving as Leader of the Opposition and Chairman of ...
should be allowed to speak at the 2018 ceremony, commemorating Israel's 70th anniversary, or not. Minister Regev considered that Prime Minister Netanyahu should be allowed to give a speech which was contrary to tradition according to which only the Speaker of the Knesset delivered a speech at the ceremony, with Prime Minister and President not even attending. Edelstein announced that if Netanyahu was allowed to speak, neither he nor Knesset guards would attend.
Carmi Gillon Carmi Gillon (born January 1950) ( he, כרמי גילון) is an Israeli politician and a former Israeli ambassador to Denmark and head of Shabak, the internal General Security Service (GSS; Israeli Security Agency, ISA) of Israel. After the 4 ...
, a former chief of
Shin Bet The Israel Security Agency (ISA; he, שֵׁירוּת הַבִּיטָּחוֹן הַכְּלָלִי; ''Sherut ha-Bitaẖon haKlali''; "the General Security Service"; ar, جهاز الأمن العام), better known by the acronym Shabak ( he, ...
, called on people to switch off their televisions while Netanyahu spoke. Opposition leader
Isaac Herzog Isaac "Bougie" Herzog ( he, יצחק "בוז׳י" הרצוג, Yitskhak "Buzhi" Hertsog; born 22 September 1960) is an Israeli politician who has been serving as the 11th president of Israel since 2021. He is the first president to be born in ...
criticized Minister Regev stating that only the Speaker of the Knesset should be allowed to speak because "neither Prime Minister nor the President are state sovereigns – the Knesset is the sovereign", arguing that if Prime Minister was allowed to deliver a speech, representative of the opposition should be given the same privilege as well. In the end, a compromise was reached by which Prime Minister was allowed to give a short speech in honor of Israel's 70th anniversary and even kindle a torch together with the Speaker. Eventually, Prime Minister Netanyahu broke the deal and spoke for 14 minutes which was almost twice as much as what was usually given to the Speaker.


See also

* Independence Day (Israel)


References


External links

* {{portal bar, Israel Iyar observances Military tattoos